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Hu H, Liu Y, Shi F, Tao P, Song C, Shang W, Ke X, Deng T, Zeng X, Wu J. Corrosion Dynamics of Carbon-Supported Platinum Electrocatalysts with Metal-Carbon Interactions Revealed by In Situ Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2024; 24:2157-2164. [PMID: 38319745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbon support is essential for electrocatalysis, but limitations remain, as carbon corrosion can lead to electrocatalyst degradation and affect the long-term durability of electrocatalysts. Here, we studied the corrosion dynamics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Vulcan carbon (VC) together with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles in real time by liquid cell (LC) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that CNTs with a high degree of graphitization exhibited higher corrosion resistance compared to VC. Furthermore, we observed that the main degradation path of Pt nanoparticles in Pt/CNTs was ripening, while in Pt/VC, it was aggregation and coalescence, which was dominated by the interactions between Pt nanoparticles and different hybridization of carbon supports. Finally, we performed an ex situ CV stability test to confirm the conclusions obtained from in situ experiments. This work provides deep insights into the corrosion mechanism of carbon-supported electrocatalysts to optimize the design of electrocatalysts with a higher durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Ke
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Future Material Innovation Center, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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2
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Imhof T, Della Bella RKF, Stühmeier BM, Gasteiger HA, Ledendecker M. Towards a realistic prediction of catalyst durability from liquid half-cell tests. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37470348 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid half-cell measurements provide a convenient laboratory method for determining relevant parameters of electro-catalysts applied in e.g. polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. While these measurements may be effective in certain contexts, their applicability to real-world systems, such as single-cells in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) configuration, is not always clear. This is particularly true when assessing the stability of these systems through accelerated stress tests (ASTs). Due to different electrode compositions and operating conditions, nanoscale degradation proceeds differently. Nevertheless, given the high demands of MEA measurements in terms of time, testing equipment complexity, and amount of catalyst material, application-relevant predictions of catalyst durability from liquid half-cell tests are highly desirable. This study combines electrochemical and nanoparticle analysis based on transmission electron microscopy to conduct a typical voltage cycling AST for rotating disc electrode (RDE) measurements, showing that the loss of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the used Pt/Vulcan catalyst is strongly enhanced at 80 °C compared to room temperature, which goes along with increased nanoparticle coarsening. Additionally, a high ionomer/carbon mass ratio (I/C = 0.7) accelerates the ECSA loss, and further investigations of its influence suggest a combination of several factors, including the high local proton concentration and the presence of adsorbing anions. At the same temperature (80 °C) and I/C ratio (0.7), the ECSA loss vs. AST cycle number of the Pt/Vulcan catalyst is essentially identical for a voltage cycling AST conducted in either an RDE half-cell or an MEA configuration, suggesting that liquid electrolyte half-cell based ASTs can provide application-relevant results. Thus, our study points out a way for predicting the stability of electro-catalysts in MEAs based on RDE experiments that require less specialized equipment and only μg-quantities of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Imhof
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Björn M Stühmeier
- Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hubert A Gasteiger
- Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
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3
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Đukić T, Pavko L, Jovanovič P, Maselj N, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Stability challenges of carbon-supported Pt-nanoalloys as fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13832-13854. [PMID: 36472187 PMCID: PMC9753161 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported Pt-based nanoalloys (CSPtNs) as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are considered state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Although their ORR activity performance is already adequate to allow lowering of the Pt loading and thus commercialisation of the fuel cell technology, their stability remains an open challenge. In this Feature Article, the recent achievements and acquired knowledge on the degradation behaviour of these electrocatalysts are overviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nik Maselj
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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4
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Moguchikh EA, Paperzh KO, Alekseenko AA, Gribov EN, Guterman VE. Activity and Stability of a Platinum Nanostructured Catalyst Deposited onto a Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Support. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522060088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Đukić T, Moriau LJ, Pavko L, Kostelec M, Prokop M, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Šala M, Dražić G, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Understanding the Crucial Significance of the Temperature and Potential Window on the Stability of Carbon Supported Pt-Alloy Nanoparticles as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2022; 12:101-115. [PMID: 35028189 PMCID: PMC8749953 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present research provides a study of carbon-supported intermetallic Pt-alloy electrocatalysts and assesses their stability against metal dissolution in relation to the operating temperature and the potential window using two advanced electrochemical methodologies: (i) the in-house designed high-temperature disk electrode (HT-DE) methodology as well as (ii) a modification of the electrochemical flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (EFC-ICP-MS) methodology, allowing for highly sensitive time- and potential-resolved measurements of metal dissolution. While the rate of carbon corrosion follows the Arrhenius law and increases exponentially with temperature, the findings of the present study contradict the generally accepted hypothesis that the kinetics of Pt and subsequently the less noble metal dissolution are supposed to be for the most part unaffected by temperature. On the contrary, clear evidence is presented that in addition to the importance of the voltage/potential window, the temperature is one of the most critical parameters governing the stability of Pt and thus, in the case of Pt-alloy electrocatalysts, also the ability of the nanoparticles (NPs) to retain the less noble metal. Lastly, but also very importantly, results indicate that the rate of Pt redeposition significantly increases with temperature, which has been the main reason why mechanistic interpretation of the temperature-dependent kinetics related to the stability of Pt remained highly speculative until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leonard Jean Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Kostelec
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Prokop
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Dejvice, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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6
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Ehelebe K, Knöppel J, Bierling M, Mayerhöfer B, Böhm T, Kulyk N, Thiele S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Platinum Dissolution in Realistic Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8882-8888. [PMID: 33410273 PMCID: PMC8048487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pt dissolution has already been intensively studied in aqueous model systems and many mechanistic insights have been gained. Nevertheless, transfer of new knowledge to real‐world fuel cell systems is still a significant challenge. To close this gap, we present a novel in situ method combining a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half‐cell with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). With this setup, Pt dissolution in realistic catalyst layers and the transport of dissolved Pt species through Nafion membranes were evaluated directly. We observed that 1) specific Pt dissolution increased significantly with decreasing Pt loading, 2) in comparison to experiments on aqueous model systems with flow cells, the measured dissolution in GDE experiments was considerably lower, and 3) by adding a membrane onto the catalyst layer, Pt dissolution was reduced even further. All these phenomena are attributed to the varying mass transport conditions of dissolved Pt species, influencing re‐deposition and equilibrium potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Ehelebe
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kulyk
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Ehelebe K, Knöppel J, Bierling M, Mayerhöfer B, Böhm T, Kulyk N, Thiele S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Platinum Dissolution in Realistic Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Ehelebe
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nadiia Kulyk
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
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8
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Du L, Prabhakaran V, Xie X, Park S, Wang Y, Shao Y. Low-PGM and PGM-Free Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Stability Challenges and Material Solutions. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e1908232. [PMID: 32240570 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fuel cells as an attractive clean energy technology have recently regained popularity in academia, government, and industry. In a mainstream proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, platinum-group-metal (PGM)-based catalysts account for ≈50% of the projected total cost for large-scale production. To lower the cost, two materials-based strategies have been pursued: 1) to decrease PGM catalyst usage (so-called low-PGM catalysts), and 2) to develop alternative PGM-free catalysts. Grand stability challenges exist when PGM catalyst loading is decreased in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)-the power generation unit of a PEM fuel cell-or when PGM-free catalysts are integrated into an MEA. More importantly, there is a significant knowledge gap between materials innovation and device integration. For example, high-performance electrocatalysts usually demonstrate undesired quick degradation in MEAs. This issue significantly limits the development of PEM fuel cells. Herein, recent progress in understanding the degradation of low-PGM and PGM-free catalysts in fuel cell MEAs and materials-based solutions to address these issues are reviewed. The key factors that degrade the MEA performance are highlighted. Innovative, emerging material concepts and development of low-PGM and PGM-free catalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | - Xiaohong Xie
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Sehkyu Park
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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9
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Fortunato GV, Pizzutilo E, Cardoso ES, Lanza MR, Katsounaros I, Freakley SJ, Mayrhofer KJ, Maia G, Ledendecker M. The oxygen reduction reaction on palladium with low metal loadings: The effects of chlorides on the stability and activity towards hydrogen peroxide. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Sandbeck DJS, Inaba M, Quinson J, Bucher J, Zana A, Arenz M, Cherevko S. Particle Size Effect on Platinum Dissolution: Practical Considerations for Fuel Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:25718-25727. [PMID: 32395990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The high costs of polymer membrane electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) remain a roadblock for a competitive market with combustion engine vehicles. The PEMFC costs can be reduced by decreasing the size of Pt nanoparticles in the catalyst layer, thereby increasing the Pt dispersion and utilization. Furthermore, high-power performance loss due to O2 transport resistance is alleviated by decreasing the particle size and increasing dispersion. However, firm conclusions on how Pt particle size impacts durability remain elusive due to synthetic difficulties in exclusively varying single parameters (e.g., particle size and loading). Therefore, here the particle size of Pt nanoparticles was varied from 2.0 to 2.8 and 3.7 nm while keeping the loading constant (30 wt %) on a Vulcan support using the two-step surfactant-free toolbox method. By studying the electrochemical dissolution in situ using online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (online ICP-MS), mass-specific dissolution trends are revealed and are attributed to particle-size-dependent changes in electrochemically active surface area. Such degradation trends are critical for the start/stop of PEMFCs and currently require the implementation of potential control systems in consumer vehicles. Additionally, shifts in the onset of anodic dissolution and also oxidation to more negative potentials with decreasing particle size were observed. These results indicate a similar mechanism of anodic dissolution related to place-exchange when moving from extended polycrystalline Pt to nanoparticle scales. The negative shifts in the onset as the particle size decreases highlight a practical limitation for PEMFCs during load/idle conditions: without further material improvements, which inhibit Pt dissolution, reduction in costs and improvement in high-power performance via increased Pt utilization and dispersion will not be possible by decreasing particle sizes further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J S Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Masanori Inaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jan Bucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Zana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Sandbeck DJS, Brummel O, Mayrhofer KJJ, Libuda J, Katsounaros I, Cherevko S. Dissolution of Platinum Single Crystals in Acidic Medium. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2997-3003. [PMID: 31603611 PMCID: PMC6899853 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platinum single crystal basal planes consisting of Pt(111), Pt(100), Pt(110) and reference polycrystalline platinum Pt(poly) were subjected to various potentiodynamic and potentiostatic electrochemical treatments in 0.1 M HClO4 . Using the scanning flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (SFC-ICP-MS) the transient dissolution was detected on-line. Clear trends in dissolution onset potentials and quantities emerged which can be related to the differences in the crystal plane surface structure energies and coordination. Pt(111) is observed to have a higher dissolution onset potential while the generalized trend in dissolution rates and quantities was found to be Pt(110)>P(100)≈Pt(poly)>Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. S. Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource CenterFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource CenterFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ioannis Katsounaros
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
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12
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Bele M, Stojanovski K, Jovanovič P, Moriau L, Koderman Podboršek G, Moškon J, Umek P, Sluban M, Dražič G, Hodnik N, Gaberšček M. Towards Stable and Conductive Titanium Oxynitride High‐Surface‐Area Support for Iridium Nanoparticles as Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Kevin Stojanovski
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction EngineeringNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Primoz Jovanovič
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction EngineeringNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Leonard Moriau
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction EngineeringNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Koderman Podboršek
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction EngineeringNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Jože Moškon
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Polona Umek
- Department of Condensed Matter PhysicsJožef Stefan Institute Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - Melita Sluban
- Department of Condensed Matter PhysicsJožef Stefan Institute Jamova cesta 39 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražič
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction EngineeringNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
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13
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Kasian O, Geiger S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Electrochemical On-line ICP-MS in Electrocatalysis Research. CHEM REC 2018; 19:2130-2142. [PMID: 30589199 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalyst degradation due to dissolution is one of the major challenges in electrochemical energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells and electrolysers. While tendencies towards dissolution can be grasped considering available thermodynamic data, the kinetics of material's stability in real conditions is still difficult to predict and have to be measured experimentally, ideally in-situ and/or on-line. On-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a technique developed recently to address exactly this issue. It allows time- and potential-resolved analysis of dissolution products in the electrolyte during the reaction under dynamic conditions. In this work, applications of on-line ICP-MS techniques in studies embracing dissolution of catalysts for oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution (OER) as well as hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and evolution (HER) reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kasian
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Geiger
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Current address: Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Knossalla J, Paciok P, Göhl D, Jalalpoor D, Pizzutilo E, Mingers AM, Heggen M, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Mayrhofer KJJ, Schüth F, Ledendecker M. Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles in Pore-Confined Space. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15684-15689. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knossalla
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Paul Paciok
- Ernst-Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Göhl
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Jalalpoor
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Enrico Pizzutilo
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea M. Mingers
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst-Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst-Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Göhl D, Mingers AM, Geiger S, Schalenbach M, Cherevko S, Knossalla J, Jalalpoor D, Schüth F, Mayrhofer KJ, Ledendecker M. Electrochemical stability of hexagonal tungsten carbide in the potential window of fuel cells and water electrolyzers investigated in a half-cell configuration. Electrochim Acta 2018; 270:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Jovanovič P, Petek U, Hodnik N, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Gatalo M, Šala M, Šelih VS, Fellinger TP, Gaberšček M. Importance of non-intrinsic platinum dissolution in Pt/C composite fuel cell catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:21446-21452. [PMID: 28759065 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dissolution of different platinum-based nanoparticles deposited on a commercial high-surface area carbon (HSAC) support in thin catalyst films is investigated using a highly sensitive electrochemical flow cell (EFC) coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The previously reported particle-size-dependent dissolution of Pt is confirmed on selected industrial samples with a mean Pt particle size ranging from 1 to 4.8 nm. This trend is significantly altered when a catalyst is diluted by the addition of HSAC. This indicates that the intrinsic dissolution properties are masked by local oversaturation phenomena, the so-called confinement effect. Furthermore, by replacing the standard HSAC support with a support having an order of magnitude higher specific surface area (a micro- and mesoporous nitrogen-doped high surface area carbon, HSANDC), Pt dissolution is reduced even further. This is due to the so-called non-intrinsic confinement and entrapment effects of the (large amount of) micropores and small mesopores doped with N atoms. The observed more effective Pt re-deposition is presumably induced by local Pt oversaturation and the presence of nitrogen nucleation sites. Overall, our study demonstrates the high importance and beneficial effects of porosity, loading and N doping of the carbon support on the Pt stability in the catalyst layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. and Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Petek
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Simon Šelih
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tim Patrick Fellinger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloids Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Guterman VE, Belenov SV, Alekseenko AA, Lin R, Tabachkova NY, Safronenko OI. Activity and Stability of Pt/C and Pt-Cu/C Electrocatalysts. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-017-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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