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García-Lopez E, Serrano S, Calvo MA, Peña Perez S, Sanchez-Casanova S, García-Descalzo L, Cid C. Microbial Community Structure Driven by a Volcanic Gradient in Glaciers of the Antarctic Archipelago South Shetland. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020392. [PMID: 33672948 PMCID: PMC7917679 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the englacial ecosystem in volcanic environments is inhabited by active bacteria. To know whether this result could be extrapolated to other Antarctic glaciers and to study the populations of microeukaryotes in addition to those of bacteria, a study was performed using ice samples from eight glaciers in the South Shetland archipelago. The identification of microbial communities of bacteria and microeukaryotes using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA high throughput sequencing showed a great diversity when compared with microbiomes of other Antarctic glaciers or frozen deserts. Even the composition of the microbial communities identified in the glaciers from the same island was different, which may be due to the isolation of microbial clusters within the ice. A gradient in the abundance and diversity of the microbial communities from the volcano (west to the east) was observed. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between the chemical conditions of the ice samples and the composition of the prokaryotic populations inhabiting them along the volcanic gradient. The bacteria that participate in the sulfur cycle were those that best fit this trend. Furthermore, on the eastern island, a clear influence of human contamination was observed on the glacier microbiome.
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Lyu Z, Wang J, Huang J, Warren A, Shao C. Multigene-based phylogeny of Urostylida (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with establishment of a novel family. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Hydrobiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - Chen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
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Chen X, Lu X, Luo X, Jiang J, Shao C, Al-rasheid KA, Warren A, Song W. The diverse morphogenetic patterns in spirotrichs and philasterids: Researches based on five-year-projects supported by IRCN-BC and NSFC. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:439-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Buonanno F, Anesi A, Giuseppe GD, Guella G, Ortenzi C. Chemical Defense by Erythrolactones in the Euryhaline Ciliated Protist, Pseudokeronopsis erythrina. Zoolog Sci 2017; 34:42-51. [PMID: 28148211 DOI: 10.2108/zs160123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudokeronopsis erythrina produces three new secondary metabolites, erythrolactones A2, B2 and C2, and their respective sulfate esters (A1, B1, C1), the structures of which have been recently elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data coupled to high resolution mass measurements (HR-MALDI-TOF). An analysis of the discharge of the protozoan pigment granules revealed that the non-sulfonated erythrolactones are exclusively stored in these cortical organelles, which are commonly used by a number of ciliates as chemical weapons in offense/defense interactions with prey and predators. We evaluated the toxic activity of pigment granule discharge on a panel of free-living ciliates and micro-invertebrates, and the activity of each single purified erythrolactone on three ciliate species. We also observed predator-prey interactions of P. erythrina with unicellular and multicellular predators. Experimental results confirm that only P. erythrina cells with discharged pigment granules were preferentially or exclusively hunted and eaten by at least some of its predators, whereas almost all intact (fully pigmented) cells remained alive. Our results indicate that erythrolactones are very effective as a chemical defense in P. erythrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Buonanno
- 1 Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of ECHT, University of Macerata, Piazzale Bertelli, 1, 62100 Macerata, Italy
| | - Andrea Anesi
- 2 Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Graziano Di Giuseppe
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Alessandro Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Graziano Guella
- 2 Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy.,4 Biophysical Institute, CNR, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Claudio Ortenzi
- 1 Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of ECHT, University of Macerata, Piazzale Bertelli, 1, 62100 Macerata, Italy
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Li Y, Lyu Z, Warren A, Zhou K, Li F, Chen X. Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Hypotrich Ciliate,Pseudourostyla guizhouensissp. nov. from Southern China, with Notes on a Chinese Population ofHemicycliostyla franzi(Foissner, 1987) Paiva et al., 2012 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:132-142. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application; College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Zhao Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Kexin Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science; State Environmental Protection Administration; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Fengchao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application; College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xumiao Chen
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny; Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao 266071 China
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Wang J, Lyu Z, Warren A, Wang F, Shao C. Morphology, ontogeny and molecular phylogeny of a novel saline soil ciliate, Urosomoida paragiliformis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Li L, Zhao X, Ji D, Hu X, Al-Rasheid KA, Al-Farraj SA, Song W. Description of two marine amphisiellid ciliates, Amphisiella milnei (Kahl, 1932) Horváth, 1950 and A. sinica sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia), with notes on their ontogenesis and SSU rDNA-based phylogeny. Eur J Protistol 2016; 54:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Luo X, Fan Y, Hu X, Miao M, Al-Farraj SA, Song W. Morphology, Ontogeny, and Molecular Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Species of Deviata
(Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) from Southern China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:771-785. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Yangbo Fan
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Miao Miao
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | | | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
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Fan Y, Lu X, Huang J, Hu X, Warren A. Redescription of two little-known urostyloid ciliates, Anteholosticha randani (Grolière, 1975) Berger, 2003 and A. antecirrata Berger, 2006 (Ciliophora, Urostylida). Eur J Protistol 2016; 53:96-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Pan X, Fan Y, Gao F, Qiu Z, Al-Farraj SA, Warren A, Shao C. Morphology and systematics of two freshwater urostylid ciliates, with description of a new species (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2016; 52:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Xu Y, Shao C, Fan X, Warren A, Al-rasheid KAS, Song W, Wilbert N. New contributions to the biodiversity of ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from Antarctica, including a description of Gastronauta multistriata nov. spec. Polar Biol 2016; 39:1439-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Zhao Y, Yi Z, Gentekaki E, Zhan A, Al-farraj SA, Song W. Utility of combining morphological characters, nuclear and mitochondrial genes: An attempt to resolve the conflicts of species identification for ciliated protists. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 94:718-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Pan H, Hu J, Jiang J, Wang L, Hu X. Morphology and Phylogeny of Three Pleuronema
Species (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) from Hangzhou Bay, China, with Description of Two New Species, P. binucleatum
n. sp. and P. parawiackowskii
n. sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 63:287-98. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Pan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Juxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic-Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources; Wuhan 430079 China
- Institute of Hydroecology; Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Jiamei Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Liqing Wang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- Laboratory of Protozoology; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
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Paiva TDS, Shao C, Fernandes NM, Borges BDN, da Silva-Neto ID. Description and Phylogeny of Urostyla grandis wiackowskii
subsp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from an Estuarine Mangrove in Brazil. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 63:247-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago da Silva Paiva
- Laboratório de Protistologia; Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro - RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular “Francisco Mauro Salzano”; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Pará; Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Chen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering Ministry of Education; Department of Biology and Engineering; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Noemi Mendes Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada; Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro - RJ Brazil
| | | | - Inácio Domingos da Silva-Neto
- Laboratório de Protistologia; Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro - RJ Brazil
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Luo X, Gao F, Al-Rasheid KAS, Warren A, Hu X, Song W. Redefinition of the hypotrichous ciliate Uncinata, with descriptions of the morphology and phylogeny of three urostylids (Protista, Ciliophora). SYST BIODIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2015.1046967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Hu X, Fan Y, Warren A. New record of Apoholosticha sinica (Ciliophora, Urostylida) from the UK: morphology, 18S rRNA gene phylogeny and notes on morphogenesis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2549-2561. [PMID: 25948616 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The benthic urostylid ciliate Apoholosticha sinicaFan et al., 2014 was isolated from a salt marsh at Blakeney, UK, and reinvestigated using light microscopy and small-subunit rRNA gene sequencing. Morphologically, it corresponds well with the original description. Several stages of divisional morphogenesis and physiological reorganization were also observed from which the following could be deduced: (i) the oral apparatus is completely newly built in the proter; (ii) frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage II does not produce a buccal cirrus; (iii) each of the posteriormost three or four anlagen contributes one transverse cirrus at its posterior end; (iv) a row of frontoterminal cirri originates from the rearmost frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage; (v) the last midventral row is formed from the penultimate frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage. Based on new data, two diagnostic features were added to the genus definition: (i) the midventral complex is composed of midventral pairs and midventral row and (ii) pretransverse ventral cirri are absent. Based on a combination of morphological and morphogenetic data, the genus Apoholosticha is assigned to the recently erected subfamily Nothoholostichinae Paiva et al., 2014, which is consistent with sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene data. It is also concluded that this benthic species, previously reported only from China, is not an endemic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Hu
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Yangbo Fan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Chen X, Gao F, Al-Farraj SA, Al-Rasheid KAS, Xu K, Song W, Song W. Morphology and morphogenesis of a novel mangrove ciliate, Sterkiella subtropica sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with phylogenetic analyses based on small-subunit rDNA sequence data. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2292-2303. [PMID: 25872955 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel marine hypotrichous ciliate, Sterkiella subtropica sp. nov., was recently isolated from a mangrove wetland in Hong Kong. Its morphology, morphogenesis and systematic position have been investigated. The novel species is diagnosed by combined features of morphology, ciliature and nuclear apparatus, while its ontogenetic events present a stable pattern: (i) the six streaks of the undulating membrane (UM) and cirral anlagen are segmented in a 1 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 pattern from left to right, and form three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri; (ii) the dorsal structure is similar to most other oxytrichids; that is, in a '4+2' pattern with three caudal cirri being formed. Based on the small-subunit rDNA sequence, the novel species is different from its congeners by between 21 and 35 bp, with sequence identities from 0.978 to 0.987. All molecular trees exhibited a similar topology: the monophyly of species of the genus Sterkiella is not completely supported in our analyses, and approximately unbiased tests (both including and excluding the novel species) also reject the possibility that Sterkiella is a monophyletic lineage, as indicated by the morphology-based classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumiao Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.,Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Saleh A Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuidong Xu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Weibo Song
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Lv Z, Shao C, Yi Z, Warren A. A Molecular Phylogenetic Investigation of Bakuella
, Anteholosticha,
and Caudiholosticha
(Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Based on Three-Gene Sequences. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:391-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Chen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering; Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Laboratory of Protozoology; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education; South China Normal University; Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
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