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Baalmann N, Spielmann M, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Hanker B, Schmidt J, Lill CM, Hellenbroich Y, Greiten B, Lohmann K, Trinh J, Hüning I. Phenotypic specificity in patients with neurodevelopmental delay does not correlate with diagnostic yield of trio-exome sequencing. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104774. [PMID: 37120078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine the diagnostic yield achieved by applying a trio approach in exome sequencing (ES) and the interdependency between the clinical specificity in families with neurodevelopmental delay. Thirty-seven families were recruited and trio-ES as well as three criteria for estimating the clinical phenotypic specificity were suggested and applied to the underaged children. All our patients showed neurodevelopmental delay and most of them a large spectrum of congenital anomalies. Applying the pathogenicity guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG), likely pathogenic (29.7%) and pathogenic variants (8.1%) were found in 40,5% of our index patients. Additionally, we found four variants of uncertain significance (VUS; according to ACMG) and two genes of interest (GOI; going beyond ACMG classification) (GLRA4, NRXN2). Spastic Paraplegia 4 (SPG4) caused by a formerly known SPAST variant was diagnosed in a patient with a complex phenotype, in whom a second genetic disorder may be present. A potential pathogenic variant linked to severe intellectual disability in GLRA4 requires further investigation. No interdependency between the diagnostic yield and the clinical specificity of the phenotypes could be observed. In consequence, trio-ES should be used early in the diagnostic process, independently from the specificity of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Baalmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | - Britta Hanker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christina M Lill
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Bianca Greiten
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Irina Hüning
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Ma C, Zhang Y. NRXN2 Possesses a Tumor Suppressor Potential via Inhibiting the Growth of Thyroid Cancer Cells. Comput Math Methods Med 2021; 2021:7993622. [PMID: 34777568 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7993622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (THCA) is a common endocrine malignant tumor, and its global incidence of THCA has increased significantly. Neurexin 2 (NRXN2) is involved in the progression of some diseases. Nevertheless, it is still elusive towards the clinical implication and function of NRXN2 in THCA. As The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data demonstrated, we conducted a study to explore the links between NRXN2 expression and clinical features. Additionally, our data exhibited that, compared to normal thyroid tissues, NRXN2 showed low expression in THCA tissues. 20 important genes associated with NRXN2 were screened and identified. KEGG analysis data displayed that NRXN2 exhibited a link to the neuronal system, insulin secretion modulation, energy metabolism integration, muscle contraction, cardiac conduction, and neural adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) interactions. Our results in depth affirmed that NRXN2 was decreased in the tissues and cell lines of THCA patients. Functionally, we proved that overexpressing NRXN2 resulted in an inhibition of THCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Collectively, our study demonstrated that, for the first time, NRXN2 behaved as an inhibitor of neoplasm and a promising biomarker in THCA.
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Pervolaraki E, Tyson AL, Pibiri F, Poulter SL, Reichelt AC, Rodgers RJ, Clapcote SJ, Lever C, Andreae LC, Dachtler J. The within-subject application of diffusion tensor MRI and CLARITY reveals brain structural changes in Nrxn2 deletion mice. Mol Autism 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 30858964 PMCID: PMC6394023 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Of the many genetic mutations known to increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder, a large proportion cluster upon synaptic proteins. One such family of presynaptic proteins are the neurexins (NRXN), and recent genetic and mouse evidence has suggested a causative role for NRXN2 in generating altered social behaviours. Autism has been conceptualised as a disorder of atypical connectivity, yet how single-gene mutations affect such connectivity remains under-explored. To attempt to address this, we have developed a quantitative analysis of microstructure and structural connectivity leveraging diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) with high-resolution 3D imaging in optically cleared (CLARITY) brain tissue in the same mouse, applied here to the Nrxn2α knockout (KO) model. Methods Fixed brains of Nrxn2α KO mice underwent DTI using 9.4 T MRI, and diffusion properties of socially relevant brain regions were quantified. The same tissue was then subjected to CLARITY to immunolabel axons and cell bodies, which were also quantified. Results DTI revealed increases in fractional anisotropy in the amygdala (including the basolateral nuclei), the anterior cingulate cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Axial diffusivity of the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex was significantly increased in Nrxn2α KO mice, as were tracts between the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex. Using CLARITY, we find significantly altered axonal orientation in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, which was unrelated to cell density. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that deleting a single neurexin gene (Nrxn2α) induces atypical structural connectivity within socially relevant brain regions. More generally, our combined within-subject DTI and CLARITY approach presents a new, more sensitive method of revealing hitherto undetectable differences in the autistic brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-019-0261-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam L Tyson
- 2Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL UK.,3MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL UK.,4Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Francesca Pibiri
- 5Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Steven L Poulter
- 5Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- 6Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - R John Rodgers
- 7School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Steven J Clapcote
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Colin Lever
- 5Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Laura C Andreae
- 2Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL UK.,3MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - James Dachtler
- 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK.,5Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
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