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Piatkowski T, Benn S, Ayurzana L, King M, McMillan S, Hattingh L. Exploring the role of community pharmacies as a harm reduction environment for anabolic-androgenic steroid consumers: triangulating the perspectives of consumers and pharmacists. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:59. [PMID: 38481218 PMCID: PMC10935940 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While community pharmacies have been successful in providing harm reduction support for illicit substance consumers, little research has explored their role in addressing the needs of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) consumers. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to triangulate the attitudes and experiences of AAS consumers and community pharmacist's regarding AAS harm reduction. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with AAS consumers (n = 8) and community pharmacists (n = 15) between December 2022 and August 2023 in Australia. Interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS While consumers emphasised easy access to pharmacies, particularly in urban areas, challenges were noted in rural regions. AAS consumers expressed a preference for community pharmacies, perceiving them as less confronting and a feasible avenue for accessing professional advice, highlighting the potential role of pharmacists in nurturing therapeutic alliances with AAS consumers. Similarly, pharmacists expressed receptivity to providing harm reduction information but acknowledged knowledge gaps, suggesting a need for tailored education programs to support AAS consumers effectively. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacies can be an important environment for AAS harm reduction. Strategies include utilising private spaces for open discussions with AAS consumers and enhancing pharmacists' understanding of AAS to foster trust and support. Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and training needs for pharmacy staff, with the aim of creating a safer environment for AAS consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Griffith Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sarah Benn
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Lkhagvadulam Ayurzana
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle King
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sara McMillan
- Griffith Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Laetitia Hattingh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, 4215, Australia
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Piatkowski T, Moran J, Canty R, Wright CJC. 'I mean, I wouldn't say I was sober': Exploring the psychosocial impact of e-scooter injuries and aligning a collaborative public health response. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 38305575 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED E-scooters are sought after for their cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and efficiency in urban transportation. However, this popularity has been accompanied by a surge in injuries, prompting a deeper investigation into the factors influencing risk perceptions among e-scooter users. METHODS Using a qualitative approach, we conducted 19 interviews with those who attended an emergency department as a result of e-scooter injury. We aimed to understand the psychosocial effects of these incidents and employed thematic analysis to discern recurrent patterns in participants' experiences, focusing on alterations in daily life, community response, perception shifts, and avenues to enhance safety awareness. RESULTS The findings underscored significant disruptions to daily life due to injuries, demonstrating enduring impacts on lifestyle and wellbeing. Participants exhibited a perceptual shift, transitioning from perceiving e-scooters as enjoyable to viewing them as dangerous. Recommendations for enhancing safety awareness included accessible and clear safety education, pre-ride briefings, real-time safety guidance, temporal rental restrictions, and mandatory breathalysers before e-scooter use. CONCLUSIONS The study underscores the importance of considering not only the individual experiences and perceptions of e-scooter injuries but also the broader social context, including the night-time economy. Leveraging peer narratives and community engagement is vital to reshape risk perceptions and promote harm reduction messages. SO WHAT?: A comprehensive approach through proactive interventions and robust educational strategies is essential to foster responsible e-scooter usage and prioritise public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Moran
- Emergency Department Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Ruth Canty
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Cassandra J C Wright
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Falzon D, Carver H, Masterton W, Wallace B, Sumnall H, Measham F, Craik V, Gittins R, Aston EV, Watson K, Hunter C, Priyadarshi S, Parkes T. Planning and implementing community-based drug checking services in Scotland: a qualitative exploration using the consolidated framework for implementation research. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:7. [PMID: 38233933 PMCID: PMC10795311 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug checking services (DCS) provide harm reduction support and advice to individuals based on chemical analysis of submitted substances of concern. Whilst there are currently no DCS in Scotland, community-based services are being planned in three cities. METHODS In this paper, we report qualitative findings based on interviews with 43 participants, focused on perceptions of DCS and their implementation. Participants were relevant professionals, those with experience of drug use, and family members of those with experience of drug use. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to inform data collection and analysis. We report findings under nine constructs/themes across the five CFIR domains. RESULTS Participants noted the importance of DCS being implemented in low-threshold, trusted services with a harm reduction ethos, and outlined a range of further service design considerations such as speed of testing, and information provided through the analysis process. In relation to the 'inner setting', a key finding related to the potential value of leveraging existing resources in order to expand both reach and effectiveness of drug trend communication. The approach of local and national police to DCS, and the attitudes of the public and local community, were described as important external factors which could influence the success (or otherwise) of implementation. Bringing together a range of stakeholders in dialogue and developing tailored communication strategies were seen as ways to build support for DCS. Overall, we found high levels of support and perceived need for DCS amongst all stakeholder groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings present initial implementation considerations for Scotland which could be further explored as DCS are operationalised. Further, our focus on implementation contexts is relevant to research on DCS more generally, given the minimal consideration of such issues in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Falzon
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK.
| | - Hannah Carver
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Wendy Masterton
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Bruce Wallace
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, BCV8P 5C2, Victoria, Canada
| | - Harry Sumnall
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, L2 2QP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona Measham
- Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZR, Liverpool, UK
- The Loop, Registered Charity, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Elizabeth V Aston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, EH11 4BN, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kira Watson
- Scottish Ambulance Service, EH12 9EB, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carole Hunter
- Alcohol and Drug Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, G51 1DP, Glasgow, UK
| | - Saket Priyadarshi
- Alcohol and Drug Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, G51 1DP, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tessa Parkes
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
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Grant B, Kean J, Vali N, Campbell J, Maden L, Bijral P, Dhillo WS, McVeigh J, Quinton R, Jayasena CN. The use of post-cycle therapy is associated with reduced withdrawal symptoms from anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a survey of 470 men. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:66. [PMID: 37951896 PMCID: PMC10640727 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) mimic the effects of testosterone and may include testosterone itself; they are used for body enhancement within the general population. AAS use has been linked with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, mental health disorders, and infertility. AAS-induced hypogonadism can persist for an uncertain time period despite cessation, during which men may report physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms. In an attempt to mitigate these symptoms and expedite testicular recovery, many men self-administer post-cycle-therapy (PCT), typically involving human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which are known to potently stimulate testicular function. However, this practice has no objective evidence of effectiveness to lessen the severity or duration of hypogonadal symptoms. METHODS An anonymous survey of four-hundred-and-seventy men using AAS explored the symptoms they experienced when ceasing AAS use; the effect of PCT on relieving their symptoms, and their perceived role for health service support. RESULTS The majority of respondents were white, aged 18-30 years old, and working in skilled manual work. 51.7% (n = 243) reported no issues with AAS use, but 35.3% reported increased aggression. 65.1% (n = 306) of respondents had attempted AAS cessation and 95.1% of these experienced at least one symptom upon AAS cessation. Low mood, tiredness and reduced libido were reported in 72.9%, 58.5% and 57.0% of men stopping AAS use, respectively, with only 4.9% reporting no symptoms. PCT had been used by 56.5% of respondents with AAS cessation and mitigated cravings to restart AAS use, withdrawal symptoms and suicidal thoughts by 60%, 60% and 50%, respectively. The effect of stopping AAS on body composition and recovery of testosterone or fertility was a concern in 60.5% and 52.4%, respectively. Most respondents felt PCT should be prescribed under medical supervision in the community. CONCLUSIONS Our survey suggests that the majority of men stopping AAS use are using some form of PCT. Some self-reported symptoms of AAS-induced hypogonadism such as cravings to restart AAS use reduce by 60% and suicidal thoughts reduce by 50%. These individuals are concerned about the negative effect of AAS use and cessation. This study provides crucial information for planning future research to evaluate the effects of PCT on symptoms when men stop AAS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Grant
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Commonwealth Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joseph Kean
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Britannia House, Hall Ings, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | | | - John Campbell
- Glasgow Alcohol & Drug Recovery Services, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Commonwealth Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James McVeigh
- Department of Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University, 4 Rosamund Street West, Manchester, M15 6LL, UK
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Commonwealth Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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