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Cheng JH, Zhang X, Ma J, Sun DW. Fluorescent polythymidine-templated copper nanoclusters aptasensor for sensitive detection of tropomyosin in processed shrimp products. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 304:123271. [PMID: 37714106 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin (TM) is the main allergen in shellfish. Developing a novel, simple and accurate method to track and detect TM in food products is necessary. In this work, a label-free fluorescent aptasensor based on polythymidine (poly(T))-templated copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) was designed for sensitive detection of TM in processed shrimp products. Magnetic beads (MBs), aptamer and cDNA were used to construct an MBs-aptamer@cDNA complex as a detection probe, and with the presence of TM, the poly(T)-templated CuNCs attached at the end of the cDNA as the fluorescent signal was released from the complex to turn on the fluorescence. Under optimal conditions, the poly(T)-templated CuNCs aptasensor achieved a linear range from 0.1 to 50 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9980), a low limit of detection of 0.0489 μg/mL and an excellent recovery percentage of 105.29%-108.91% in the complex food matrix, providing a new approach for food safety assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hu Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinxue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Kou B, Wang Z, Mousavi S, Wang P, Ke Y. Dynamic Gold Nanostructures Based on DNA Self Assembly. Small 2023:e2308862. [PMID: 38143287 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The combination of DNA nanotechnology and Nano Gold (NG) plasmon has opened exciting possibilities for a new generation of functional plasmonic systems that exhibit tailored optical properties and find utility in various applications. In this review, the booming development of dynamic gold nanostructures are summarized, which are formed by DNA self-assembly using DNA-modified NG, DNA frameworks, and various driving forces. The utilization of bottom-up strategies enables precise control over the assembly of reversible and dynamic aggregations, nano-switcher structures, and robotic nanomachines capable of undergoing on-demand, reversible structural changes that profoundly impact their properties. Benefiting from the vast design possibilities, complete addressability, and sub-10 nm resolution, DNA duplexes, tiles, single-stranded tiles and origami structures serve as excellent platforms for constructing diverse 3D reconfigurable plasmonic nanostructures with tailored optical properties. Leveraging the responsive nature of DNA interactions, the fabrication of dynamic assemblies of NG becomes readily achievable, and environmental stimulation can be harnessed as a driving force for the nanomotors. It is envisioned that intelligent DNA-assembled NG nanodevices will assume increasingly important roles in the realms of biological, biomedical, and nanomechanical studies, opening a new avenue toward exploration and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, China
| | - Shikufa Mousavi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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Jiao JB, Kang Q, Cao JL, Zhang SQ, Ma CJ, Lin T, Xiao ZH, Zhao CM, Du T, Du XJ, Wang S. Integrated multifunctional nanoplatform for fluorescence detection and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus. Food Chem 2023; 428:136780. [PMID: 37413833 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illness caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has posed a significant threat to human health. Herein, an integrated multifunctional nanoplatform was developed for fluorescence detection and inactivation of S. aureus based on cascade signal amplification coupled with single strand DNA-template copper nanoparticles (ssDNA-Cu NPs). Benefiting from reasonable design, one-step cascade signal amplification was achieved through strand displacement amplification combined with rolling circle amplification, followed by in-situ generation of copper nanoparticles. S. aureus detection could be performed through naked eye observation and microplate reader measurement of the red fluorescence signal. The multifunctional nanoplatform had satisfactory specificity and sensitivity, achieving 5.2 CFU mL-1 detection limit and successful detection of 7.3 CFU of S. aureus in spiked egg after < 5 h of enrichment. Moreover, ssDNA-Cu NPs could eliminate S. aureus to avoid secondary bacterial contamination without further treatment. Therefore, this multifunctional nanoplatform has potential application in food safety dtection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiang-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuai-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chen-Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ze-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chu-Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xin-Jun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Meng Y, Huang J, Ding J, Yan B, Li Y, Gao X, Zhou W. Poly-thymine DNA templated MnO 2 biomineralization as a high-affinity anchoring enabling tumor targeting delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:441-452. [PMID: 36716668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxide nanomaterials (MONs) are emerging as a type of highly promising nanomaterials for diseases diagnosis, and surface modification is the basis for colloidal stability and targeting delivery of the nanomaterials. Here, we report the in-situ functionalization of MnO2 with DNA through a biomineralization process. Using adsorption-oxidation method, DNA templated Mn2+ precursor to biomineralize into nano-cubic seed, followed by the growth of MnO2 to form cube/nanosheet hybrid nanostructure. Among four types of DNA homopolymers, poly-thymine (poly-T) was found to stably attach on MnO2 surface to resist various biological displacements (phosphate, serum, and complementary DNA). Capitalized on this finding, a di-block DNA was rationally designed, in which the poly-T block stably anchored on MnO2 surface, while the AS1411 aptamer block was not only an active ligand for tumor targeting delivery, but also a carrier for photosensitizer (Ce6) loading. Upon targeting delivery into tumor cells, the MnO2 acted as catalase-mimic nanozyme for oxygenation to sensitize photodynamic therapy, and the released Mn2+ triggered chemodynamic therapy via Fenton-like reaction, achieving synergistic anti-tumor effect with full biocompatibility. This work provides a simple yet robust strategy to functionalize metal oxides nanomaterials for biological applications via DNA-templated biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcai Meng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Bohua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
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Jiang J, Huang B, Li N, An C, Sun C, Shen Y, Gooneratne R, Cui H, Zhan S, Wang Y. Simple and fast colorimetric detection of lipopolysaccharide based on aptamer and SYBR Green I mediated aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:231-239. [PMID: 36347371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) poses a considerable threat to food safety and human health. A colorimetric assay for LPS detection based on LPS binding aptamer (LBA) and SYBR Green I (SG) mediated aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was established. In the absence of LPS, the LBA was absorbed onto the AuNPs surface which prevented SG-induced aggregation of AuNPs, and the sensing system exhibited red color. When LPS was added, it interacted with the LBA, forming a complex. At higher LPS concentration, many LBAs were exhausted resulting in SG-induced aggregation of AuNPs, and color change from red to blue. The range of colorimetric detection of LPS was linear in 0-12 EU/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.1698 EU/mL. Spiked LPS in real samples and interfering substances were also identified. This assay ingeniously using the fluorescent dye SG as an effective trigger of AuNPs aggregation, is rapid and facile than most of those earlier reported LBA-based LPS assays, and there is potential to be modified to construct assays for other targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingna Huang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ningjun Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changcheng An
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changjiao Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenshan Zhan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Liu Y, Zhu P, Huang J, He H, Ma C, Wang K. Integrating DNA nanostructures with DNAzymes for biosensing, bioimaging and cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhou Y, Deng J, Zhang Y, Li C, Wei Z, Shen J, Li J, Wang F, Han B, Chen D, Fan C, Zhang H, Liu K, Wei Y. Engineering DNA-Guided Hydroxyapatite Bulk Materials with High Stiffness and Outstanding Antimicrobial Ability for Dental Inlay Applications. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2202180. [PMID: 35488765 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Programmable base pair interactions at the nanoscale make DNA an attractive scaffold for forming hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanostructures. However, engineering macroscale HAP mineralization guided by DNA molecules remains challenging. To overcome this issue, a facile strategy is developed for the fabrication of ultrastiff DNA-HAP bulk composites. The electrostatic complexation of DNA and a surfactant with a quaternary ammonium salt group enables the formation of long-range ordered scaffolds using electrospinning. The growth of 1D and 2D HAP minerals is thus realized by this DNA template at a macroscale. Remarkably, the as-prepared DNA-HAP composites exhibit an ultrahigh Young's modulus of ≈25 GPa, which is comparable to natural HAP and superior to most artificial mineralized composites. Furthermore, a new type of dental inlay with outstanding antibacterial properties is developed using the stiff DNA-HAP. The encapsulated quaternary ammonium group within the dense HAP endows the composite with long-lasting and local antibacterial activity. Therefore, this new type of super-stiff biomaterial holds great potential for oral prosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Cranial-Facial Growth and Development Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Zhao P, Li B, Li Y, Chen L, Wang H, Ye L. DNA-Templated ultrasmall bismuth sulfide nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging of myocardial infarction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:475-484. [PMID: 35150955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has shown great clinical potential in diagnosing various diseases due to its noninvasive, cost-effective, and real-time imaging properties but is limited by the lack of contrast agents with high sensitivity for deep tissue imaging. Here, DNA-templated ultrasmall bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanoparticles (NPs) were reported as a photoacoustic (PA) probe for imaging myocardial infarction. We present a simple synthesis strategy of ultrasmall NPs via self-assembly of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/metal ion complexes. The in vivo imaging results showed a dramatically enhanced PA signal in the region of myocardial infarction after intravenous injection of DNA-Bi2S3 NPs in the myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) mouse model. Further near infrared fluorescence imaging indicated that Bi2S3 NPs mainly accumulated in the infarcted area, leading to enhancement of PA signals. Moreover, such hybrid NPs possess a well-defined nanostructure, superior photobleaching resistance, excellent water dispersibility and negligible acute toxicity. These results not only demonstrate that ultrasmall DNA-Bi2S3 NPs are a potent PA probe for imaging the infarcted region but also provide a new avenue for preparing ultrasmall-sized PA probes by using ssDNA as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR. China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR. China
| | - Yingxu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR. China
| | - Leshan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR. China.
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR. China
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