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Blaisdell LL, Zellner JA, King AA, Faustman E, Wilhelm M, Hudak ML, Annett RD. The National Children's Study: Recruitment Outcomes Using an Enhanced Household-Based Approach. Pediatrics 2016; 137 Suppl 4:S219-30. [PMID: 27251868 PMCID: PMC4878108 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ten National Children's Study (NCS) study locations with diverse demographic characteristics used an enhanced household-based recruitment (EHBR) approach to enroll preconceptional and pregnant women. Study centers used different types and dosages of community outreach and engagement (COE) activities and supplemental strategies. The goal of the study was to determine whether variability in enumeration and recruitment outcomes correlated with study location characteristics or types and dosages of COE activities (number of COE events, number of advance household mailings, total media expenditures, and total COE expenditures). METHODS Each of the sites provided data on COE activities, protocol implementation, supplemental recruitment activities, location demographic characteristics, and enumeration/recruitment outcomes. RESULTS COE activities varied across sites in breadth and scope. Numerous strategies were used, including media advertising, social media, participation in community-wide events, presentations to stakeholders, and creation of advisory boards. Some sites included supplemental recruitment efforts. EHBR sites enrolled 1404 women at the initial pregnancy screening. No significant relationships were found between study location demographic characteristics or between the types and dosages of COE activities and recruitment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Probability sampling for a long-term study requires a positive image with stakeholders and within communities; this requirement may be especially true for door-to-door recruitment. EHBR sites successfully recruited a representative sample of preconceptional and pregnant women. Sites reported implementing similar COE activities but with varying dosage and cost; however, analyses did not support a benefit of COE strategies on study recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison A. King
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Mark L. Hudak
- University of Florida College of Medicine–Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida; and
| | - Robert D. Annett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Lynch CD, Jackson LW, Kostyniak PJ, McGuinness BM, Buck Louis GM. The effect of prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and child neurodevelopment at age twenty four months. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:451-6. [PMID: 22569275 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to PCBs and development at age 24 months as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. 44 (85%) of 52 children had information available. When prenatal and postnatal exposure were modeled together, we found no association between total PCB exposure and the mental development index (MDI) or the physical development index (PDI). In examining PCB 153, we found no association between PCB 153 and MDI, while higher levels of postnatal exposure was associated with a decrease in PDI after adjustment [β for highest tertile=-24.9; 95% CI (-44.3, -5.5)]. Higher levels of prenatal PCB 153 exposure were associated with a statistically significant increased odds of screening positive for a motor delay. In sum, when prenatal and postnatal exposures were considered together, breast milk exposure to PCB 153 appears to be associated with decrements in motor development; however, we cannot rule out that the finding was due to chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D Lynch
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Gollenberg AL, Lynch CD, Jackson LW, McGuinness BM, Msall ME. Concurrent validity of the parent-completed Ages and Stages Questionnaires, 2nd Ed. with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II in a low-risk sample. Child Care Health Dev 2010; 36:485-90. [PMID: 20030657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Background This study assessed the concurrent validity of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) compared with Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II) amongst children aged 24 months. Methods Data were collected from 53 infants and mothers who participated in the New York State Angler Cohort Child Development Study. Parents completed the 24-month ASQ to assess communication, personal-social, problem-solving ability, and fine and gross motor control. The BSID II was administered by a clinical psychologist at the 24-month home visit for cognitive and psychomotor assessment. The ASQ was scored using age-specific norms of <2 SDs below any domain mean to define failure. A BSID II score of <85 indicated mild or severe delay, while a score of <70 suggested a severe delay. Results Scores on the ASQ communication and personal-social domains were moderately correlated with the BSID II Mental Scale (R= 0.52, P < 0.001; R= 0.45, P < 0.01) and ASQ gross motor with the BSID II Motor Scale (R= 0.46, P < 0.01), whereas ASQ problem-solving and fine motor domains were not significantly correlated with BSID II scores. The ASQ had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 87% at 24 months (n= 40) for severely delayed status. Conclusions Results suggest the ASQs provide a simple, valid, and cost-effective method for clinicians and field-based researchers to reduce the number of standardized assessments required to identify developmentally delayed infants at age 24 months. Future studies should further assess the validity of the ASQs in larger, more diverse populations of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Gollenberg
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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Buck AJ, Vena JE, McGuinness BM, Cooney MA, Louis GM. Communicating serum chemical concentrations to study participants: follow up survey. Environ Health 2010; 9:20. [PMID: 20441591 PMCID: PMC2881911 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable literature now supports the importance of effective communication with study participants, including how best to develop communication plans focusing on the uncertainty of health risks associated with particular environmental exposures. Strategies for communicating individual concentrations of environmental chemicals in human biological samples in the absence of clearly established safe or hazardous levels have been discussed from a conceptual basis and to a lesser extent from an empirical basis. We designed and evaluated an empirically based communication strategy for women of reproductive age who previously participated in a prospective study focusing on persistent environmental chemicals and reproductive outcomes. METHODS A cohort of women followed from preconception through pregnancy or up to 12 menstrual cycles without pregnancy was given their individual serum concentrations for lead, dichloro-2,2-bisp-chlorophenyl ethylene, and select polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. Two versions of standardized letters were prepared depending upon women's exposure status, which was characterized as low or high. Letters included an introduction, individual concentrations, population reference values and guidance for minimizing future exposures. Participants were actively monitored for any questions or concerns following receipt of letters. RESULTS Ninety-eight women were sent letters informing them of their individual concentrations to select study chemicals. None of the 89 (91%) participating women irrespective of exposure status contacted the research team with questions or concerns about communicated exposures despite an invitation to do so. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that study participants can be informed about their individual serum concentrations without generating unnecessary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Buck
- University at Buffalo Law School, University at Buffalo, State of New York, John Lord O'Brian Hall, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 132 A Paul D. Coverdell Center, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Bridget M McGuinness
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Health Professions, University at Buffalo, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | - Maureen A Cooney
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Germaine M Louis
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Murphy LE, Gollenberg AL, Buck Louis GM, Kostyniak PJ, Sundaram R. Maternal serum preconception polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and infant birth weight. Environ Health Perspect 2010; 118:297-302. [PMID: 20123616 PMCID: PMC2831933 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal and postnatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) exposure has been associated with decrements in fetal and infant growth and development, although exposures during the preconception window have not been examined despite recent evidence suggesting that this window may correspond with the highest serum concentrations. OBJECTIVES We assessed maternal serum PCB concentrations at two sensitive developmental windows in relation to birth weight. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 99 women as they began trying to become pregnant (preconception) and after a positive pregnancy test (prenatal); 52 (53%) women gave birth and represent the study cohort. Using daily diaries, women recorded sexual intercourse, menstruation, and home pregnancy test results until pregnant or up to 12 menstrual cycles with intercourse during the estimated fertile window. With gas chromatography with electron capture, 76 PCB congeners were quantified (nanograms per gram serum) and subsequently categorized by purported biologic activity. Serum PCBs were log-transformed and entered both as continuous and categorized exposures along with birth weight (grams) and covariates [smoking (yes/no), height (inches), and infant sex (male/female)] into linear regression. RESULTS A substantial reduction in birth weight (grams) was observed for women in the highest versus the lowest tertile of preconception antiestrogenic PCB concentration (beta; = 429.3 g, p = 0.038) even after adjusting for covariates (beta; = 470.8, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These data reflect the potential developmental toxicity of antiestrogenic PCBs, particularly during the sensitive preconception critical window among women with environmentally relevant chemical exposures, and underscore the importance of PCB congener-specific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E. Murphy
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Audra L. Gollenberg
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to A.L. Gollenberg, 6100 Executive Blvd., Room 7B03, Rockville, MD 20854 USA. Telephone: (301) 435-6935. Fax: (301) 402-2084. E-mail:
| | - Germaine M. Buck Louis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul J. Kostyniak
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Toxicology Research Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Jackson LW, Lynch CD, Kostyniak PJ, McGuinness BM, Louis GMB. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and child size at 24 months of age. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 29:25-31. [PMID: 19819326 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may result in decreased child growth, though the critical window(s) are unclear. We investigated the association between PCBs and child size at age 24 months (n=44). PCBs were measured in first trimester serum, breast milk, and child serum at age 24 months, and dichotomized at the median. Age- and gender-specific z-scores were calculated for anthropometric measures. Using linear regression, we observed no significant changes in z-scores with prenatal or postnatal serum PCB concentrations. PCB-77 in breast milk was associated with a significant decrease in z-score for length. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine child size in relation to PCBs measured early in pregnancy, as well as quantifying a far greater number of congeners. Further research is needed to clarify critical windows, congener-specific effects, and effect modification by sex in relation to PCBs and child anthropometric measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila W Jackson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, WG37, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4945, United States.
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Buck Louis GM, Dmochowski J, Lynch C, Kostyniak P, McGuinness BM, Vena JE. Polychlorinated biphenyl serum concentrations, lifestyle and time-to-pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2008; 24:451-8. [PMID: 18940895 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of fish contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and prenatal PCB serum concentrations have been associated with a longer time-to-pregnancy (TTP). However, the relationship between preconception serum PCBs concentrations and TTP has not been previously studied. METHODS Eighty-three women (contributing 442 menstrual cycles) planning pregnancies completed daily diaries regarding menstruation, intercourse, home pregnancy test results, and reported use of alcohol and cigarettes. TTP denoted the number of observed menstrual cycles required for pregnancy. Preconception blood specimens underwent toxicologic analysis for 76 PCB congeners via gas chromatography with electron capture; serum lipids were quantified with enzymatic methods. A priori, PCB congeners were summed into a total and three groupings-estrogenic, anti-estrogenic and other-and entered into discrete analogs of Cox models with time-varying covariates to estimate fecundability odds ratios (FOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic PCB concentrations (ng/g serum) conferred reduced FORs in fully adjusted models (0.32; 95% CI 0.03, 3.90 and 0.01: 95% CI < 0.00, 1.99, respectively). Reduced FORs (0.96) were observed for alcohol consumption standardized to a 28-day menstrual cycle in the same adjusted model (FOR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.93, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that environmental exposures including those amenable to change, such as alcohol consumption, may impact female fecundity. The findings are sensitive to model specification and PCB groupings, underscoring the need to further assess the impact of chemical mixtures on sensitive reproductive outcomes, such as TTP, especially in the context of lifestyle factors which are amenable to change, thereby improving reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Buck Louis
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd, Rm. 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines have contaminated the Hudson River and New York/New Jersey Harbor for many decades. Although body burdens and health effects resulting from exposure to these pollutants have been measured in other populations, little is known about anglers from the lower Hudson area. METHODS Anglers were recruited from fishing clubs and along piers on the lower Hudson River. One hundred twenty-five participants provided blood samples and questionnaire information. Serum was analyzed at Mount Sinai School of Medicine for organochlorines. RESULTS Mean concentration of total PCB congeners was 4.78 microg/L. A non-significant adjusted mean difference of -0.59 microg/L was observed between local fish eaters and non-eaters with higher levels among the non-eaters. Similar negative, but non-significant associations were observed for p,p'-DDT, HCB, and beta-BHC. For pp'-DDE, and several chlordane residues, levels were higher among anglers reporting local fish consumption, but the difference was statistically significant only for TN. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest eating fish from the lower Hudson River and NY/NJ harbor is not associated with an increased body burden of PCBs or most other organochlorines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Morland
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Vettori MV, Goldoni M, Caglieri A, Poli D, Folesani G, Ceccatelli S, Mutti A. Antagonistic effects of methyl-mercury and PCB153 on PC12 cells after a combined and simultaneous exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1505-12. [PMID: 16757078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of interactions for those substances which tend to accumulate in food and affect the nervous system appears to be a fundamental point to characterize the combined exposure in vitro. In this study we included two food contaminants which are known neurotoxicants: methyl-mercury (Me-Hg) and the ortho-substituted PCB 153. PC12 cells were treated with Me-Hg (range 1e-7, 2e-6 M) and PCB153 (range 1e-5, 4e-4 M) in single and combined synchronous experiments and a mathematical model was set up according to the Loewe additivity criterion to evaluate the level of interaction between toxicants, using viability as end-point. At some concentrations (Me-Hg 5e-7 M and PCB153 1e-4 and 2e-4 M; Me-Hg 1e-6M and PCB153 5e-5 M; Me-Hg 1e-7 M and PCB153 4e-4 M), a statistically significant antagonist effect was observed. No interaction was observed for other combinations. The analysis of other toxicological parameters known to be modified in single exposure experiments (TBARS and intra-cellular dopamine) confirmed the viability results. The results of our work represent a starting point to generate novel information on the interactions between PCB153 and Me-Hg in vitro, as well as a new relevant experimental and mathematical approach useful to investigate the effects of different toxicant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Vettori
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Health Sciences, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
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