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Ersan G, Gaber MS, Perreault F, Garcia-Segura S. Comparative study on electro-regeneration of antibiotic-laden activated carbons in reverse osmosis concentrate. Water Res 2024; 255:121528. [PMID: 38555781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Electro-regeneration is emerging as a new technique to regenerate spent carbon adsorbents through an electrochemical process. In this study, sequential adsorption and electro-regeneration of ciprofloxacin (CIP)-laden carbon were investigated using both pristine and iron (Fe)-doped F400 activated carbon in distilled, deionized (DI) water and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate water. The impact of reactor flow rate and sequential adsorption/electro-regeneration cycles on the regeneration efficiency were also evaluated. The results indicate that the breakthrough points for both adsorbents in DI water, where 100 % of the CIP molecules were adsorbed, occurred at around 7,800 bed volumes (BVs). Conversely, electro-regeneration for both adsorbents, where 94 % of the CIP molecules were desorbed, took place at 380 BVs. The main distinction between the two activated carbons lies in the initial range of BVs (<400 BVs).Fe doping on F400 appears to enhance its surface selectivity for CIP uptake, which can easily diffuse into the meso/macropore regions of Fe-doped F400. In contrast, pristine F400, being highly microporous, necessitated more contact time to fill its high-energy sites, resulting in a higher affinity for CIP adsorption. Over the four sequential adsorption/electro-regeneration cycles in DI water, a similar regeneration efficiency was observed at 190 BVs. As the flow rate increased from 2 to 6 mL/min, the CIP uptake on pristine F400 decreased in DI water, calculating 138, 74 and 57 mg/g for flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 mL/min, respectively. When the RO concentrate water was compared with DI water, the pristine F400 quickly reached saturation due to pore blockage caused by organic matter in RO concentrate. During electro-regeneration, up to 100 % of adsorbed CIP molecules were desorbed at around 120 BVs in RO concentrate, which is 3X faster than DI water. The effectiveness of this technology can be enhanced by implementing continuous flow systems, thereby improving the overall efficiency of CIP removal in RO concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA.
| | - Mohamed S Gaber
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Helwan 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - François Perreault
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec in Montreal, CP 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA.
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Taqieddin A, Sarrouf S, Ehsan MF, Alshawabkeh AN. New Insights on Designing the Next-Generation Materials for Electrochemical Synthesis of Reactive Oxidative Species Towards Efficient and Scalable Water Treatment: A Review and Perspectives. J Environ Chem Eng 2023; 11:111384. [PMID: 38186676 PMCID: PMC10769459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical water remediation technologies offer several advantages and flexibility for water treatment and degradation of contaminants. These technologies generate reactive oxidative species (ROS) that degrade pollutants. For the implementation of these technologies at an industrial scale, efficient, scalable, and cost-effective in-situ ROS synthesis is necessary to degrade complex pollutant mixtures, treat large amount of contaminated water, and clean water in a reasonable amount of time and cost. These targets are directly dependent on the materials used to generate the ROS, such as electrodes and catalysts. Here, we review the key design aspects of electrocatalytic materials for efficient in-situ ROS generation. We present a mechanistic understanding of ROS generation, including their reaction pathways, and integrate this with the key design considerations of the materials and the overall electrochemical reactor/cell. This involves tunning the interfacial interactions between the electrolyte and electrode which can enhance the ROS generation rate up to ~ 40% as discussed in this review. We also summarized the current and emerging materials for water remediation cells and created a structured dataset of about 500 electrodes and 130 catalysts used for ROS generation and water treatment. A perspective on accelerating the discovery and designing of the next generation electrocatalytic materials is discussed through the application of integrated experimental and computational workflows. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive review and perspectives on designing and discovering materials for ROS synthesis, which are critical not only for successful implementation of electrochemical water remediation technologies but also for other electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Taqieddin
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stephanie Sarrouf
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Muhammad Fahad Ehsan
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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3
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Sivarasan G, Manikandan V, Periyasamy S, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Murphin Kumar PS, Pasupuleti RR, Liu X, Lo HM. Iron-engineered mesoporous biocarbon composite and its adsorption, activation, and regeneration approach for removal of paracetamol in water. Environ Res 2023; 227:115723. [PMID: 37003548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional multi-porous Iron Oxide/carbon (Fe2O3/C) composites derived from tamarind shell biomass were synthesized by a single-step co-pyrolysis technique and utilized for Paracetamol (PAC) dismissal in the combined adsorption, and advanced oxidation such as electrochemical regeneration techniques. The Fe2O3/C composites were prepared by different pyrolysis temperatures, and named as TS750 (without Fe2O3at 750 °C), MTS450 BCs (Low-450 °C), MTS600 BCs (Moderate-600 °C) and MTS750 BCs (high-750 °C), respectively. As-prepared Fe2O3/C composite was characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, BET, and XPS analysis. The specific surface area and the spatial interaction between the interlayers of Fe2O3 and C were significantly improved by increasing the pyrolysis temperatures from 450 to 750 °C, which improved the adsorption capacity of Fe2O3/C composites in terms of higher rate constants and chemisorption kinetics. The Pseudo-second-order kinetics model fitted in the adsorption test results of Fe2O3/C composites with the highest correlation co-efficiency. The Langmuir-isotherms model fitted in the adsorption test of the TS750 and MTS450 BCs. The Freundlich isotherms model is more fit with MTS600 and MTS750 BCs. Based on the isotherm results, the MTS750 BCs achieved 46.9 mg/g of maximum PAC adsorption capacity. The optimized MTS750 composites could be completely recovered by using an advanced electrochemical oxidation regeneration approach within 180 min. Also, with the adsorption and recovery process, the TOC removal rate improved to ∼79.4%. After the 6th cycle electrochemical oxidation process, the obtained results of the re-adsorption test showed the stabile adsorption activity of the sorbent material. The data outcomes herein propose that this type of combined adsorption and electrochemical approach will be useful in commercial water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Sivarasan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Velu Manikandan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women's University, 621, Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 077, India
| | - Selvendiran Periyasamy
- Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raghavendra Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Jangan-Gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
| | - Huang-Mu Lo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan.
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Zhang Y, Lin L, Jia D, Dong L, Pan X, Liu M, Huang H, Hu Y, Crittenden JC. Inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by H 2O 2 generated from a carbon black polytetrafluoroethylene gas diffusion electrode in electrolysis by low-amperage electric current. Environ Pollut 2023; 324:121316. [PMID: 36804880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequent outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms have seriously threatened aquatic ecological environments and human health. Electrolysis by low-amperage electric current is effective for algae inactivation; however, it has no selectivity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considered to be an efficient and selective suppressor of algae. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electrode that can generate H2O2 to improve electrolysis technology. In this study, a carbon black polytetrafluoroethylene gas diffusion electrode (C-PTFE GDE) with good stability was prepared by a simple adhesive coating method. Then, the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa was conducted with electrolysis by low-amperage electric current using Ti/RuO2 as the anode and C-PTFE GDE as the cathode. When the electrode spacing was 4 cm, the current density was 20 mA cm-2, and the gas flow was 0.4 L min-1, 85% of the algae could be inactivated in 20 min. Comparing the inactivation effect of the electric field and electrogenerated oxidants, it was found that electrolysis more rapidly and strongly inactivated algae when an electric field existed. However, electrogenerated oxidants dominated algae inactivation. The concentration of H2O2 was as high as 58 mg L-1, while the concentration of chlorines was only 0.57 mg L-1, and the generation rate of H2O2 was 65 times that of chlorines. Consequently, electrogenerated oxidants dominated by H2O2 attacked photosystem II of the algae and caused oxidative damage to membrane lipids, affecting the photosynthetic capacity. Eventually, most of the algae were inactivated. The study suggested that C-PTFE GDE was promising for the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa in this electrochemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Li Lin
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China.
| | - Di Jia
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Xiong Pan
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Min Liu
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Huawei Huang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States
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Ansari MN, Sarrouf S, Ehsan MF, Manzoor S, Ashiq MN, Alshawabkeh AN. Polarity reversal for enhanced in-situ electrochemical synthesis of H2O2 over banana-peel derived biochar cathode for water remediation. Electrochim Acta 2023; 453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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6
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Méndez-Novelo RI, Cervantes-Cocom GA, San-Pedro L, Zetina-Moguel C, Quintal-Franco C, Giácoman-Vallejos G. Regeneration of granular activated carbon clogged in the treatment of leachates. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:53833-53846. [PMID: 36864336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachates are highly contaminated liquids and complex to treat. Two of the processes which are promising for the treatment are the advanced oxidation and adsorption methods. With the combination of the Fenton and adsorption methods, practically all the organic load of leachates can be removed; however, this combination of processes is limited due to the soon clogging of adsorbent material, which leads to high operation costs. In the present work, the results of the regeneration of clogged activated carbon are shown after the application of the Fenton/adsorption process in leachates. This research consisted of four stages: sampling and leachate characterization, clogging of the carbon through the Fenton/adsorption process, carbon regeneration through the oxidative Fenton process, and lastly, evaluation of regenerated carbon adsorption through jar and column tests. In the experiments, HCl 3 M was used, and different concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.15 M, 0.2 M, 0.25 M) were tested at different times (16 h and 30 h). The activated carbon regeneration through the Fenton process and the optimal peroxide dosage was 0.15 M for 16 h. The regeneration efficiency was obtained from comparing the adsorption efficiency between regenerated and virgin carbon, reaching 98.27% and can be applied up to 4 times without losing regeneration efficiency. These results prove that it is possible to restore the clogged activated carbon adsorption capacity during the Fenton/adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Iván Méndez-Novelo
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Av. Industrias No Contaminantes Por Anillo Periférico Norte S / N, Catastral Plan 12685, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| | - Grisel Anahí Cervantes-Cocom
- Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Valladolid, Carretera Valladolid-Tizimín Km. 3.5. C.P. 97780, Valladolid, Yucatán, México
| | - Liliana San-Pedro
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Av. Industrias No Contaminantes Por Anillo Periférico Norte S / N, Catastral Plan 12685, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Zetina-Moguel
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Av. Industrias No Contaminantes Por Anillo Periférico Norte S / N, Catastral Plan 12685, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Quintal-Franco
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Av. Industrias No Contaminantes Por Anillo Periférico Norte S / N, Catastral Plan 12685, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Germán Giácoman-Vallejos
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Av. Industrias No Contaminantes Por Anillo Periférico Norte S / N, Catastral Plan 12685, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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7
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Ersan G, Cerrón-Calle GA, Ersan MS, Garcia-Segura S. Opportunities for in situ electro-regeneration of organic contaminant-laden carbonaceous adsorbents. Water Res 2023; 232:119718. [PMID: 36774755 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adsorptive separation technologies have proven to be effective on organic contaminant removal in aqueous water. However, the breakthrough of contaminants is inevitable and can be at relatively low bed volumes, which makes the regeneration of spent adsorbents an urgent need. Electrochemically induced regeneration processes are given special attention and may provide ease of operation through in situ regeneration avoiding (i) removal and transport adsorbents, and (ii) avoiding use of hazardous chemicals (i.e., organic solvents, acids, or bases). Therefore, this review article critically evaluates the fundamental aspects of in situ electro-regeneration for spent carbons, and later discusses specific examples related to the treatment of emerging contaminants (such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS). The fundamental concepts of electrochemically driven processes are comprehensively defined and addressed in terms of (i) adsorbent characteristics, (ii) contaminant properties, (iii) adsorption/regeneration driving operational parameters and conditions, and (iv) the competitive effects of water matrices. Additionally, future research needs and challenges to enhance understanding of in situ electro-regeneration applications for organic contaminants (specifically PFAS)-laden adsorbents are identified and outlined as a future key perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States.
| | - Gabriel Antonio Cerrón-Calle
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, United States.
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8
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Compton P, Dehkordi NR, Sarrouf S, Ehsan MF, Alshawabkeh AN. In-situ Electrochemical Synthesis of H 2O 2 for p-nitrophenol Degradation Utilizing a Flow-through Three-dimensional Activated Carbon Cathode with Regeneration Capabilities. Electrochim Acta 2023; 441:141798. [PMID: 36874445 PMCID: PMC9983606 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing ubiquity of recalcitrant organic contaminants in the aqueous environment poses risks to effective and efficient water treatment and reuse. A novel three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical flow-through reactor employing activated carbon (AC) encased in a stainless-steel (SS) mesh as a cathode is proposed for the removal and degradation of a model recalcitrant contaminant p-nitrophenol (PNP), a toxic compound that is not easily biodegradable or naturally photolyzed, can accumulate and lead to adverse environmental health outcomes, and is one of the more frequently detected pollutants in the environment. As a stable 3D electrode, granular AC supported by a SS mesh frame as a cathode is hypothesized to 1) electrogenerate H2O2 via a 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction on the AC surface, 2) initiate decomposition of this electrogenerated H2O2 to form hydroxyl radicals on catalytic sites of the AC surface 3) remove PNP molecules from the waste stream via adsorption, and 4) co-locate the PNP contaminant on the carbon surface to allow for oxidation by formed hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, this design is utilized to electrochemically regenerate the AC within the cathode that is significantly saturated with PNP to allow for environmentally friendly and economic reuse of this material. Under flow conditions with optimized parameters, the 3D AC electrode is nearly 20% more effective than traditional adsorption in removing PNP. 30 grams of AC within the 3D electrode can remove 100% of the PNP compound and 92% of TOC under flow. The carbon within the 3D cathode can be electrochemically regenerated in the proposed flow system and design thereby increasing the adsorptive capacity by 60%. Moreover, in combination with continuous electrochemical treatment, the total PNP removal is enhanced by 115% over adsorption. It is anticipated this platform holds great promises to eliminate analogous contaminants as well as mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Compton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazli Rafei Dehkordi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Sarrouf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muhammad Fahad Ehsan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Ye X, Cai W, Lu D, Liu R, Wu Y, Wang Y. Electrochemical regeneration of granular activated carbon using an AQS (9,10- anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid)/PPy modified graphite plate cathode. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136189. [PMID: 36037956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate the regeneration efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB)-saturated granular activated carbon (GAC) in an electrochemical regeneration system by using a 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid/polypyrrole modified graphite plate (AQS/PPy-GP) cathode. The response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) approach was used to optimize regeneration parameters, whereby the optimum condition of the independent variables was as follows: applied current = 155 mA, concentration of supporting electrolyte = 0.13 M, and regeneration time = 7 h. The electrochemical regeneration system with the AQS/PPy-GP electrode achieved high regeneration efficiency and significantly reduced energy consumption. H2O2 concentration generated in the electrolysis system was notably increased, and the time of complete degradation of organics was shortened by 25% compared to the electrode without modification. The mechanism for RhB degradation was proposed as AQS acting as a catalyst to promote the formation of H2O2. The regeneration study showed that AQS/PPy-GP cathode had appreciable reusability for GAC regeneration with a regeneration efficiency of 76.6% after 8 regeneration cycles. In summary, the electrochemical regeneration based on AQS/PPy-GP cathode would have practical industrial applications in treating spent activated carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Wangfeng Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ding Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ruonan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yingdong Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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Santos DHDS, Xiao Y, Chaukura N, Hill JM, Selvasembian R, Zanta CLPS, Meili L. Regeneration of dye-saturated activated carbon through advanced oxidative processes: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10205. [PMID: 36033294 PMCID: PMC9404357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) is a porous carbon-rich material that is widely used to remove pollutants, such as synthetic dyes, from contaminated water. Although quite efficient, the use of this technology is limited to the ability of the AC to be regenerated and/or reused. Conventional regeneration procedures are inefficient, requiring the development and/or implementation of new approaches. Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP) have unique properties that result in high efficiency in wastewater treatment. The use of these technologies in the regeneration of AC has gained considerable prominence due to the ability to remove organic pollutants concentrated in the AC. During this process, the oxidizing species produced interact with the substrates adsorbed on the AC, in a non-selective way, mineralizing them and/or reducing their recalcitrance. Although widely used in wastewater treatment, few reviews focus on the use of AOP as AC regeneration technology, causing an insufficient exchange of information and ideas for strategic development in this area. Therefore, in this review, the authors present an overview of the use of some AOP (Photolysis, Peroxidation, Fenton reaction and Advanced electrochemical oxidative processes) when applied in regeneration of dye-saturated AC, including the mechanisms involved in the different processes, the general aspects that affect individual processes and the different methods established to quantify the effectiveness of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Henrique da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Aplicada, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratório de Processos, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ye Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Josephine M Hill
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Carmem L P Silva Zanta
- Laboratório de Eletroquímica Aplicada, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratório de Processos, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió, Brazil
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Compton P, Dehkordi NR, Knapp M, Fernandez LA, Alshawabkeh AN, Larese-Casanova P. Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalysis of Electrogenerated H2O2 for Dissolved RDX Removal. Front Chem Eng 2022; 4. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.864816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New insensitive high explosives pose great challenges to conventional explosives manufacturing wastewater treatment processes and require advanced methods to effectively and efficiently mineralize these recalcitrant pollutants. Oxidation processes that utilize the fundamental techniques of Fenton chemistry optimized to overcome conventional limitations are vital to provide efficient degradation of these pollutants while maintaining cost-effectiveness and scalability. In this manner, utilizing heterogeneous catalysts and in-situ generated H2O2 to degrade IHEs is proposed. For heterogeneous catalyst optimization, varying the surface chemistry of activated carbon for use as a catalyst removes precipitation complications associated with iron species in Fenton chemistry while including removal by adsorption. Activated carbon impregnated with 5% MnO2 in the presence of H2O2 realized a high concentration of hydroxyl radical formation - 140 μM with 10 mM H2O2 - while maintaining low cost and relative ease of synthesis. This AC-Mn5 catalyst performed effectively over a wide pH range and in the presence of varying H2O2 concentrations with a sufficient effective lifetime. In-situ generation of H2O2 removes the logistical and economic constraints associated with external H2O2, with hydrophobic carbon electrodes utilizing generated gaseous O2 for 2-electron oxygen reduction reactions. In a novel flow-through reactor, gaseous O2 is generated on a titanium/mixed metal oxide anode with subsequent H2O2 electrogeneration on a hydrophobic microporous-layered carbon cloth cathode. This reactor is able to electrogenerate 2 mM H2O2 at an optimized current intensity of 150 mA and over a wide range of flow rates, influent pH values, and through multiple iterations. Coupling these two optimization methods realizes the production of highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals by Fenton-like catalysis of electrogenerated H2O2 on the surface of an MnO2-impregnated activated carbon catalyst. This method incorporates electrochemically induced oxidation of munitions in addition to removal by adsorption while maintaining cost-effectiveness and scalability. It is anticipated this platform holds great promise to eliminate analogous contaminants.
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Bury NA, Mumford KA, Stevens GW. The electro-Fenton regeneration of Granular Activated Carbons: Degradation of organic contaminants and the relationship to the carbon surface. J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:125792. [PMID: 33878650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon is an emerging treatment option to restore adsorption capacity in systems designed to remove organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. The electro-Fenton process is one such electrochemical process and it is reviewed along with other members of its family including Photoelectro-Fenton and Heterogeneous electro-Fenton and electro-Fenton like reactions, for its ability to regenerate Granular Activated Carbons contaminated with organics. The behaviour of critical operating parameter such as pH, current, catalyst concentration and initial contaminant concentration are reviewed to find optimal operating conditions. The relationship between electro-Fenton regeneration and the chemical and physical surface of the carbon is also explored. Understanding regeneration mechanisms and the optimal operating conditions enables these technologies to be used commercially and to be scaled-up and treat contaminated waters more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A Bury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey W Stevens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Puga A, Moreira MM, Figueiredo SA, Delerue-Matos C, Pazos M, Rosales E, Sanromán MÁ. Electro-Fenton degradation of a ternary pharmaceutical mixture and its application in the regeneration of spent biochar. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhou W, Meng X, Gao J, Zhao H, Zhao G, Ma J. Electrochemical regeneration of carbon-based adsorbents: a review of regeneration mechanisms, reactors, and future prospects. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 2021; 5:100083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Santos DH, Duarte JL, Tonholo J, Meili L, Zanta CL. Saturated activated carbon regeneration by UV-light, H2O2 and Fenton reaction. Sep Purif Technol 2020; 250:117112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Acevedo-García V, Rosales E, Puga A, Pazos M, Sanromán M. Synthesis and use of efficient adsorbents under the principles of circular economy: Waste valorisation and electroadvanced oxidation process regeneration. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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