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Jamalpour S, Ghahramani M, Ghaffarian SR, Javanbakht M. The effect of poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) on the performance of PVDF/P(MMA-co-HEMA) hybrid gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion battery application. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perumal P, Christopher Selvin P, Selvasekarapandian S, Sivaraj P, Abhilash K, Moniha V, Manjula Devi R. Plasticizer incorporated, novel eco-friendly bio-polymer based solid bio-membrane for electrochemical clean energy applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2019; 159:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dyartanti ER, Purwanto A, Widiasa IN, Susanto H. Ionic Conductivity and Cycling Stability Improvement of PVDF/Nano-Clay Using PVP as Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for LiFePO₄ Batteries. Membranes (Basel) 2018; 8:E36. [PMID: 29966396 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the characteristics and performance of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The membranes were prepared via a phase-inversion method (non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS)). As separators for lithium battery systems, additive modified montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay served as a filler and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used as a pore-forming agent. The membranes modified with an additive (8 wt % nano-clay and 7 wt % PVP) showed an increased porosity (87%) and an uptake of a large amount of electrolyte (801.69%), which generated a high level of ionic conductivity (5.61 mS cm−1) at room temperature. A graphite/PEMs/LiFePO4 coin cell CR2032 showed excellent stability in cycling performance (average discharge capacity 127 mA h g−1). Based on these results, PEMs are promising materials to be used in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in lithium-ion batteries.
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Zhu C, Nagaishi T, Shi J, Lee H, Wong PY, Sui J, Hyodo K, Kim IS. Enhanced Wettability and Thermal Stability of a Novel Polyethylene Terephthalate-Based Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanofiber Hybrid Membrane for the Separator of Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:26400-26406. [PMID: 28758738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel membrane for the separator in a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery was proposed via a mechanically pressed process with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber subject and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfiber support. Important physical properties, such as surface morphology, wettability, and heat stability were considered for the PET-reinforced PVDF nanofiber (PRPN) hybrid separator. Images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the PRPN hybrid separator had a homogeneous pore size and high porosity. It can wet out in battery electrolytes completely and quickly, satisfying wettability requirements. Moreover, the electrolyte uptake was higher than that of dry-laid and wet-laid nonwovens. For heat stability, no shrink occurred even when the heating temperature reached 135 °C, demonstrating thermal and dimensional stability. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the PRPN hybrid separator possessed a shutdown temperature of 131 °C, which is the same as conventional separators. Also, the meltdown temperature reached 252 °C, which is higher than the shutdown temperature, and thus can protect against internal cell shorts. The proposed PRPN hybrid separator is a strong candidate material for utilization in Li-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Zhu
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagaishi
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Division of Frontier Fibers, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Jian Shi
- Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University , 84-4 Aza Ebinokuchi Tsuchiya, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Hoik Lee
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Division of Frontier Fibers, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Pok Yin Wong
- Guangdong Jundong Technology Co., Ltd., Sino-German Cooperative Innovation Base, Sino-German Metal Eco City , Jiedong District, Jieyang, Guangdong Province 515557, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University , No. 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215021, China
| | - Kenji Hyodo
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Division of Frontier Fibers, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Ick Soo Kim
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Division of Frontier Fibers, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibin John
- Energy Systems Division; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Thiruvananthapuram-695022 Kerala India
| | - Gouri Cheruvally
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Group; PCM Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Thiruvananthapuram-695022 Kerala India
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Zhu Y, Wang CJ, Mynors D. Applications and Engineering Analysis of Lotus Roots under External Water Pressure. Appl Bionics Biomech 2016; 2016:2386982. [PMID: 28127228 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2386982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineers can learn from nature for inspirations to create new designs. The internal structure of lotus roots with several oval holes was studied in this paper for engineering inspirations. The structural performance of lotus roots under outside water pressure was simulated and compared with various cross-sectional areas. The distribution of stresses in the cross-sectional area of lotus roots was analysed and presented. It was found that the maximum compressive stresses in the cross-sectional area of lotus roots were occurring at the long axis ends of the holes. This was very different from that of circular holes. Further analysis on the triaxiality factors revealed that the cross-sectional area of the lotus root resulted in large areas of high triaxiality factors. The resulting hydrostatic stress in the cross-sectional area of lotus root ranges from zero to 2.7 times the applied outside pressure. In contrast, the hydrostatic stress in a cylindrical cross-sectional area is a fixed value. The study showed that the lotus root and the orientation of the oval holes could be mimicked in the design of new structures, for example, underwater pipes and vessels.
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Zhong XP, Huang Y, Cao HJ, Lin YH, Liu B, Song AM, Chen ZM, Tang SH, Wang MS, Li X. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified gel polymer electrolyte based on matrix of poly(methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride). J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ma Y, Li L, Gao G, Yang X, You J, Yang P. Ionic conductivity enhancement in gel polymer electrolyte membrane with N-methyl-N-butyl-piperidine-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ionic liquid for lithium ion battery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016; 502:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liao Y, Chen T, Luo X, Fu Z, Li X, Li W. Cycling performance improvement of polypropylene supported poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/maleic anhydride-grated-polyvinylidene fluoride based gel electrolyte by incorporating nano-Al2O3 for full batteries. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu L, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Li F, Yang L. PVDF/PAN/SiO2 polymer electrolyte membrane prepared by combination of phase inversion and chemical reaction method for lithium ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-3095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang C, Li Z, Li W, Liu H, Xiao Q, Lei G, Ding Y. Batwing-like polymer membrane consisting of PMMA-grafted electrospun PVdF–SiO2 nanocomposite fibers for lithium-ion batteries. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sun P, Liao Y, Luo X, Li Z, Chen T, Xing L, Li W. The improved effect of co-doping with nano-SiO2and nano-Al2O3on the performance of poly(methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-ethyl acrylate) based gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10409b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for lithium ion batteries, which is prepared using P(MMA-AN-EA) as a polymer matrix and doping with nano-SiO2and nano-Al2O3simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Youhao Liao
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
- Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education)
| | - Xueyi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Zihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Lidan Xing
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
| | - Weishan Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- China
- Engineering Research Center of MTEES (Ministry of Education)
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Xiao QC, Liu HY, Xia QL, Xiao QZ, Lei GT, Li ZH. A Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte with High-Temperature Stability for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Arab J Sci Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xie H, Liao Y, Sun P, Chen T, Rao M, Li W. Investigation on polyethylene-supported and nano-SiO2 doped poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) based gel polymer electrolyte for high voltage lithium ion battery. Electrochim Acta 2014; 127:327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hao J, Xiao Q, Lei G, Li Z, Wu L. A novel polyvinylidene fluoride/microfiber composite gel polymer electrolyte with an interpenetrating network structure for lithium ion battery. Electrochim Acta 2014; 125:450-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu H, Liu L, Yang C, Li Z, Xiao Q, Lei G, Ding Y. A hard-template process to prepare three-dimensionally macroporous polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ma T, Cui Z, Wu Y, Qin S, Wang H, Yan F, Han N, Li J. Preparation of PVDF based blend microporous membranes for lithium ion batteries by thermally induced phase separation: I. Effect of PMMA on the membrane formation process and the properties. J Memb Sci 2013; 444:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fu Z, Feng H, Sun C, Xiang X, Wu W, Luo J, Hu Q, Feng A, Li W. Influence of solvent type on porosity structure and properties of polymer separator for the Li-ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hao J, Lei G, Li Z, Wu L, Xiao Q, Wang L. A novel polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven separator based on electrospinning technique for lithium ion battery. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liao Y, Sun C, Hu S, Li W. Anti-thermal shrinkage nanoparticles/polymer and ionic liquid based gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Choi S, Lee SJ, Shin JH, Cheong Y, Lee HJ, Paek JH, Kim JS, Jin KH, Park HK. Ultrastructural investigation of intact orbital implant surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Scanning 2011; 33:211-221. [PMID: 21538394 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the surface nanostructures of three orbital implants: nonporous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), porous aluminum oxide and porous polyethylene. The morphological characteristics of the orbital implants surfaces were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM topography, phase shift and deflection images of the intact implant samples were obtained. The surface of the nonporous PMMA implant showed severe scratches and debris. The surface of the aluminum oxide implant showed a porous structure with varying densities and sizes. The PMMA implant showed nodule nanostructures, 215.56 ± 52.34 nm in size, and the aluminum oxide implant showed crystal structures, 730.22 ± 341.02 nm in size. The nonporous PMMA implant showed the lowest roughness compared with other implant biomaterials, followed by the porous aluminum oxide implant. The porous polyethylene implant showed the highest roughness and severe surface irregularities. Overall, the surface roughness of orbital implants might be associated with the rate of complications and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samjin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang P, Yang L, Li L, Qu Q, Wu Y, Shimizu M. Effects of preparation conditions on porous polymer membranes by microwave assisted effervescent disintegrable reaction and their electrochemical properties. J Memb Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Li X, Rao M, Liao Y, Li W, Xu M. Non-woven fabric supported poly(acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate) gel electrolyte for lithium ion battery use. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010; 40:2185-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-010-0200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liao Y, Rao M, Li W, Tan C, Yi J, Chen L. Improvement in ionic conductivity of self-supported P(MMA-AN-VAc) gel electrolyte by fumed silica for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang YP, Gao XH, Chen JC, Li ZW, Li CL, Zhang SC. Imidazolium-organic solvent-alkali metal salt mixtures as nonflammable electrolytes incorporated into PVDF-PEG polymer electrolyte. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang P, Zhang HP, Li ZH, Wu YP, van Ree T. Composite polymer electrolytes prepared byin situcopolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile) on the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated nano-TiO2. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang FM, Wu HC, Cheng CS, Huang CL, Yang CR. High ionic transfer of a hyperbranched-network gel copolymer electrolyte for potential electric vehicle (EV) application. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang P, Li G, Zhang H, Yang L, Wu Y. Preparation of porous polymer electrolyte by a microwave assisted effervescent disintegrable reaction. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Li G, Zhang P, Zhang H, Yang L, Wu Y. A porous polymer electrolyte based on P(VDF-HFP) prepared by a simple phase separation process. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang P, Li G, Wu Y, Zhou X. Effects of the porous structure on conductivity of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang P, Zhang H, Li G, Li Z, Wu Y. A novel process to prepare porous membranes comprising SnO2 nanoparticles and P(MMA-AN) as polymer electrolyte. Electrochem commun 2008; 10:1052-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
The preparation, physical, and electrochemical properties of Li-ion conducting membranes, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)]-based gel polymer electrolytes, are briefly reviewed in this paper. Phase separation or inversion method is mostly used to prepare microporous membranes because of the flexibility of its operation and controllable pore structure. The crystallinity of the polymer matrix and the pore structure of the membrane are the key issues to prepare P(VDF-HFP)-based gel polymer electrolytes with high Li+ conductivity and good mechanical strength. As to their further directions, they are also discussed.
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