1
|
Lin D, Jiang S, Zhang A, Wu T, Qian Y, Shao Q. Structural derivatization strategies of natural phenols by semi-synthesis and total-synthesis. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2022; 12:8. [PMID: 35254538 PMCID: PMC8901917 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural derivatization of natural products has been a continuing and irreplaceable source of novel drug leads. Natural phenols are a broad category of natural products with wide pharmacological activity and have offered plenty of clinical drugs. However, the structural complexity and wide variety of natural phenols leads to the difficulty of structural derivatization. Skeleton analysis indicated most types of natural phenols can be structured by the combination and extension of three common fragments containing phenol, phenylpropanoid and benzoyl. Based on these fragments, the derivatization strategies of natural phenols were unified and comprehensively analyzed in this review. In addition to classical methods, advanced strategies with high selectivity, efficiency and practicality were emphasized. Total synthesis strategies of typical fragments such as stilbenes, chalcones and flavonoids were also covered and analyzed as the supplementary for supporting the diversity-oriented derivatization of natural phenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Senze Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yongchang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qingsong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kelly JM, Jeitner TM, Waterhouse NN, Qu W, Linstad EJ, Samani B, Williams C, Nikolopoulou A, Amor-Coarasa A, DiMagno SG, Babich JW. Synthesis and Evaluation of 11C-Labeled Triazolones as Probes for Imaging Fatty Acid Synthase Expression by Positron Emission Tomography. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051552. [PMID: 35268652 PMCID: PMC8911806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells require lipids to fulfill energetic, proliferative, and signaling requirements. Even though these cells can take up exogenous fatty acids, the majority exhibit a dependency on de novo fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the rate-limiting enzyme in this process. Expression and activity of FASN is elevated in multiple cancers, where it correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis. These observations have sparked interest in developing methods of detecting FASN expression in vivo. One promising approach is the imaging of radiolabeled molecular probes targeting FASN by positron emission tomography (PET). However, although [11C]acetate uptake by prostate cancer cells correlates with FASN expression, no FASN-specific PET probes currently exist. Our aim was to synthesize and evaluate a series of small molecule triazolones based on GSK2194069, an FASN inhibitor with IC50 = 7.7 ± 4.1 nM, for PET imaging of FASN expression. These triazolones were labeled with carbon-11 in good yield and excellent radiochemical purity, and binding to FASN-positive LNCaP cells was significantly higher than FASN-negative PC3 cells. Despite these promising characteristics, however, these molecules exhibited poor in vivo pharmacokinetics and were predominantly retained in lymph nodes and the hepatobiliary system. Future studies will seek to identify structural modifications that improve tumor targeting while maintaining the excretion profile of these first-generation 11C-methyltriazolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Kelly
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.M.J.); (C.W.J.); (A.N.); (A.A.-C.); (J.W.B.)
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; (N.N.W.); (W.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas M. Jeitner
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.M.J.); (C.W.J.); (A.N.); (A.A.-C.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Nicole N. Waterhouse
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; (N.N.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; (N.N.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Ethan J. Linstad
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (E.J.L.); (B.S.); (S.G.D.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Banafshe Samani
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (E.J.L.); (B.S.); (S.G.D.)
| | - Clarence Williams
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.M.J.); (C.W.J.); (A.N.); (A.A.-C.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.M.J.); (C.W.J.); (A.N.); (A.A.-C.); (J.W.B.)
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; (N.N.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.M.J.); (C.W.J.); (A.N.); (A.A.-C.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Stephen G. DiMagno
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (E.J.L.); (B.S.); (S.G.D.)
| | - John W. Babich
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (T.M.J.); (C.W.J.); (A.N.); (A.A.-C.); (J.W.B.)
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; (N.N.W.); (W.Q.)
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mitrović A, Završnik J, Mikhaylov G, Knez D, Pečar Fonović U, Matjan Štefin P, Butinar M, Gobec S, Turk B, Kos J. Evaluation of novel cathepsin-X inhibitors in vitro and in vivo and their ability to improve cathepsin-B-directed antitumor therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:34. [PMID: 34989869 PMCID: PMC8738504 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic targets that could improve current antitumor therapy and overcome cancer resistance are urgently needed. Promising candidates are lysosomal cysteine cathepsins, proteolytical enzymes involved in various critical steps during cancer progression. Among them, cathepsin X, which acts solely as a carboxypeptidase, has received much attention. Our results indicate that the triazole-based selective reversible inhibitor of cathepsin X named Z9 (1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-((4-isopropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)ethan-1-one) significantly reduces tumor progression, both in vitro in cell-based functional assays and in vivo in two independent tumor mouse models: the FVB/PyMT transgenic and MMTV-PyMT orthotopic breast cancer mouse models. One of the mechanisms by which cathepsin X contributes to cancer progression is the compensation of cathepsin-B activity loss. Our results confirm that cathepsin-B inhibition is compensated by an increase in cathepsin X activity and protein levels. Furthermore, the simultaneous inhibition of both cathepsins B and X with potent, selective, reversible inhibitors exerted a synergistic effect in impairing processes of tumor progression in in vitro cell-based assays of tumor cell migration and spheroid growth. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Z9 impairs tumor progression both in vitro and in vivo and can be used in combination with other peptidase inhibitors as an innovative approach to overcome resistance to antipeptidase therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana,, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Završnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georgy Mikhaylov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Petra Matjan Štefin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Butinar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana,, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Budny M, Kozakiewicz A, Wolan A. Electrosynthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolium Tetrafluoroborates. Org Lett 2021; 23:5123-5127. [PMID: 34139123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolium tetrafluoroborates under electrochemical conditions is reported. The reaction is performed with stoichiometric amounts of HBF4, which converts starting materials to their corresponding cationic forms due to protonation. As a result, sufficient conductivity is gained in MeOH, CD3OD, and EtOH, and no additional supporting electrolyte is required. Agrochemical fungicide, (±)-triticonazole (1), is transformed in this manner into 2a, an O-methylated potential intermediate involved in the metabolism of 1, in 42% yield on a gram scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Budny
- Synthex Technologies Sp. z o.o., Gagarina 7/134B, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Department of Biomedical and Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wolan
- Synthex Technologies Sp. z o.o., Gagarina 7/134B, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|