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Khosravipour M, Gharagozlou F, Kakavandi MG, Nadri F, Barzegar A, Emami K, Athar HV. Association of prolonged occupational co-exposures to electromagnetic fields, noise, and rotating shift work with thyroid hormone levels. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 270:115837. [PMID: 38104436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the association of prolonged occupational co-exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs), noise, and rotating shift work with the levels of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). From 2016 to 2017, we enrolled all male workers without a history of thyroid disorders and followed them until 2020. To measure ELF-EMFs and noise exposures, we calculated the 8-hour equivalent sound pressure levels (Leq) and the 8-hour average of ELF-EMFs, respectively. Shift work schedules involved 8-hr fixed day and 8-hr clockwise 3-rotating night schedules. The participant's thyroid hormone levels were obtained from blood test results in their medical records. The percentage change in the levels of T3, T4, and TSH was estimated by using different mixed-effects linear regression models. The TSH levels were significantly elevated per a 10-dB increment of noise. The levels of T4 hormone were significantly changed per a unit increase in the levels of ELF-EMFs. Compared to the fixed-day workers, we observed workers exposed to shift work had a significantly lower T4 level. For T4 and TSH hormones, we found significant interactions among noise, ELF-EMFs, and shift work variables. In summary, this study warranted that prolonged exposure to ELF-EMFs, noise, and rotating shift work might be associated with thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Khosravipour
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faramarz Gharagozlou
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research center for environmental determinant of health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghanbari Kakavandi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research center for environmental determinant of health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farshad Nadri
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research center for environmental determinant of health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Akbar Barzegar
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research center for environmental determinant of health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khosro Emami
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Valadi Athar
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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