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Chen Y, Zhao T, Cheng L, Yang B, Wen L. Degree of methyl esterification: A key factor for the encapsulation of icaritin with pectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129361. [PMID: 38218280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Pectin is a promising nano-carrier. The degree of methyl esterification (DM) influences the physiochemical properties of pectin. However, the effect of DM on the encapsulation capacity of pectin remains unclear. In this work, low methyl-esterified pectin (LMP) and high methyl-esterified pectin (HMP) were prepared. The molecular weight, rheological properties of these pectins with various DM levels were determined. Then icaritin/pectin micelles (IPMs) were prepared using HMP and LMP. Notably, higher loading capacities (18.75-20.12 %) were observed in HMP-IPMs compared to LMP-IPMs (15.72-16.64 %). Furthermore, LMP-IPMs demonstrated a DM-dependent reduction in particle sizes, ranging from 449 to 527 nm. In contrast, the particle sizes of HMP-IPMs varied between 342 and 566 nm, with smaller particle sizes observed in HMP-IPMs at higher DM levels. A significant positive correlation was found between DM and the formation of IPMs, including encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, Zeta potential, and polydispersity index. Alkali de-esterification showed a weak impact on the pectin structure. Hydroxyl groups like 7-OH and 5-OH of icaritin might be involved in the formation of IPMs. The hydrogen-bond interactions between pectin and icaritin could be enhanced as DM increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Chen
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Sericulture & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- Sericulture & Agri-food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lingrong Wen
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Chen J, Mei M, Xu Y, Xiong S, Zhao Y, Liu R, Shi S, Wang H, Wang S. The impact of the methyl esters of homogalacturonan on cellular uptake dependent hypoglycemic activity in IR-HepG2 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang F, Pei X, Peng X, Gou D, Fan X, Zheng X, Song C, Zhou Y, Cui S. Dual crosslinking of folic acid-modified pectin nanoparticles for enhanced oral insulin delivery. Biomater Adv 2022; 135:212746. [PMID: 35929218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin-based drug delivery systems hold great potential for oral insulin delivery, since they possess excellent gelling property, good mucoadhesion and high stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, lack of enterocyte targeting ability and premature drug release in the upper GI tract of the susceptible ionic-crosslinked pectin matrices are two major problems to be solved. To address these issues, we developed folic acid (FA)-modified pectin nanoparticles (INS/DFAN) as insulin delivery vehicles by a dual-crosslinking method using calcium ions and adipic dihydrazide (ADH) as crosslinkers. In vitro studies indicated insulin release behaviors of INS/DFAN depended on COOH/ADH molar ratio in the dual-crosslinking process. INS/DFAN effectively prevented premature insulin release in simulated GI fluids compared to ionic-crosslinked nanoparticles (INS/FAN). At an optimized COOH/ADH molar ratio, INS/DFAN with FA graft ratio of 18.2% exhibited a relatively small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency and excellent stability. Cellular uptake of INS/DFAN was FA graft ratio dependent when it was at/below 18.2%. Uptake mechanism and intestinal distribution studies demonstrated the enhanced insulin transepithelial transport by INS/DFAN via FA carrier-mediated transport pathway. In vivo studies revealed that orally-administered INS/DFAN produced a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and further improved insulin bioavailability in type I diabetic rats compared to INS/FAN. Taken together, the combination of dual crosslinking and FA modification is an effective strategy to develop pectin nano-vehicles for enhanced oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuejing Pei
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoxia Peng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Dongxia Gou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuefei Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Sisi Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Song C, Huang F, Liu L, Zhou Q, Zhang D, Fang Q, Lei H, Niu H. Characterization and prebiotic properties of pectin polysaccharide from Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:412-421. [PMID: 34813784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pectins have proven to be advantageous for human health as they regulate beneficial microbial communities and enhance immunity. The fruit of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels (Wampee), also referred to as "treasure in fruit", is rich in pectin polysaccharides. In this study, a homogalacturonan-type pectin (CCP2) with a molecular weight of 8.9 × 104 Da and degree of esterification of 42.86% was isolated from Wampee fruit. The gut microbiota regulation and phagocytosis-enhancing properties of CCP2 were examined in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Oral administration of CCP2 dramatically decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the abundance of Firmicutes in intestinal bacteria in mice. The content of short-chain fatty acids in the feces also significantly improved. Moreover, CCP2 exhibited excellent phagocytosis-enhancing activities on RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggested that CCP2 could be a potential gut microbiota regulator and phagocytosis-enhancer, which could be used in food products to promote health through beneficial manipulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Song
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Feihong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Linyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Yu Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Ji L, Zhou Y, Sun L. Comparison of Analytical Methods for Determining Methylesterification and Acetylation of Pectin. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:4461. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The esterification of galacturonic acid with methanol and/or acetic acid is important for the structural analysis of pectin. Although several methods have been reported for determining the degree of methylesterification (DM) and acetylation (DAc), the present study compares and optimizes three methods (titration, FT-IR and HPLC) using commercial citrus pectin (CP). Our results showed that the DM of CP was 47.0%, 47.6% and 48.0% as determined by titration, FT-IR and HPLC, respectively, suggesting that DM determination is nearly identical using any of these methods. However, the titration approach requires more sample than the other two. HPLC showed that the DAc of CP was 1.6%, an approach that can be used to determine the DM and DAc of pectin simultaneously. Here, we simplified and optimized sample treatment for HPLC analysis and compared it with the reported literature. Our results provide useful information for choosing appropriate methods for determining the DM and DAc of pectin based on various sample properties and experimental conditions.
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Yang G, Chen S, Li X, Liu C, He J, Ding W, Zhou Z, Zhang Z. Study on Methyl Esterification of Salicylic Acid Using an Intensified Fixed Bed Reactor. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2018-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Methyl esterification of salicylic acid catalyzed by strong acidic cation exchange resin NKC-9 was carried out on an intensified fixed bed reactor (IFBR) to investigate the effects of different parameters and the results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: circulation speed is 1.5 L· h−1, catalyst loading is 20 %, initial mole ratio of salicylic acid and methanol is 1:6 and reaction temperature is 343.15 K. The thermodynamics for the methyl esterification of salicylic acid have been studied to obtain the equilibrium constant from the experimental data at different temperature. PH, E-R and LHHW models were used to correlate the kinetic data in the temperature range from 328.15 to 348.15 K. The calculated value is in good agreement with experimental value, indicating that all the models can be used to accurately describe the process of the methyl esterification of salicylic acid.
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Yuan Y, Zhang XY, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Zhou YF, Gao J. A Novel PL9 Pectate Lyase from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1: Cloning, Expression, and Its Application in Pectin Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3060. [PMID: 31234557 PMCID: PMC6627557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectate lyases play an important role in pectin degradation, and therefore are highly useful in the food and textile industries. Here, we report on the cloning of an alkaline pectate lyase gene (pppel9a) from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. The full-length gene (1350 bp) encodes for a 449-residue protein that belongs to the polysaccharide lyase family 9 (PL9). Recombinant PpPel9a produced in Escherichia coli was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity in a single step using Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography. The enzyme activity of PpPel9a (apparent molecular weight of 45.3 kDa) was found to be optimal at pH 10.0 and 40 °C, with substrate preference for homogalacturonan type (HG) pectins vis-à-vis rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) type pectins. Using HG-type pectins as substrate, PpPel9a showed greater activity with de-esterified HGs. In addition, PpPel9a was active against water-soluble pectins isolated from different plants. Using this lyase, we degraded citrus pectin, purified fractions using Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-sepharose column chromatography, and characterized the main fraction MCP-0.3. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis showed that the molecular mass of citrus pectin (~230.2 kDa) was reduced to ~24 kDa upon degradation. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS) and monosaccharide composition analyses demonstrated that PpPel9a worked as an endo-pectate lyase, which acted primarily on the HG domain of citrus pectin. In vitro testing showed that the degradation product MCP-0.3 significantly promotes the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. rhamnosus. In this regard, the enzyme has potential in the preparation of pharmacologically active pectin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yi-Fa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Juan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Guan Y, Zhang Z, Yu X, Yan J, Zhou Y, Cheng H, Tai G. Components of heat-treated Helianthus annuus L. pectin inhibit tumor growth and promote immunity in a mouse CT26 tumor model. J Funct Foods 2018; 48:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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