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Nguyen HHT, Kim E, Imran M, Choi YH, Kwak DH, Ameen S. Microplastic contaminants detection in aquatic environment by hydrophobic cerium oxide nanoparticles. Chemosphere 2024; 357:141961. [PMID: 38615954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health, demanding immediate attention. The reported research work offers an effective and low cost method towards the detection of toxic MPs. In this study, hydrophobic cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are synthesized and applied as promising electrode material for the detection of two different types of MPs, i.e. polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Through electrochemical analyses, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), hydrophobic CeO2 NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based sensor demonstrated remarkable sensitivity of ∼0.0343 AmLmg-1cm-2 and detection limit of ∼0.226 mgmL-1, with promising correlation coefficient (R2) towards the detection of PE (∼27-32 μm). Furthermore, hydrophobic CeO2 NPs modified GCE exhibited promising stability and reproducibility towards PE (∼27-32 μm), suggesting the promising potential of hydrophobic CeO2 NPs as electrode materials for an electrochemical microplastics detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hue Thi Nguyen
- Department of Bio-Active Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Kim
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Advanced Science Campus, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Imran
- Department of Bio-Active Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Advanced Science Campus, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choi
- Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Cheomdan-ro, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Heui Kwak
- Department of Bio-Active Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Cheomdan-ro, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sadia Ameen
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Advanced Science Campus, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Y, Xu K, Van Tan L, Tan H, Zhang H. Electrochemical sensing platform for detection of heavy metal ions without electrochemical signal. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:246. [PMID: 38580781 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has attracted global attention because of its high toxicity, non-biodegradability, and carcinogenicity. Electrochemical sensors are extensively employed for the detection of low concentrations of heavy metal ions (HMIs). However, their applicability is often limited to the detection of ions that exhibit electrochemical signals exclusively in aqueous solutions. In this study, we proposed a multi-responsive detection platform based on the modification of horseradish peroxidase@zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8/thionine/gold/ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide (HRP@ZIF-8/THI/Au/IL-rGO). This platform demonstrated its capability to detect various metal ions, including those without conventional electrochemical signals. The Au/IL-rGO composite structure enhanced the specific surface area available for the reaction. Furthermore, the in situ growth of HRP@ZIF-8 not only shielded the THI signal prior to detection but also protected the electrode material. It was important to note that the introduced edetate disodium dihydrate (EDTA) had the ability to complex with various HMIs. When excess EDTA was present, it could cleave ZIF-8 and release HRP. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), HRP promoted the oxidation of THI previously reduced by the electrode and thus showed excellent sensitivity for HMIs detection. The proposed method overcame the limitation of traditional electrochemical sensors, which solely relied on electrochemical signals for detecting metal ions. This offers a novel approach to enhance electrochemical ion sensing detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- School of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Van Tan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420, Viet Nam
| | - Hua Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420, Viet Nam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Xu R, He M, Feng S, Liu Y, Mao C, Wang Y, Bu X, Zhang M, Zhou Y. Microstructure optimization strategy of ZnIn 2S 4/rGO composites toward enhanced and tunable electromagnetic wave absorption properties. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15057-15070. [PMID: 37812395 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Although microstructure optimization is an effective strategy to improve and regulate electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption properties, preparing microwave absorbents with enhanced EMW absorbing performance and tuned absorption band by a simple method remains challenging. Herein, ZnIn2S4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites with flower-like and cloud-like morphologies were fabricated by a convenient hydrothermal method. The ZnIn2S4/rGO composites with different morphologies realize efficient EMW absorption and tunable absorption bands, covering a wide frequency range. The flower-like structure has an optimal reflection loss (RL) of up to -49.2 dB with a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.7 GHz, and its main absorption peaks are concentrated in the C and Ku bands. The minimal RL of the cloud-like structure can reach -36.3 dB, and the absorption peak shifts to the junction of X and Ku bands. The distinguished EMW absorption capacity originates from the uniquely optimized microstructure, complementary effect of ZnIn2S4 and rGO in dielectric constant, and synergy of various loss mechanisms, such as interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, conductive loss, and multiple reflections. This study proposes a guide for the structural optimization of an ideal EMW absorber to achieve efficient and tunable EMW absorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Man He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Shuangjiang Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yanmei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Chunfeng Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yongjuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xiaohai Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
- ZY fire Hose Co., Ltd, Taizhou 225599, China
| | - Meiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
- Jiangsu Sidik New Material Technology Co., Ltd, Suqian 223900, China
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Imran M, Kim EB, Kwak DH, Ameen S. Porous MgNiO 2 Chrysanthemum Flower Nanostructure Electrode for Toxic Hg 2+ Ion Monitoring in Aquatic Media. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7910. [PMID: 37765968 PMCID: PMC10535157 DOI: 10.3390/s23187910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple hydrothermal synthesis approach was used to synthesize porous MgNiO2 Chrysanthemum Flowers (CFs) nanostructures and applied as a sensing electrode for quick detection of hazardous mercury (Hg2+ ions). The morphological, structural, and electrochemical properties of MgNiO2 CFs were investigated. The morphological characteristic of MgNiO2 CFs, with a specific surface area of 45.618 m2/g, demonstrated strong electrochemical characteristics, including cations in different oxidation states of Ni3+/Ni2+. Using a three-electrode system for electrochemical detection, the MgNiO2 CFs based electrode revealed a good correlation coefficient (R2) of ~0.9721, a limit of detection (LOD) of ~11.7 μM, a quick response time (10 s), and a sensitivity of 8.22 μA∙μM-1∙cm-2 for Hg2+ ions over a broad linear range of 10-100 μM. Moreover, the selectivity for Hg2+ ions in tap water and drinking water was determined, and a promising stability of 25 days by MgNiO2 CFs electrode was exhibited. The obtained results indicate that the developed MgNiO2 CFs are a promising electrode for detecting hazardous Hg2+ ions in water and have the potential to be commercialized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imran
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; (M.I.); (E.-B.K.)
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bi Kim
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; (M.I.); (E.-B.K.)
| | - Dong-Heui Kwak
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sadia Ameen
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeongeup Campus, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; (M.I.); (E.-B.K.)
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Skotadis E, Aslanidis E, Tsekenis G, Panagopoulou C, Rapesi A, Tzourmana G, Kennou S, Ladas S, Zeniou A, Tsoukalas D. Hybrid Nanoparticle/DNAzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Divalent Heavy Metal Ions and Cr 3. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7818. [PMID: 37765875 PMCID: PMC10535422 DOI: 10.3390/s23187818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid noble nanoparticle/DNAzyme electrochemical biosensor is proposed for the detection of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+. The sensor takes advantage of a well-studied material that is known for its selective interaction with heavy metal ions (i.e., DNAzymes), which is combined with metallic nanoparticles. The double-helix structure of DNAzymes is known to dissociate into smaller fragments in the presence of specific heavy metal ions; this results in a measurable change in device resistance due to the collapse of conductive inter-nanoparticle DNAzyme bridging. The paper discusses the effect of DNAzyme anchoring groups (i.e., thiol and amino functionalization groups) on device performance and reports on the successful detection of all three target ions in concentrations that are well below their maximum permitted levels in tap water. While the use of DNAzymes for the detection of lead in particular and, to some extent, cadmium has been studied extensively, this is one of the few reports on the successful detection of chromium (III) via a sensor incorporating DNAzymes. The sensor showed great potential for its future integration in autonomous and remote sensing systems due to its low power characteristics, simple and cost-effective fabrication, and easy automation and measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (G.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (G.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Georgios Tsekenis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Chryssi Panagopoulou
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (G.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Annita Rapesi
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (G.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Georgia Tzourmana
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (G.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Stella Kennou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Spyridon Ladas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Angelos Zeniou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Attiki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.A.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (G.T.); (D.T.)
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Li X, Feng Y, Yi T, Piao Y, Park DH, Cui L, Cui C. Heavy Metal Ions Trigger a Fluorescent Quenching in DNA–Organic Semiconductor Hybrid Assemblies. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3591. [PMID: 36080666 PMCID: PMC9460141 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of DNA is no longer limited to its role as a biological information carrier; as a natural polymer, it also become in the field of materials. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules with specific sequences can form a G-quadruplex or hairpin-shaped conformation with specific heavy metal ions through coordination bonds. In this study, ssDNA molecules of the four sequences were prepared into hybrid assemblies with one of the famous display materials, the tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3) semiconductor. Based on these hybrid assemblies, heavy metal ions, namely Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+ and As3+, were detected individually at the ppb level. Apart from this, in practical application, many samples containing heavy metal ions are digested with acid. By introducing MES buffer solution, the influence of acidity on the fluorescent signal of Alq3 was excluded. This strategy showed promising results in the practical application of detecting heavy metal ions in shrub branches and leaves.
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Lingamdinne LP, Godlaveeti SK, Angaru GKR, Chang YY, Nagireddy RR, Somala AR, Koduru JR. Highly efficient surface sequestration of Pb 2+ and Cr 3+ from water using a Mn 3O 4 anchored reduced graphene oxide: Selective removal of Pb 2+ from real water. Chemosphere 2022; 299:134457. [PMID: 35367227 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the ubiquitous existence of detrimental heavy metals in the environment, simple adsorption-oriented approaches are becoming increasingly appealing for the effective removal of Pb2+ and Cr3+ from water bodies. These techniques use nanocomposites (NC) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Mn3O4 (rGO-Mn3O4), they employ a hydrothermal technique featuring NaBH4 and NaOH solutions. Here, spectroscopic and microscopic instrumental techniques were used to evaluate the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of prepared reduced graphene oxide manganese oxide (rGO-Mn3O4), revealing that it possessed a well-defined porous structure with a specific surface area of 126 m2 g-1. The prepared rGO-Mn3O4 had significant adsorption efficiencies for Pb2+ and Cr3+, achieving maximum sequestration capacities of 130.28 and 138.51 mg g-1 for Pb2+ and Cr3+, respectively, according to the Langmuir model. These adsorption capacities are comparable to or greater than those of previously reported graphene-based materials. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models adequately represented the experimental results. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption occurred through spontaneous endothermic reactions. Recycling studies showed that the developed r-GO-Mn3O4 had excellent recyclability, with <70% removal at the 5th cycle; its feasibility was evaluated using industrial wastewater, suggesting that Pb2+ was selectively removed from Pb2+ and Cr3+ contaminated water. The instrumental analysis and surface phenomena studies presented here revealed that the adsorptive removal processes of both heavy metals involved π electron donor-acceptor interactions, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions, along with surface complexation. Overall, the developed rGO-Mn3O4 has the potential to be a high-value adsorbent for removing heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreenivasa Kumar Godlaveeti
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Yoon-Young Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramamanohar Reddy Nagireddy
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Adinarayana Reddy Somala
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Janardhan Reddy Koduru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The evolutionary success in information technology has been sustained by the rapid growth of sensor technology. Recently, advances in sensor technology have promoted the ambitious requirement to build intelligent systems that can be controlled by external stimuli along with independent operation, adaptivity, and low energy expenditure. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels made of two-dimensional (2D) materials attract increasing attention for advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. With atomic thickness, 2D materials restrict the carrier flow within the material surface and expose it directly to the external environment, leading to efficient signal acquisition and conversion. This review summarizes the latest advances of 2D-materials-based FET (2D FET) sensors in a comprehensive manner that contains the material, operating principles, fabrication technologies, proof-of-concept applications, and prototypes. First, a brief description of the background and fundamentals is provided. The subsequent contents summarize physical, chemical, and biological 2D FET sensors and their applications. Then, we highlight the challenges of their commercialization and discuss corresponding solution techniques. The following section presents a systematic survey of recent progress in developing commercial prototypes. Lastly, we summarize the long-standing efforts and prospective future development of 2D FET-based sensing systems toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Falina S, Syamsul M, Rhaffor NA, Sal Hamid S, Mohamed Zain KA, Abd Manaf A, Kawarada H. Ten Years Progress of Electrical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions (HMIs) Using Various Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Nanosensors: A Review. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:478. [PMID: 34940235 PMCID: PMC8699440 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution remains a major concern for the public today, in line with the growing population and global industrialization. Heavy metal ion (HMI) is a threat to human and environmental safety, even at low concentrations, thus rapid and continuous HMI monitoring is essential. Among the sensors available for HMI detection, the field-effect transistor (FET) sensor demonstrates promising potential for fast and real-time detection. The aim of this review is to provide a condensed overview of the contribution of certain semiconductor substrates in the development of chemical and biosensor FETs for HMI detection in the past decade. A brief introduction of the FET sensor along with its construction and configuration is presented in the first part of this review. Subsequently, the FET sensor deployment issue and FET intrinsic limitation screening effect are also discussed, and the solutions to overcome these shortcomings are summarized. Later, we summarize the strategies for HMIs' electrical detection, mechanisms, and sensing performance on nanomaterial semiconductor FET transducers, including silicon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, AlGaN/GaN, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), black phosphorus, organic and inorganic semiconductor. Finally, concerns and suggestions regarding detection in the real samples using FET sensors are highlighted in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Falina
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Mohd Syamsul
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nuha Abd Rhaffor
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Sofiyah Sal Hamid
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Khairu Anuar Mohamed Zain
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Hiroshi Kawarada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- The Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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