1
|
Firth W, Pye KR, Weightman Potter PG. Astrocytes at the intersection of ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:515-536. [PMID: 38652065 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Once considered passive cells of the central nervous system (CNS), glia are now known to actively maintain the CNS parenchyma; in recent years, the evidence for glial functions in CNS physiology and pathophysiology has only grown. Astrocytes, a heterogeneous group of glial cells, play key roles in regulating the metabolic and inflammatory landscape of the CNS and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders. This review will outline astrocyte functions in the CNS in healthy ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration, with a focus on the inflammatory responses and mitochondrial function, and will address therapeutic outlooks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyn Firth
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Katherine R Pye
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan Y, Peng W, Lei J, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Li Y, Wang J, Qu Q. AQP4 Endocytosis-Lysosome Degradation Mediated by MMP-9/β-DG Involved in Diabetes Cognitive Impairment. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04085-9. [PMID: 38512439 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is considered to be one of the important comorbidities of diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms are widely unknown. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system, which plays a neuroprotective role in various neurological diseases by maintaining the function of glymphatic system and synaptic plasticity. However, whether AQP4 is involved in diabetes-related cognitive impairment remains unknown. β-dystroglycan (β-DG), a key molecule for anchoring AQP4 on the plasma membrane of astrocytes and avoiding its targeting to lysosomes for degradation, can be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). β-DG deficiency can cause a decline in AQP4 via regulating its endocytosis. However, whether cleavage of β-DG can affect the expression of AQP4 remains unreported. In this study, we observed that diabetes mice displayed cognitive disorder accompanied by reduction of AQP4 in prefrontal cortex. And we found that bafilomycin A1, a widely used lysosome inhibitor, could reverse the downregulation of AQP4 in diabetes, further demonstrating that the reduction of AQP4 in diabetes is a result of more endocytosis-lysosome degradation. In further experiments, we found diabetes caused the excessive activation of MMP-9/β-DG which leaded to the loss of connection between AQP4 and β-DG, further inducing the endocytosis of AQP4. Moreover, inhibition of MMP-9/β-DG restored the endocytosis-lysosome degradation of AQP4 and partially alleviated cognitive dysfunction in diabetes. Our study sheds new light on the role of AQP4 in diabetes-associated cognitive disorder. And we provide a promising therapeutic target to reverse the endocytosis-lysosome degradation of AQP4 in diabetes, such as MMP-9/β-DG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jingna Lei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Beiyu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qiumin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yaghoobi Z, Seyed Bagher Nazeri SS, Asadi A, Derafsh E, Talebi Taheri A, Tamtaji Z, Dadgostar E, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-coding RNAs and Aquaporin 4: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:583-596. [PMID: 38114727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major group of non-communicable diseases affecting quality of life. Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have an important role in the etiology of neurological disorders. In studies on the genesis of neurological diseases, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and activity have both been linked to ncRNAs. The upregulation or downregulation of several ncRNAs leads to neurological disorder progression by targeting AQP4. The role of ncRNAs and AQP4 in neurological disorders is discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Amir Asadi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Addiction Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mendes CB, da Rocha LS, de Carvalho Fraga CA, Ximenes-da-Silva A. Homeostatic status of thyroid hormones and brain water movement as determinant factors in biology of cerebral gliomas: a pilot study using a bioinformatics approach. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1349421. [PMID: 38476871 PMCID: PMC10927765 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1349421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The expression and localization of the water channel transporters, aquaporins (AQPs), in the brain are substantially modified in gliomas during tumorigenesis, cell migration, edema formation, and resolution. We hypothesized that the molecular changes associated with AQP1 and AQP4 in the brain may potentially be anticancer therapeutic targets. To test this hypothesis, a bioinformatics analysis of publicly available data from international consortia was performed. Methods We used RNA-seq as an experimental strategy and identified the number of differential AQP1 and AQP4 transcript expressions in glioma tissue compared to normal brain tissue. Results AQPs genes are overexpressed in patients with glioma. Among the glioma subtypes, AQP1 and AQP4 were overexpressed in astrocytoma (low-grade glioma) and classical (high-grade glioma). Overall survival analysis demonstrated that both AQP genes can be used as prognostic factors for patients with low-grade glioma. Additionally, we observed a correlation between the expression of genes involved in the tyrosine and thyroid hormone pathways and AQPs, namely: PNMT, ALDH1A3, AOC2, HGDATP1B1, ADCY5, PLCB4, ITPR1, ATP1A3, LRP2, HDAC1, MED24, MTOR, and ACTB1 (Spearman's coefficient = geq 0.20 and p-value = ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Our findings indicate that the thyroid hormone pathways and AQPs 1 and 4 are potential targets for new anti-tumor drugs and therapeutic biomarkers for malignant gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelita Bastos Mendes
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia e Metabolismo Cerebral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Lanni Sarmento da Rocha
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia e Metabolismo Cerebral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Ximenes-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia e Metabolismo Cerebral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shao X, Shou Q, Felix K, Ojogho B, Jiang X, Gold BT, Herting MM, Goldwaser EL, Kochunov P, Hong LE, Pappas I, Braskie M, Kim H, Cen S, Jann K, Wang DJJ. Age-Related Decline in BBB Function is More Pronounced in Males than Females. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.12.575463. [PMID: 38293052 PMCID: PMC10827081 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS), shielding it from potential harmful entities. A natural decline of BBB function with aging has been reported in both animal and human studies, which may contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Limited data also suggest that being female may be associated with protective effects on BBB function. Here we investigated age and sex-dependent trajectories of perfusion and BBB water exchange rate (kw) across the lifespan in 186 cognitively normal participants spanning the ages of 8 to 92 years old, using a novel non-invasive diffusion prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL) MRI technique. We found that the pattern of BBB kw decline with aging varies across brain regions. Moreover, results from our novel DP-pCASL technique revealed a remarkable decline in BBB kw beginning in the early 60s, which was more pronounced in males. In addition, we observed sex differences in parietotemporal and hippocampal regions. Our findings provide in vivo results demonstrating sex differences in the decline of BBB function with aging, which may serve as a foundation for future investigations into perfusion and BBB function in neurodegenerative and other brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Shao
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Qinyang Shou
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kimberly Felix
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Brandon Ojogho
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Xuejuan Jiang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Brian T. Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Eric L Goldwaser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Louis A. Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Louis A. Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Ioannis Pappas
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Meredith Braskie
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Hosung Kim
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Steven Cen
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Kay Jann
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Danny JJ Wang
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jazaeri SZ, Taghizadeh G, Babaei JF, Goudarzi S, Saadatmand P, Joghataei MT, Khanahmadi Z. Aquaporin 4 beyond a water channel; participation in motor, sensory, cognitive and psychological performances, a comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114353. [PMID: 37714320 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various other organs, whose different sites of action indicate its importance in various functions. AQP4 has a variety of essential roles beyond water homeostasis. In this article, we have for the first time summarized different roles of AQP4 in motor and sensory functions, besides cognitive and psychological performances, and most importantly, possible physiological mechanisms by which AQP4 can exert its effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4 participates in pathology of different neurological disorders, various effects depending on the disease type. Since neurological diseases involve a spectrum of dysfunctions and due to the difficulty of obtaining a treatment that can simultaneously affect these deficits, it is therefore suggested that future studies consider the role of this protein in different functional impairments related to neurological disorders simultaneously or separately by targeting AQP4 expression and/or polarity modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zohreh Jazaeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zohreh Khanahmadi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Services, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dan Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Dai Z, Sun D. Biogenic Imaging Contrast Agents. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2207090. [PMID: 37401173 PMCID: PMC10477908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging contrast agents are widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, among which biogenic imaging contrast agents (BICAs) are developing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research ranging from subcellular level to individual level. The unique properties of BICAs, including expression by cells as reporters and specific genetic modification, facilitate various in vitro and in vivo studies, such as quantification of gene expression, observation of protein interactions, visualization of cellular proliferation, monitoring of metabolism, and detection of dysfunctions. Furthermore, in human body, BICAs are remarkably helpful for disease diagnosis when the dysregulation of these agents occurs and can be detected through imaging techniques. There are various BICAs matched with a set of imaging techniques, including fluorescent proteins for fluorescence imaging, gas vesicles for ultrasound imaging, and ferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, bimodal and multimodal imaging can be realized through combining the functions of different BICAs, which helps overcome the limitations of monomodal imaging. In this review, the focus is on the properties, mechanisms, applications, and future directions of BICAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammed SR, Elmasry K, El-Gamal R, El-Shahat MA, Sherif RN. Alteration of Aquaporins 1 and 4 immunohistochemical and gene expression in the cerebellum of diabetic albino rat. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102076. [PMID: 36989704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins. AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in cerebellum amongst others. This study was designed to assess the effect of diabetes on AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cerebellum of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin 45 mg/kg in 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Six rats from control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at one, four, and eight weeks post diabetic confirmation. After eight weeks, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and cerebellar mRNA expression for AQP1 and AQP4 genes were performed. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for cerebellar sections was performed for all groups. Diabetes caused degenerative changes in Purkinje cells with a significant increase in the cerebellar level of MDA and AQP1 immunoreactivity and a significant decrease in GSH level and AQP4 expression levels. However, the alteration in the AQP1 mRNA level was not statistically significant. GFAP immunoreactivity was increased in 8 W diabetic rats following its decrease in 1 W diabetic rats. Diabetes caused some alteration in the AQPs 1 and 4 expression in the cerebellum of diabetic rats which may contribute to diabetes-induced cerebellar complications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kozlakidis Z, Shi P, Abarbanel G, Klein C, Sfera A. Recent Developments in Protein Lactylation in PTSD and CVD: Novel Strategies and Targets. BioTech (Basel) 2023; 12:38. [PMID: 37218755 PMCID: PMC10204439 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1938, Corneille Heymans received the Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering that oxygen sensing in the aortic arch and carotid sinus was mediated by the nervous system. The genetics of this process remained unclear until 1991 when Gregg Semenza while studying erythropoietin, came upon hypoxia-inducible factor 1, for which he obtained the Nobel Prize in 2019. The same year, Yingming Zhao found protein lactylation, a posttranslational modification that can alter the function of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, the master regulator of cellular senescence, a pathology implicated in both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The genetic correlation between PTSD and CVD has been demonstrated by many studies, of which the most recent one utilizes large-scale genetics to estimate the risk factors for these conditions. This study focuses on the role of hypertension and dysfunctional interleukin 7 in PTSD and CVD, the former caused by stress-induced sympathetic arousal and elevated angiotensin II, while the latter links stress to premature endothelial cell senescence and early vascular aging. This review summarizes the recent developments and highlights several novel PTSD and CVD pharmacological targets. They include lactylation of histone and non-histone proteins, along with the related biomolecular actors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, erythropoietin, acid-sensing ion channels, basigin, and Interleukin 7, as well as strategies to delay premature cellular senescence by telomere lengthening and resetting the epigenetic clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ganna Abarbanel
- Patton State Hospital, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lillian A, Zuo W, Laham L, Hilfiker S, Ye JH. Pathophysiology and Neuroimmune Interactions Underlying Parkinson's Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087186. [PMID: 37108349 PMCID: PMC10138999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder clinically defined by motor instability, bradykinesia, and resting tremors. The clinical symptomatology is seen alongside pathologic changes, most notably the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of α-synuclein and neuromelanin aggregates throughout numerous neural circuits. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been implicated as a risk factor for developing various neurodegenerative diseases, with the most compelling argument for the development of PD. Dopaminergic abnormalities, the accumulation of α-synuclein, and disruptions in neural homeostatic mechanisms, including but not limited to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), are all present following TBI and are closely related to the pathologic changes seen in PD. Neuronal iron accumulation is discernable in degenerative and injured brain states, as is aquaporin-4 (APQ4). APQ4 is an essential mediator of synaptic plasticity in PD and regulates edematous states in the brain after TBI. Whether the cellular and parenchymal changes seen post-TBI directly cause neurodegenerative diseases such as PD is a point of considerable interest and debate; this review explores the vast array of neuroimmunological interactions and subsequent analogous changes that occur in TBI and PD. There is significant interest in exploring the validity of the relationship between TBI and PD, which is a focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Lillian
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Wanhong Zuo
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Linda Laham
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jiang-Hong Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-receptor interactions and microvesicle exchange as mechanisms modulating signaling between neurons and astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109509. [PMID: 36935005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that astrocytes play a significant metabolic role in the nervous tissue, maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular space and of the blood-brain barrier, and providing trophic support to neurons. In addition, however, evidence exists indicating astrocytes as important elements for brain activity through signaling exchange with neurons. Astrocytes, indeed, can sense synaptic activity and their molecular machinery responds to neurotransmitters released by neurons with cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations that, in turn, stimulate the release of neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters) influencing nearby neurons. In both cell types the recognition and transduction of this complex pattern of signals is mediated by specific receptors that are also involved in mechanisms tuning the intercellular cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons. Two of these mechanisms are the focus of the present discussion. The first concerns direct receptor-receptor interactions leading to the formation at the cell membrane of multimeric receptor complexes. The cooperativity that emerges in the actions of orthosteric and allosteric ligands of the monomers forming the assembly provides the cell decoding apparatus with sophisticated and flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction pathways. A further mechanism of plasticity involving receptors is based on the transfer of elements of the cellular signaling apparatus via extracellular microvesicles acting as protective containers, which can lead to transient changes in the transmitting/decoding capabilities of the target cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barabási B, Barna L, Santa-Maria AR, Harazin A, Molnár R, Kincses A, Vigh JP, Dukay B, Sántha M, Tóth ME, Walter FR, Deli MA, Hoyk Z. Role of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in morphological and functional changes of the blood-brain barrier in hypertriglyceridemia. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:15. [PMID: 36882782 PMCID: PMC9990353 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridemia is closely linked to atherosclerosis related inflammatory processes and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Using apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB-100) transgenic mice, an animal model of chronic hypertriglyceridemia, we analyzed BBB function and morphology in vitro and ex vivo. Our objective was to determine which BBB characteristics are produced mainly by interleukin (IL)-6, an atherosclerosis promoting cytokine, and whether these actions can be antagonized by IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. METHODS Brain endothelial and glial cell cultures and brain microvessels were isolated from wild type (WT) and APOB-100 transgenic mice and were treated with IL-6, IL-10 and their combination. First, IL-6 and IL-10 production was measured in WT and APOB-100 microvessels using qPCR. Then functional parameters of endothelial cell cultures were analyzed and immunocytochemistry for key BBB proteins was performed. RESULTS IL-6 mRNA levels were higher in brain microvessels than in brain parenchyma of APOB-100 transgenic mice. Transendothelial electric resistance and P-glycoprotein activity were lower, and paracellular permeability was higher in cultured APOB-100 brain endothelial cells. These features were sensitive to both IL-6 and IL-10 treatments. A decreased P-glycoprotein immunostaining was measured in transgenic endothelial cells under control conditions and in WT cells after treating them with IL-6. This effect was antagonized by IL-10. Changes in immunostaining for tight junction proteins were observed after IL-6 exposure, which were in part antagonized by IL-10. In glial cell cultures an increase in aquaporin-4 immunolabeling in the transgenic group and an increase in microglia cell density in WT glia cultures was detected after IL-6 treatment, which was antagonized by IL-10. In isolated brain microvessels a decrease in P-glycoprotein immunolabeled area fraction was measured in APOB-100 microvessels under control conditions and in WT microvessels after every cytokine treatment. ZO-1 immunolabeling showed characteristics similar to that of P-glycoprotein. No change was seen in claudin-5 and occludin immunoreactive area fractions in microvessels. A decrease in aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity was measured in WT microvessels treated by IL-6, which was antagonized by IL-10. CONCLUSION IL-6 produced in microvessels contributes to BBB impairment observed in the APOB-100 mice. We showed that IL-10 partly antagonizes the effects of IL-6 at the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Barabási
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Tisza L. Krt. 109, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Lilla Barna
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ana Raquel Santa-Maria
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - András Harazin
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Réka Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Judit P Vigh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Dukay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Hoyk
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Obenaus A, Rodriguez-Grande B, Lee JB, Dubois CJ, Fournier ML, Cador M, Caille S, Badaut J. A single mild juvenile TBI in male mice leads to regional brain tissue abnormalities at 12 months of age that correlate with cognitive impairment at the middle age. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:32. [PMID: 36859364 PMCID: PMC9976423 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the highest incidence amongst the pediatric population and its mild severity represents the most frequent cases. Moderate and severe injuries as well as repetitive mild TBI result in lasting morbidity. However, whether a single mild TBI sustained during childhood can produce long-lasting modifications within the brain is still debated. We aimed to assess the consequences of a single juvenile mild TBI (jmTBI) at 12 months post-injury in a mouse model. Non-invasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealed significant microstructural alterations in the hippocampus and the in the substantia innominata/nucleus basalis (SI/NB), structures known to be involved in spatial learning and memory. DTI changes paralled neuronal loss, increased astrocytic AQP4 and microglial activation in the hippocampus. In contrast, decreased astrocytic AQP4 expression and microglia activation were observed in SI/NB. Spatial learning and memory were impaired and correlated with alterations in DTI-derived derived fractional ansiotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity (AD). This study found that a single juvenile mild TBI leads to significant region-specific DTI microstructural alterations, distant from the site of impact, that correlated with cognitive discriminative novel object testing and spatial memory impairments at 12 months after a single concussive injury. Our findings suggest that exposure to jmTBI leads to a chronic abnormality, which confirms the need for continued monitoring of symptoms and the development of long-term treatment strategies to intervene in children with concussions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeong Bin Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Christophe J Dubois
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Martine Cador
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, F33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Caille
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, F33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- CNRS, EPHE, INCIA UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, F33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Feng J, Ou C, Zhou X, Liao Y. AQP4 mitigates chronic neuropathic pain-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114282. [PMID: 36596395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a risk factor for cognitive defects. The ubiquitous expression of AQP4 in astrocytes throughout the central nervous system is altered in the neurodegenerative disease. However, the exact role of AQP4 in cognitive impairment induced by chronic neuropathic pain remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that AQP4 protein and mRNA expression decreased time-dependently in the model of chronic neuropathic pain-induced cognitive disorder. AQP4 overexpression recovered mice from cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the concentration of Aβ1-42 in the serum and hippocampus reduced in mice with AQP4 overexpression adeno-associated virus injection. In conclusion, AQP4 in astrocytes is important in mitigating cognitive impairment caused by chronic neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cehua Ou
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Varricchio A, Yool AJ. Aquaporins and Ion Channels as Dual Targets in the Design of Novel Glioblastoma Therapeutics to Limit Invasiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36765806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) focus on eradicating primary tumors using radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgical resection, but have limited success in controlling the invasive spread of glioma cells into a healthy brain, the major factor driving short survival times for patients post-diagnosis. Transcriptomic analyses of GBM biopsies reveal clusters of membrane signaling proteins that in combination serve as robust prognostic indicators, including aquaporins and ion channels, which are upregulated in GBM and implicated in enhanced glioblastoma motility. Accumulating evidence supports our proposal that the concurrent pharmacological targeting of selected subclasses of aquaporins and ion channels could impede glioblastoma invasiveness by impairing key cellular motility pathways. Optimal sets of channels to be selected as targets for combined therapies could be tailored to the GBM cancer subtype, taking advantage of differences in patterns of expression between channels that are characteristic of GBM subtypes, as well as distinguishing them from non-cancerous brain cells such as neurons and glia. Focusing agents on a unique channel fingerprint in GBM would further allow combined agents to be administered at near threshold doses, potentially reducing off-target toxicity. Adjunct therapies which confine GBM tumors to their primary sites during clinical treatments would offer profound advantages for treatment efficacy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Yan S, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhou D, Liu L. The role of circadian clock in astrocytes: From cellular functions to ischemic stroke therapeutic targets. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1013027. [PMID: 36570843 PMCID: PMC9772621 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1013027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes, the abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in maintaining the immune response after cerebral infarction, regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing nutrients to the neurons, and reuptake of glutamate. The circadian clock is an endogenous timing system that controls and optimizes biological processes. The central circadian clock and the peripheral clock are consistent, controlled by various circadian components, and participate in the pathophysiological process of astrocytes. Existing evidence shows that circadian rhythm controls the regulation of inflammatory responses by astrocytes in ischemic stroke (IS), regulates the repair of the BBB, and plays an essential role in a series of pathological processes such as neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. In this review, we highlight the importance of astrocytes in IS and discuss the potential role of the circadian clock in influencing astrocyte pathophysiology. A comprehensive understanding of the ability of the circadian clock to regulate astrocytes after stroke will improve our ability to predict the targets and biological functions of the circadian clock and gain insight into the basis of its intervention mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fukang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,Desheng Zhou,
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Lijuan Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aragón-González A, Shaw PJ, Ferraiuolo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315271. [PMID: 36499600 PMCID: PMC9737531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized and dynamic compartment which regulates the uptake of molecules and solutes from the blood. The relevance of the maintenance of a healthy BBB underpinning disease prevention as well as the main pathomechanisms affecting BBB function will be detailed in this review. Barrier disruption is a common aspect in both neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neurodevelopmental diseases, including autism spectrum disorders. Throughout this review, conditions altering the BBB during the earliest and latest stages of life will be discussed, revealing common factors involved. Due to the barrier's role in protecting the brain from exogenous components and xenobiotics, drug delivery across the BBB is challenging. Potential therapies based on the BBB properties as molecular Trojan horses, among others, will be reviewed, as well as innovative treatments such as stem cell therapies. Additionally, due to the microbiome influence on the normal function of the brain, microflora modulation strategies will be discussed. Finally, future research directions are highlighted to address the current gaps in the literature, emphasizing the idea that common therapies for both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathologies exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aragón-González
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, SITraN, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)114-222-2257; Fax: +44-(0)114-222-2290
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lan YL, Nie T, Zou S. Identification of the prognostic and immunological roles of aquaporin 4: A potential target for survival and immunotherapy in glioma patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1061428. [PMID: 36523816 PMCID: PMC9744806 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the critical role of AQP4 in the occurrence and development of gliomas. However, the role of AQP4 in immune regulation has not yet been reported. Many recent reports have identified the lymphatic system's occurrence within the central nervous system (CNS) and the vital role of immune regulation in treating brain tumors. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the role of AQP4 in the immune regulation of glioma. We used bioinformatics analysis to investigate the immunoregulatory function of AQP4, including its correlation with immunity, anti-tumor immune processes, immunotherapy, immune infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB), stemness, mutation, and pan-cancer. The results revealed that AQP4 was significantly associated with the expression of multiple immune checkpoints, immune cells, as well as multiple immune cell effector genes, and antigen presentation and processing abilities. Although no significant correlation was found between the AQP4 gene and IDH mutation and MGMT, AQP4 demonstrated substantial expression differences in different immunophenotypes and molecular types. Using the TTD database, we discovered that EGFR, ABAT, and PDGFRA are strongly associated with AQP4 expression in the glioblastoma (GBM) classification, and these factors could be the potential AQP4-related immunotherapy targets. Afterward, we screened the differential genes in the high and low AQP4 gene expression group, the high and low immune score group, and the high and low matrix score group and took the intersection as the candidate factor. Finally, univariate Cox analysis was used to find eight prognostic variables with significant differences across the candidate genes. After lasso dimensionality reduction, three genes built the model (RARRES1, SOCS3, and TTYH1). The scoring model generated by the three genes was eventually obtained after the multi-factor screening of the three genes. Finally, combined with clinical information and cox regression analysis, it was further confirmed that the model score could be used as an independent prognostic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Nie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cai J, Kong J, Ma S, Ban Y, Li J, Fan Z. Upregulation of TRPC6 inhibits astrocyte activation and proliferation after spinal cord injury in rats by suppressing AQP4 expression. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:12-21. [PMID: 36115513 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This work investigates the effects and mechanisms of inhibiting TRPC6 (a non-selective cation channel) downregulation on rat astrocyte activation and proliferation following spinal cord injury (SCI) by suppressing AQP4 expression. We used HYP9 (TRPC6-specific agonist) and TGN-020 (AQP4-specific inhibitor) to explore the relationship between TRPC6 and AQP4 and their probable protective effects on SCI. METHODS In a rat SCI model, we randomly assigned female Sprague-Dawley rats into the following four groups: Sham, SCI, SCI+HYP9, and SCI+TGN-020. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine protein expression among groups following SCI. TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining were used to identify changes in the rate of apoptosis and the fraction of surviving neurons after SCI. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan open-field locomotor scale was used to identify changes in motor function after SCI. In vitro astrocyte scratch model, we first used the CCK8 assay to test the effects of varying doses of HYP9 or TGN-020 on astrocytes and then split the astrocytes into four groups: Con, Scratch, Scratch+HYP9, and Scratch+TGN-020. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to identify changes in the expression of target proteins. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro models, SCI dramatically decreased TRPC6 while considerably upregulating AQP4, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. However, HYP9 or TGN-020 significantly suppressed activation of astrocytes, promoted neurons survival in the anterior horn of the spinal cords, and benefited the recovery of motor function in the hind limbs of rats following SCI. Interestingly, TRPC6 agonists dramatically suppressed AQP4 overexpression, indicating that the probable mechanism of HYP9 benefiting alleviation of SCI may be connected to AQP4 inhibition and astrocyte activation and proliferation reduction. CONCLUSION we discovered for the first time that HYP9 inhibits astrocyte activation and proliferation by inhibiting AQP4 in SCI rats in vivo and in vitro models and that it preserves neuronal survival and functional recovery after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Jundong Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Song Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yaozu Ban
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
| | - Zhongkai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lapshina KV, Abramova YY, Guzeev MA, Ekimova IV. TGN-020, an Inhibitor of the Water Channel Aquaporin-4, Accelerates Nigrostriatal Neurodegeneration in the Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
21
|
Salamone A, Terrone G, Di Sapia R, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Beltrame L, Craparotta I, Mannarino L, Cominesi SR, Rizzi M, Pauletti A, Marchini S, Porcu L, Zimmer TS, Aronica E, During M, Abrahams B, Kondo S, Nishi T, Vezzani A. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase is a novel pharmacological target for anti-ictogenic and disease modification effects in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105835. [PMID: 35932989 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies for epilepsy mainly provide symptomatic control of seizures since most of the available drugs do not target disease mechanisms. Moreover, about one-third of patients fail to achieve seizure control. To address the clinical need for disease-modifying therapies, research should focus on targets which permit interventions finely balanced between optimal efficacy and safety. One potential candidate is the brain-specific enzyme cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. This enzyme converts cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol, a metabolite which among its biological roles modulates neuronal functions relevant for hyperexcitability underlying seizures. To study the role of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in epileptogenesis, we administered soticlestat (TAK-935/OV935), a potent and selective brain-penetrant inhibitor of the enzyme, during the early disease phase in a mouse model of acquired epilepsy using a clinically relevant dose. During soticlestat treatment, the onset of epilepsy was delayed and the number of ensuing seizures was decreased by about 3-fold compared to vehicle-treated mice, as assessed by EEG monitoring. Notably, the therapeutic effect was maintained 6.5 weeks after drug wash-out when seizure number was reduced by about 4-fold and their duration by 2-fold. Soticlestat-treated mice showed neuroprotection of hippocampal CA1 neurons and hilar mossy cells as assessed by post-mortem brain histology. High throughput RNA-sequencing of hippocampal neurons and glia in mice treated with soticlestat during epileptogenesis showed that inhibition of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase did not directly affect the epileptogenic transcriptional network, but rather modulated a non-overlapping set of genes that might oppose the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. In human temporal lobe epileptic foci, we determined that cholesterol 24-hydroxylase expression trends higher in neurons, similarly to epileptic mice, while the enzyme is ectopically induced in astrocytes compared to control specimens. Soticlestat reduced significantly the number of spontaneous seizures in chronic epileptic mice when was administered during established epilepsy. Data show that cholesterol 24-hydroxylase contributes to spontaneous seizures and is involved in disease progression, thus it represents a novel target for chronic seizures inhibition and disease-modification therapy in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Salamone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Craparotta
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mannarino
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi Cominesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Rizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Pauletti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Till S Zimmer
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Brett Abrahams
- Ovid Therapeutics, 10036 New York, NY, USA; Departments of Genetics and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461 Bronx, USA
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 251-8555 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 251-8555 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Solar P, Hendrych M, Barak M, Valekova H, Hermanova M, Jancalek R. Blood-Brain Barrier Alterations and Edema Formation in Different Brain Mass Lesions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:922181. [PMID: 35910247 PMCID: PMC9334679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.922181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of brain lesion pathologies is complex, but it is nevertheless crucial for appropriate clinical management. Advanced imaging methods, including diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient, can help discriminate between brain mass lesions such as glioblastoma, brain metastasis, brain abscesses as well as brain lymphomas. These pathologies are characterized by blood-brain barrier alterations and have been extensively studied. However, the changes in the blood-brain barrier that are observed around brain pathologies and that contribute to the development of vasogenic brain edema are not well described. Some infiltrative brain pathologies such as glioblastoma are characterized by glioma cell infiltration in the brain tissue around the tumor mass and thus affect the nature of the vasogenic edema. Interestingly, a common feature of primary and secondary brain tumors or tumor-like brain lesions characterized by vasogenic brain edema is the formation of various molecules that lead to alterations of tight junctions and result in blood-brain barrier damage. The resulting vasogenic edema, especially blood-brain barrier disruption, can be visualized using advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient. This review presents a comprehensive overview of blood-brain barrier changes contributing to the development of vasogenic brain edema around glioblastoma, brain metastases, lymphomas, and abscesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solar
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Hendrych
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Barak
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Valekova
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- First Department of Pathology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radim Jancalek
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Radim Jancalek,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang FX, Xu CL, Su C, Li J, Lin JY. β-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Painful Diabetic Neuropathy via Restoration of the Aquaporin-4 Polarity in the Spinal Glymphatic System. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:926128. [PMID: 35898407 PMCID: PMC9309893 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.926128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste removal is essential for maintaining homeostasis and the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). The glymphatic system based on aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels on the endfeet of astrocytes is recently discovered as the excretion pathway for metabolic waste products of CNS. In the CNS, α-syntrophin (SNTA1) directly or indirectly anchors AQP4 in astrocyte membranes facing blood vessels. Studies have indicated that β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can raise the expression of SNTA1 and thus restoring AQP4 polarity in mice models with Alzheimer’s disease. The study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective mechanism of BHB in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). PDN rats were modeled under a high-fat and high-glucose diet with a low dose of streptozotocin. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to observe the clearance of contrast to indicate the functional variability of the spinal glymphatic system. Mechanical allodynia was assessed by paw withdrawal threshold. The expressions of SNTA1 and AQP4 were tested, and the polarity reversal of AQP4 protein was measured. As demonstrated, PDN rats were manifested with deceased contrast clearance of the spinal glymphatic system, enhanced mechanical allodynia, lower expression of SNTA1, higher expression of AQP4, and reversed polarity of AQP4 protein. An opposite change in the above characteristics was observed in rats being treated with BHB. This is the first study that demonstrated the neuroprotective mechanism of BHB to attenuate PDN via restoration of the AQP4 polarity in the spinal glymphatic system and provides a promising therapeutic strategy for PDN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-xiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chi-liang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Can Su
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing-yan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-yan Lin,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Spruiell Eldridge SL, Teetsel JFK, Torres RA, Ulrich CH, Shah VV, Singh D, Zamora MJ, Zamora S, Sater AK. A Focal Impact Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Xenopus Tadpoles Reveals Behavioral Alterations, Neuroinflammation, and an Astroglial Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7578. [PMID: 35886924 PMCID: PMC9323330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a global driver of disability, and we currently lack effective therapies to promote neural repair and recovery. TBI is characterized by an initial insult, followed by a secondary injury cascade, including inflammation, excitotoxicity, and glial cellular response. This cascade incorporates molecular mechanisms that represent potential targets of therapeutic intervention. In this study, we investigate the response to focal impact injury to the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. This injury disrupts the blood-brain barrier, causing edema, and produces deficits in visually-driven behaviors which are resolved within one week. Within 3 h, injured brains show a dramatic transcriptional activation of inflammatory cytokines, upregulation of genes associated with inflammation, and recruitment of microglia to the injury site and surrounding tissue. Shortly afterward, astrocytes undergo morphological alterations and accumulate near the injury site, and these changes persist for at least 48 h following injury. Genes associated with astrocyte reactivity and neuroprotective functions also show elevated levels of expression following injury. Since our results demonstrate that the response to focal impact injury in Xenopus resembles the cellular alterations observed in rodents and other mammalian models, the Xenopus tadpole offers a new, scalable vertebrate model for TBI.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang GQ, Wang FX, He YN, Lin JY. Plasticity of the spinal glymphatic system in male SD rats with painful diabetic neuropathy induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1908-1920. [PMID: 35796387 PMCID: PMC9541551 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered glial‐dependent macroscopic interstitial waste clearance system that promotes the efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Its anatomic foundation is the astrocytes and aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) water channels on the endfeet of astrocytes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the plasticity of the spinal glymphatic system in male SD rats with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus. PDN rats were modeled under a high‐fat and high‐glucose diet with a low dose of streptozotocin. MRI was applied to observe the infiltration and clearance of contrast to indicate the functional variability of the glymphatic system at the spinal cord level. The paw withdrawal threshold was used to represent mechanical allodynia. The numerical change of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive astrocytes was assessed and the polarity reversal of AQP4 protein was measured by immunofluorescence. As a result, deceased contrast infiltration and clearance, enhanced mechanical allodynia, increased number of GFAP positive astrocytes, and reversed polarity of AQP4 protein were found in the PDN rats. The above molecular level changes may contribute to the impairment of the spinal glymphatic system in PDN rats. This study revealed the molecular and functional variations of the spinal glymphatic system in PDN rats and for the first time indicated that there might be a correlation between the impaired spinal glymphatic system and PDN rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Department of Pain Treatment, Physical and Mental Hospital of Nanchong City, Nanchong, China
| | - Fei-Xiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yi-Na He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing-Yan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Behnam M, Motamedzadeh A, Aalinezhad M, Dadgostar E, Rashidi Noshabad FZ, Pourfridoni M, Raei M, Mirzaei H, Aschner M, Tamtaji OR. The role of aquaporin 4 in brain tumors: implications for pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10609-10615. [PMID: 35715607 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from cells intrinsic to the central nervous system (CNS). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain tumors. Previous reports have documented a relationship between AQP4 and several molecular pathways associated with the etiology of brain tumors, such as apoptosis, invasion and cell migration. AQP4 affects apoptosis via cytochrome C, Bad and Bcl-2, as well as invasion and migration via IDO1/TDO-Kyn-AhR axis, lncRNA LINC00461, miR-216a, miRNA-320a and MMPs. In addition, inhibition of AQP4 mitigates the progression of brain tumors. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence regarding the relationship between AQP4 and brain tumors, and the mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Behnam
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Marzieh Aalinezhad
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran.,Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Pourfridoni
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, I.R. of Iran
| | - Maedeh Raei
- Faculty of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, I.R. of Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rana T, Behl T, Shamsuzzaman M, Singh S, Sharma N, Sehgal A, Alshahrani AM, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Dailah HG, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Exploring the role of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in depression. Cell Signal 2022; 96:110359. [PMID: 35597427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the water regulating channel found in the terminal processes of astrocytes in the brain and is implicated in regulating the astrocyte functions, whereas in neuropathologies, AQP4 performs an important role in astrocytosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, several findings have revealed the modulation of the AQP4 water channel in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases. In the current article, we have summarized the recent studies and highlighted the implication of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorder. Most of the studies have measured the AQP4 gene or protein expression in the brain regions, particularly the locus coeruleus, choroid plexus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and found that in these brain regions, AQP4 gene expression decreased on exposure to chronic mild stress. Few studies also measured the peripheral AQP4 mRNA expression in the blood and AQP4 autoantibodies in the blood serum and revealed no change in the depressed patients in comparison with normal individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao Y, Huan S, Yang Y, Gao W, Wang J. Hippocampal proteins discovery of diabetes-induced central neuropathy based on proteomics. Neuroreport 2022; 33:354-62. [PMID: 35594437 DOI: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggests that diabetes can cause multifactorial damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and may lead to dementia. However, the underlying mechanism of diabetes-induced central neuropathy remains sparse. In recent years, proteomics has provided better methods and means in analyzing the molecular mechanisms of disease. We applied proteomics to investigate the changes of hippocampal proteins in diabetic rats, with a view to discover the biomarkers of diabetes-induced central neuropathy and elucidated the potential biological relationships. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group and model group. The model group rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the learning and memory of rats, and the hippocampus was taken out. Proteomics were adopted to investigate the changes of differentially expressed proteins. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the escape latency of the diabetic rats was significantly increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). It was presented that four differentially expressed proteins might be the potential biomarkers of diabetes-induced central neuropathy: septin 5, GRB2 related binding protein 2 (GAB2), casein kinase 1ε (CK1ε), aquaporin 4 (AQP4). These differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in the following signaling pathways: apoptosis, glycine/serine/threonine metabolic and GTPase signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings provided reference insights into the underlying molecular pathogenesis of diabetes-induced CNS neuropathy.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fang Y, Dai S, Jin C, Si X, Gu L, Song Z, Gao T, Chen Y, Yan Y, Yin X, Pu J, Zhang B. Aquaporin-4 Polymorphisms Are Associated With Cognitive Performance in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:740491. [PMID: 35356146 PMCID: PMC8959914 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.740491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAquaporin-4 (AQP4) facilitates a sleep-enhanced interstitial brain waste clearance system. This study was conducted to determine the clinical implication of AQP4 polymorphisms in Parkinson’s disease (PD).MethodsThree-hundred and eighty-two patients with PD and 180 healthy controls with a mean follow-up time of 66.1 months from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative study were analyzed. We examined whether AQP4 SNPs were associated with an altered rate of motor or cognitive decline using linear mixed model and Cox regression. We then investigated whether AQP4 SNPs were associated with Aβ burden as measured by 18F Florbetapir standard uptake values. Furthermore, we examined if AQP4 SNPs moderated the association between REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and CSF biomarkers.ResultsIn patients with PD, AQP4 rs162009 (AA/AG vs. GG) was associated with slower dementia conversion, better performance in letter-number sequencing and symbol digit modalities, lower Aβ deposition in the putamen, anterior cingulum, and frontotemporal areas. In the subgroup of high RBD screening questionnaire score, rs162009 AA/AG had a higher CSF Aβ42 level. rs162009 AA/AG also had better performance in semantic fluency in healthy controls. Besides, rs68006382 (GG/GA vs. AA) was associated with faster progression to mild cognitive impairment, worse performance in letter-number sequencing, semantic fluency, and symbol digit modalities in patients with PD.InterpretationGenetic variations of AQP4 and subsequent alterations of glymphatic efficacy might contribute to an altered rate of cognitive decline in PD. AQP4 rs162009 is likely a novel genetic prognostic marker of glymphatic function and cognitive decline in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaobing Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyao Jin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luyan Gu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Baorong Zhang Jiali Pu
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Baorong Zhang Jiali Pu
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li G, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhang S, Guo W, Pei L. Baicalin suppresses neuron autophagy and apoptosis by regulating astrocyte polarization in pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic rats and PC12 cells. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147723. [PMID: 34780748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder worldwide, but its entire pathology remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the antiepileptic effect of baicalin (BAL), the main bioactive component of scutellaria. We isolated astrocytes from neonatal rats and astrocytes were identified by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining. The viability and phenotype of astrocytes were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. For investigating the effect of BAL on the autophagy in A1 astrocytes treated PC12 cells, expression of light chain 3B (LC3-B) and sequestosome 1 (P62) was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, respectively. For animal experiments, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic model was used to explore the antiepileptic effect of BAL. The results showed that BAL reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced complement C3 (C3, a marker of A1 astrocytes) + A1 cells and decreased autophagy and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Further findings showed seizure grade and latency were positively correlated with GFAP+/C3 + A1 cells' infiltration in interstitial astrocytes. After BAL treatment, epileptogenesis was ameliorated with decreased A1 astrocytes in the brain and improved behavioral performance. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reduced in the cerebral interstitial site in the BAL group compared to the PTZ group. Western blotting analysis showed that BAL treatment reduced expression of C3, inward rectifier potassium channel Kir4.1, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the frontal cortex and Caspase-3, BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) in the hippocampus. In conclusion, these findings suggest that BAL can prevents cognitive and emotional disorders and has antiepileptic effects in rats, which may be associated with suppresses neuron autophagy and apoptosis in the hippocampus via regulate astrocyte phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anyang Vocational and Technical College, Anyang, China
| | - Shiyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhixia Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shaodan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenxiang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Pei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Turbidity, Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo S, Song Z, He J, Yin G, Zhu J, Liu H, Yang L, Ji X, Xu X, Liu Z, Liu J. Akt/Aquaporin-4 Signaling Aggravates Neuropathic Pain by Activating Astrocytes after Spinal Nerve Ligation in Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 482:116-131. [PMID: 34942314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) play critical physiological roles in water balance in the central nervous system (CNS). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the principal aquaporin expressed in the CNS, has been implicated in the processing of sensory and pain transmission. Akt signaling is also involved in pain mediation, such as neuroinflammatory pain and bone cancer pain. Previously, we found that expression of AQP4 and p-Akt was altered in the rat spinal cord after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Here, we further investigated the effects of the AQP4 and Akt pathways in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) on the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain (NP). Spinal AQP4 was significantly upregulated after SNL and was primarily expressed in astrocytes in the SDH. Inhibition of AQP4 with TGN-020 attenuated the development and maintenance of NP by inhibiting glial activation and anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Moreover, inhibition of AQP4 suppressed astrocyte activation both in the SDH and in primary cultures. Similar to AQP4, we found that p-Akt was also significantly elevated after SNL. Inhibition of Akt with MK2206 suppressed AQP4 upregulation and astrocyte activation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, Akt blockade with MK2206 alleviated NP in the early and late phases after SNL. These results elucidate the mechanisms involved in the roles of Akt/AQP4 signaling in the development and maintenance of NP. AQP4 is likely to be a novel therapeutic target for NP management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwu Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhiwen Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Junsheng He
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Xubiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou 213003, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 and the neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 are considered attractive CNS drug targets because altered neuronal chloride regulation and consequent effects on GABAergic signaling have been implicated in numerous CNS disorders. While KCC2 modulators are not yet clinically available, the loop diuretic bumetanide has been used off-label in attempts to treat brain disorders and as a tool for NKCC1 inhibition in preclinical models. Bumetanide is known to have anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects under some pathophysiological conditions. However, as shown in several species from neonates to adults (mice, rats, dogs, and by extrapolation in humans), at the low clinical doses of bumetanide approved for diuresis, this drug has negligible access into the CNS, reaching levels that are much lower than what is needed to inhibit NKCC1 in cells within the brain parenchyma. Several drug discovery strategies have been initiated over the last ∼15 years to develop brain-permeant compounds that, ideally, should be selective for NKCC1 to eliminate the diuresis mediated by inhibition of renal NKCC2. The strategies employed to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of NKCC1 blockers include evaluation of other clinically approved loop diuretics; development of lipophilic prodrugs of bumetanide; development of side-chain derivatives of bumetanide; and unbiased high-throughput screening approaches of drug discovery based on large chemical compound libraries. The main outcomes are that (1), non-acidic loop diuretics such as azosemide and torasemide may have advantages as NKCC1 inhibitors vs. bumetanide; (2), bumetanide prodrugs lead to significantly higher brain levels than the parent drug and have lower diuretic activity; (3), the novel bumetanide side-chain derivatives do not exhibit any functionally relevant improvement of CNS accessibility or NKCC1 selectivity vs. bumetanide; (4) novel compounds discovered by high-throughput screening may resolve some of the inherent problems of bumetanide, but as yet this has not been achieved. Thus, further research is needed to optimize the design of brain-permeant NKCC1 inhibitors. In parallel, a major challenge is to identify the mechanisms whereby various NKCC1-expressing cellular targets of these drugs within (e.g., neurons, oligodendrocytes or astrocytes) and outside the brain parenchyma (e.g., the blood-brain barrier, the choroid plexus, and the endocrine system), as well as molecular off-target effects, might contribute to their reported therapeutic and adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Astrocytes control many processes of the nervous system in health and disease, and respond to injury quickly. Astrocytes produce neuroprotective factors in the injured brain to clear cellular debris and to orchestrate neurorestorative processes that are beneficial for neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, astrocytes also become dysregulated and produce cytotoxic mediators that hinder CNS repair by induction of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Hence, we discuss the potential role of astrocytes in neuropathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and blood-brain barrier repair after TBI. Thus, an improved understanding of the dual role of astrocytes may advance our knowledge of post-brain injury recovery, and provide opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 100850 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), 102206 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The vascular blood-brain barrier is a highly regulated interface between the blood and brain. Its primary function is to protect central neurons while signaling the presence of systemic inflammation and infection to the brain to enable a protective sickness behavior response. With increasing degrees and duration of systemic inflammation, the vascular blood-brain barrier becomes more permeable to solutes, undergoes an increase in lymphocyte trafficking, and is infiltrated by innate immune cells; endothelial cell damage may occasionally occur. Perturbation of neuronal function results in the clinical features of encephalopathy. Here, the molecular and cellular anatomy of the vascular blood-brain barrier is reviewed, first in a healthy context and second in a systemic inflammatory context. Distinct from the molecular and cellular mediators of the blood-brain barrier's response to inflammation, several moderators influence the direction and magnitude at genetic, system, cellular and molecular levels. These include sex, genetic background, age, pre-existing brain pathology, systemic comorbidity, and gut dysbiosis. Further progress is required to define and measure mediators and moderators of the blood-brain barrier's response to systemic inflammation in order to explain the heterogeneity observed in animal and human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Galea
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schmitz F, Glas J, Neutze R, Hedfalk K. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation flow cytometry screen for membrane protein interactions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19232. [PMID: 34584201 PMCID: PMC8478939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between membrane proteins within a cellular environment are crucial for all living cells. Robust methods to screen and analyse membrane protein complexes are essential to shed light on the molecular mechanism of membrane protein interactions. Most methods for detecting protein:protein interactions (PPIs) have been developed to target the interactions of soluble proteins. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays allow the formation of complexes involving PPI partners to be visualized in vivo, irrespective of whether or not these interactions are between soluble or membrane proteins. In this study, we report the development of a screening approach which utilizes BiFC and applies flow cytometry to characterize membrane protein interaction partners in the host Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These data allow constructive complexes to be discriminated with statistical confidence from random interactions and potentially allows an efficient screen for PPIs in vivo within a high-throughput setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Glas
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hedfalk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Więckowska-Gacek A, Mietelska-Porowska A, Wydrych M, Wojda U. Western diet as a trigger of Alzheimer's disease: From metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101397. [PMID: 34214643 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An excess of saturated fatty acids and simple sugars in the diet is a known environmental risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the holistic view of the interacting processes through which such diet may contribute to AD pathogenesis is missing. We addressed this need through extensive analysis of published studies investigating the effects of western diet (WD) on AD development in humans and laboratory animals. We reviewed WD-induced systemic alterations comprising metabolic changes, induction of obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis and acceleration of systemic low-grade inflammation. Next we provide an overview of the evidence demonstrating that WD-associated systemic alterations drive impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and development of neuroinflammation paralleled by accumulation of toxic amyloid. Later these changes are followed by dysfunction of synaptic transmission, neurodegeneration and finally memory and cognitive impairment. We conclude that WD can trigger AD by acceleration of inflammaging, and that BBB impairment induced by metabolic and systemic inflammation play the central role in this process. Moreover, the concurrence of neuroinflammation and Aβ dyshomeostasis, which by reciprocal interactions drive the vicious cycle of neurodegeneration, contradicts Aβ as the primary trigger of AD. Given that in 2019 the World Health Organization recommended focusing on modifiable risk factors in AD prevention, this overview of the sequential, complex pathomechanisms initiated by WD, which can lead from peripheral disturbances to neurodegeneration, can support future prevention strategies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-Receptor Interactions and Glial Cell Functions with a Special Focus on G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8656. [PMID: 34445362 PMCID: PMC8395429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that receptors from all families can establish allosteric receptor-receptor interactions and variably associate to form receptor complexes operating as integrative input units endowed with a high functional and structural plasticity has expanded our understanding of intercellular communication. Regarding the nervous system, most research in the field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of many receptor complexes representing an important mechanism to fine-tune synaptic efficiency. Receptor-receptor interactions, however, also modulate glia-neuron and glia-glia intercellular communication, with significant consequences on synaptic activity and brain network plasticity. The research on this topic is probably still at the beginning and, here, available evidence will be reviewed and discussed. It may also be of potential interest from a pharmacological standpoint, opening the possibility to explore, inter alia, glia-based neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The glymphatic system (GS) is a novel defined brain-wide perivascular transit network between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial solutes that facilitates the clearance of brain metabolic wastes. The complicated network of the GS consists of the periarterial CSF influx pathway, astrocytes-mediated convective transport of fluid and solutes supported by AQP4 water channels, and perivenous efflux pathway. Recent researches indicate that the GS dysfunction is associated with various neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, migraine, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Meanwhile, the GS also plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological process of stroke, including brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, immune cell infiltration, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. In this review, we illustrated the key anatomical structures of the GS, the relationship between the GS and the meningeal lymphatic system, the interaction between the GS and the BBB, and the crosstalk between astrocytes and other GS cellular components. In addition, we contributed to the current knowledge about the role of the GS in the pathology of stroke and the role of AQP4 in stroke. We further discussed the potential use of the GS in early risk assessment, diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bergström S, Remnestål J, Yousef J, Olofsson J, Markaki I, Carvalho S, Corvol JC, Kultima K, Kilander L, Löwenmark M, Ingelsson M, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Nellgård B, Brosseron F, Heneka MT, Bosch B, Sanchez-Valle R, Månberg A, Svenningsson P, Nilsson P. Multi-cohort profiling reveals elevated CSF levels of brain-enriched proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1456-1470. [PMID: 34129723 PMCID: PMC8283172 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decreased amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 together with increased tau and phospho-tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is indicative of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular pathophysiology underlying the slowly progressive cognitive decline observed in AD is not fully understood and it is not known what other CSF biomarkers may be altered in early disease stages. METHODS We utilized an antibody-based suspension bead array to analyze levels of 216 proteins in CSF from AD patients, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and controls from two independent cohorts collected within the AETIONOMY consortium. Two additional cohorts from Sweden were used for biological verification. RESULTS Six proteins, amphiphysin (AMPH), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 21 (ARPP21), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), neurofilament medium polypeptide (NEFM), and synuclein beta (SNCB) were found at increased levels in CSF from AD patients compared with controls. Next, we used CSF levels of Aβ42 and tau for the stratification of the MCI patients and observed increased levels of AMPH, AQP4, ARPP21, GAP43, and SNCB in the MCI subgroups with abnormal tau levels compared with controls. Further characterization revealed strong to moderate correlations between these five proteins and tau concentrations. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we report six extensively replicated candidate biomarkers with the potential to reflect disease development. Continued evaluation of these proteins will determine to what extent they can aid in the discrimination of MCI patients with and without an underlying AD etiology, and if they have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the AD continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bergström
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Remnestål
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jamil Yousef
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennie Olofsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Markaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Carvalho
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Löwenmark
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Bengt Nellgård
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
| | - Frederic Brosseron
- Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Beatriz Bosch
- Alzheimer's and other cognitive disorders Unit. Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's and other cognitive disorders Unit. Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ren X, Liu S, Lian C, Li H, Li K, Li L, Zhao G. Dysfunction of the Glymphatic System as a Potential Mechanism of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:659457. [PMID: 34163349 PMCID: PMC8215113 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.659457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) frequently occurs in the elderly as a severe postoperative complication and is characterized by a decline in cognitive function that impairs memory, attention, and other cognitive domains. Currently, the exact pathogenic mechanism of PND is multifaceted and remains unclear. The glymphatic system is a newly discovered glial-dependent perivascular network that subserves a pseudo-lymphatic function in the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of the glymphatic system in the removal of harmful metabolites in the brain. Dysfunction of the glymphatic system can reduce metabolic waste removal, leading to neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. We speculate that there is a causal relationship between the glymphatic system and symptomatic progression in PND. This paper reviews the current literature on the glymphatic system and some perioperative factors to discuss the role of the glymphatic system in PND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Ren
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuang Lian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jilin City People's Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Longyun Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that are crucial for proper brain development and function. Three major classes of glia in the central nervous system (CNS) include astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. These cells have dynamic morphological and functional properties and constantly surveil neural activity throughout life, sculpting synaptic plasticity. Astrocytes form part of the tripartite synapse with neurons and perform many homeostatic functions essential to proper synaptic function including clearing neurotransmitter and regulating ion balance; they can modify these properties, in addition to additional mechanisms such as gliotransmitter release, to influence short- and long-term plasticity. Microglia, the resident macrophage of the CNS, monitor synaptic activity and can eliminate synapses by phagocytosis or modify synapses by release of cytokines or neurotrophic factors. Oligodendrocytes regulate speed of action potential conduction and efficiency of information exchange through the formation of myelin, having important consequences for the plasticity of neural circuits. A deeper understanding of how glia modulate synaptic and circuit plasticity will further our understanding of the ongoing changes that take place throughout life in the dynamic environment of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sancho
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Minerva Contreras
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Minj E, Upadhayay S, Mehan S. Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Activator Acetyl-11-keto-beta Boswellic Acid (AKBA)-Mediated Neuroprotection in Methyl Mercury-Induced Experimental Model of ALS. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2867-2884. [PMID: 34075522 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxin that causes neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death. MeHg exposure also leads to oligodendrocyte destruction, glial cell overactivation, and demyelination of motor neurons in the motor cortex and spinal cord. As a result, MeHg plays an important role in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like neurocomplications. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder in which neuroinflammation is the leading cause of further CNS demyelination. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway was thought to be a potential target for neuroprotection in ALS. Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) is a multi-component pentacyclic triterpenoid mixture derived from Boswellia serrata with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The research aimed to investigate whether AKBA, as a Nrf2 / HO-1 activator, can provide protection against ALS. Thus, we explored the role of AKBA on the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in a MeHg-induced experimental ALS model. In this study, ALS was induced in Wistar rats by oral gavage of MeHg 5 mg/kg for 21 days. An open field test, force swim test, and grip strength were performed to observe experimental rats' motor coordination behaviors. In contrast, a morris water maze was performed for learning and memory. Administration of AKBA 50 mg/kg and AKBA 100 mg/kg continued from day 22 to 42. Neurochemical parameters were evaluated in the rat's brain homogenate. In the meantime, post-treatment with AKBA significantly improved behavioral, neurochemical, and gross pathological characteristics in the brain of rats by increasing the amount of Nrf2/HO-1 in brain tissue. Collectively, our findings indicated that AKBA could potentially avoid demyelination and encourage remyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Minj
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Upadhayay
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu X, Xie Y, Wan X, Wu J, Fan Z, Yang L. Protective Effects of Aquaporin-4 Deficiency on Longer-term Neurological Outcomes in a Mouse Model. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1380-1389. [PMID: 33651262 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a crucial health problem, with more than 50 million patients worldwide each year. Glymphatic system is a fluid exchange system that relies on the polarized water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) at the astrocytes, accounting for the clearance of abnormal proteins and metabolites from brain tissues. However, the dysfunction of glymphatic system and alteration of AQP4 polarization during the progression of TBI remain unclear. AQP4-/- and Wild Type (WT) mice were used to establish the TBI mouse model respectively. Brain edema and Evans blue extravasation were conducted 24 h post-injury to evaluate the acute TBI. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to establish the long-term cognitive functions of AQP4-/- and WT mice post TBI. Western-blot and qRT-PCR assays were performed to demonstrate protective effects of AQP4 deficiency to blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and amyloid-β clearance. The inflammation of cerebral tissues post TBI was estimated by ELISA assay. AQP4 deficiency alleviated the brain edema and neurological deficit in TBI mice. AQP4-knockout led to improved cognitive outcomes in mice post TBI. The BBB integrity and cerebral amyloid-β clearance were protected by AQP4 deficiency in TBI mice. AQP4 deficiency ameliorated the TBI-induced inflammation. AQP4 deficiency improved longer-term neurological outcomes in a mouse model of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yingxin Xie
- Department of Doppler Ultrasound, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangdong Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianliang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenzeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.215, Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhu Z, He Y, Liu Z, Zhang W, Kang Q, Lin Y, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zhu X. A hydrogen sulfide donor suppresses pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats via PKC signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173959. [PMID: 33617826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder. Available antiepileptic drugs are still lacking. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a neuron-protective endogenous gasotransmitter, is reported to have effect on epilepsy. But it remains to be determined for its mechanism. In the present study, we found that a novel carbazole-based H2S donor could effectively suppress pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats. The H2S donor could alleviate not only the epileptic behavior of animals but also the hippocampal EEG activity of seizures. The H2S donor down-regulated the expression of aquaporin 4 in the hippocampus of epilepsy rats. The H2S donor also decreased the seizure-induced release of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, the H2S donor increased protein kinase C (PKC) expression in the hippocampus of epilepsy rats. These effects of the H2S donor on epilepsy rats were attenuated after blockade of PKC signaling by Go6983, suggesting that PKC signaling participated in the antiepileptic process of H2S donor. Taken together, the H2S donor has a beneficial effect on epilepsy control in a PKC-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Zhu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yan He
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhongrui Liu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiyun Kang
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuwan Lin
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiewen Qiu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Dept. of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Dept. of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Qin D, Wang J, Le A, Wang TJ, Chen X, Wang J. Traumatic Brain Injury: Ultrastructural Features in Neuronal Ferroptosis, Glial Cell Activation and Polarization, and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown. Cells 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 33923370 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary injury process after traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in motor dysfunction, cognitive and emotional impairment, and poor outcomes. These injury cascades include excitotoxic injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ion imbalance, inflammation, and increased vascular permeability. Electron microscopy is an irreplaceable tool to understand the complex pathogenesis of TBI as the secondary injury is usually accompanied by a series of pathologic changes at the ultra-micro level of the brain cells. These changes include the ultrastructural changes in different parts of the neurons (cell body, axon, and synapses), glial cells, and blood–brain barrier, etc. In view of the current difficulties in the treatment of TBI, identifying the changes in subcellular structures can help us better understand the complex pathologic cascade reactions after TBI and improve clinical diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the ultrastructural changes related to neurons (e.g., condensed mitochondrial membrane in ferroptosis), glial cells, and blood–brain barrier in the existing reports of TBI, to deepen the in-depth study of TBI pathomechanism, hoping to provide a future research direction of pathogenesis and treatment, with the ultimate aim of improving the prognosis of patients with TBI.
Collapse
|
46
|
Song T, Chen W, Chen X, Zhang H, Zou Y, Wu H, Lin F, Ren L, Kang Y, Lei H. Repeated fluoxetine treatment induces transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex of normal adult rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 107:110252. [PMID: 33484756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (Flx)-induced neuronal plasticity plays an important role in the effective treatment of depression and mood disorders. It is less understood whether repeated Flx treatment induces astrocytic plasticity that outlasts the presence of the drug in the body. We showed previously that Flx-induced neuronal plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) persisted up to 20 days after the treatment. In this study, adult rats were subjected to a 15-day repeated Flx treatment at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Astrocytic metabolites and markers were assessed in the mPFC at day 1 (d1) and day 20 (d20) after the treatment. Significant transient reductions in the concentrations of astrocytic metabolites taurine and myo-inositol and the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were observed in the mPFC of Flx-treated rats at d1, which recovered to the control levels at d20. Further, Flx treatment resulted in long-lasting changes in Kir4.1 expression in the mPFC, which remained downregulated at d20. The expression of 5-HT1A receptor in the mPFC of Flx-treated rats was downregulated at d1 but became upregulated at d20. In summary, repeated Flx treatment induces both transient and long-term astrocytic plasticity in the mPFC of adult rats. The changes observed at d1 are consistent with disturbed water homeostasis and astrocytic de-maturation in the mPFC. The persistent changes in the expressions of Kir4.1 and 5-HT1A at d20, presumably of the astrocytic origin, might have contributed to the long-term neurotrophic effects of repeated Flx treatment in the mPFC.
Collapse
|
47
|
Takai Y, Misu T, Suzuki H, Takahashi T, Okada H, Tanaka S, Okita K, Sasou S, Watanabe M, Namatame C, Matsumoto Y, Ono H, Kaneko K, Nishiyama S, Kuroda H, Nakashima I, Lassmann H, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y, Aoki M. Staging of astrocytopathy and complement activation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Brain 2021; 144:2401-2415. [PMID: 33711152 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-IgG+NMOSD) is an autoimmune astrocytopathic disease pathologically characterized by the massive destruction and regeneration of astrocytes with diverse types of tissue injury with or without complement deposition. However, it is unknown whether this diversity is derived from differences in pathological processes or temporal changes. Furthermore, unlike for the demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis, there has been no staging of astrocytopathy in AQP4-IgG+NMOSD based on astrocyte morphology. Therefore, we classified astrocytopathy of the disease by comparing the characteristic features, such as AQP4 loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, complement deposition and demyelination activity, with the clinical phase. We performed histopathological analyses in eight autopsied cases of AQP4-IgG+NMOSD. There were six women and two men, with a median age of 56.5 years (range, 46-71 years) and a median disease duration of 62.5 months (range, 0.6-252 months). Astrocytopathy in AQP4-IgG+NMOSD was classified into the following four stages defined by the astrocyte morphology and immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): (a) astrocyte lysis: Extensive loss of astrocytes with fragmented and/or dust-like particles; (b) progenitor recruitment: Loss of astrocytes except small nucleated cells with GFAP-positive fibre-forming foot processes; (c) protoplasmic gliosis: Presence of star-shaped astrocytes with abundant GFAP-reactive cytoplasm; and (d) fibrous gliosis: Lesions composed of densely packed mature astrocytes. The astrocyte lysis and progenitor recruitment stages dominated in clinically acute cases (within 2 months after the last recurrence). Findings common to both stages were the loss of AQP4, a decreased number of oligodendrocytes, the selective loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein and active demyelination with phagocytic macrophages. The infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and T cells (CD4-dominant) and the deposition of activated complement (C9neo), which reflects the membrane attack complex, a hallmark of acute NMOSD lesions, were selectively observed in the astrocyte lysis stage (98.4% in astrocyte lysis, 1.6% in progenitor recruitment, and 0% in protoplasmic gliosis and fibrous gliosis). Although most of the protoplasmic gliosis and fibrous gliosis lesions were accompanied by inactive demyelinated lesions with a low amount of inflammatory cell infiltration, the deposition of complement degradation product (C3d) was observed in all four stages, even in fibrous gliosis lesions, suggesting the past or chronic occurrence of complement activation, which is a useful finding to distinguish chronic lesions in NMOSD from those in multiple sclerosis. Our staging of astrocytopathy is expected to be useful for understanding the unique temporal pathology of AQP4-IgG+NMOSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Takai
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, 983-8520, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yonezawa National Hospital, Yonezawa, 992-1202, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okada
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Kenji Okita
- Department of neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shunichi Sasou
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Society Hachinohe Hospital, Hachinohe, 039-1104, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chihiro Namatame
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Ono
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kaneko
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, 986-8522, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Shibata, 989-1253, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakashima
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yasuto Itoyama
- International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, 814-0001, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shi ZF, Fang Q, Chen Y, Xu LX, Wu M, Jia M, Lu Y, Wang XX, Wang YJ, Yan X, Dong LP, Yuan F. Methylene blue ameliorates brain edema in rats with experimental ischemic stroke via inhibiting aquaporin 4 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:382-392. [PMID: 32665706 PMCID: PMC8027449 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a common and serious complication of ischemic stroke with limited effective treatment. We previously reported that methylene blue (MB) attenuated ischemic brain edema in rats, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in astrocytes plays a key role in brain edema. We also found that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation was involved in the regulation of AQP4 expression in astrocytes. In the present study, we investigated whether AQP4 and ERK1/2 were involved in the protective effect of MB against cerebral edema. Rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), MB (3 mg/kg, for 30 min) was infused intravenously through the tail vein started immediately after reperfusion and again at 3 h after ischemia (1.5 mg/kg, for 15 min). Brain edema was determined by MRI at 0.5, 2.5, and 48 h after tMCAO. The decreases of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on diffusion-weighted MRI indicated cytotoxic brain edema, whereas the increase of T2 MRI values reflected vasogenic brain edema. We found that MB infusion significantly ameliorated cytotoxic brain edema at 2.5 and 48 h after tMCAO and decreased vasogenic brain edema at 48 h after tMCAO. In addition, MB infusion blocked the AQP4 increases and ERK1/2 activation in the cerebral cortex in ischemic penumbra at 48 h after tMCAO. In a cell swelling model established in cultured rat astrocyte exposed to glutamate (1 mM), we consistently found that MB (10 μM) attenuated cell swelling, AQP4 increases and ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM) had the similar effects as MB. These results demonstrate that MB improves brain edema and astrocyte swelling, which may be mediated by the inhibition of AQP4 expression via ERK1/2 pathway, suggesting that MB may be a potential choice for the treatment of brain edema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Fang Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Li-Xin Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mei Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Li-Ping Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wallensten J, Nager A, Åsberg M, Borg K, Beser A, Wilczek A, Mobarrez F. Leakage of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in stress-induced exhaustion disorder: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2009. [PMID: 33479350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with stress-induced exhaustion disorder (SED) demonstrate cognitive dysfunction similar to patients with minor traumatic brain injury (TBI). We have previously detected elevated concentrations of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in patients with TBI. As such, we hypothesized that astrocyte-derived EVs could be higher in patients with SED than in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls. Patients with SED (n = 31), MDD (n = 31), and healthy matched controls (n = 61) were included. Astrocyte-derived EVs (previously known as microparticles) were measured in plasma with flow cytometry and labeled against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4). In addition, platelet EVs and their CD40 ligand expression were measured. Patients with SED had significantly higher concentrations of AQP4 and GFAP-positive EVs and EVs co-expressing AQP4/GFAP than patients with MDD and healthy controls. Patients with MDD had significantly higher concentrations of GFAP-positive EVs and EVs co-expressing AQP4/GFAP than healthy controls. Platelet EVs did not differ between groups. CD40 ligand expression was significantly higher in patients with SED and MDD than in controls. In conclusion, the present study suggests that patients with SED, and to some extent, patients with MDD, have increased leakage of astrocyte-derived EVs through the blood–brain barrier.
Collapse
|