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Gerzen OP, Votinova VO, Potoskueva IK, Tzybina AE, Nikitina LV. Direct Effects of Toxic Divalent Cations on Contractile Proteins with Implications for the Heart: Unraveling Mechanisms of Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10579. [PMID: 37445756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of calcium and magnesium ions to proteins is crucial for regulating heart contraction. However, other divalent cations, including xenobiotics, can accumulate in the myocardium and enter cardiomyocytes, where they can bind to proteins. In this article, we summarized the impact of these cations on myosin ATPase activity and EF-hand proteins, with special attention given to toxic cations. Optimal binding to EF-hand proteins occurs at an ionic radius close to that of Mg2+ and Ca2+. In skeletal Troponin C, Cd2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and trivalent lanthanides can substitute for Ca2+. As myosin ATPase is not a specific MgATPase, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Sr2+ could support myosin ATPase activity. On the other hand, Zn2+ and Cu2 significantly inhibit ATPase activity. The affinity to various divalent cations depends on certain proteins or their isoforms and can alter with amino acid substitution and post-translational modification. Cardiac EF-hand proteins and the myosin ATP-binding pocket are potential molecular targets for toxic cations, which could significantly alter the mechanical characteristics of the heart muscle at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana P Gerzen
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Veronika O Votinova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Iulia K Potoskueva
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alyona E Tzybina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Larisa V Nikitina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Gerzen OP, Potoskueva IK, Permyakova YV, Grebenschchikova AV, Selezneva IS, Nikitina LV. SDS-PAGE for Myosin Heavy Chains: Fast and Furious. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022070109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Gerzen OP, Nabiev SR, Klinova SV, Minigalieva IA, Sutunkova MP, Katsnelson BA, Nikitina LV. Molecular mechanisms of mechanical function changes of the rat myocardium under subchronic lead exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113444. [PMID: 36179994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A moderate degree of lead intoxication was observed in male rats after repeated intraperitoneal injections with two doses of lead acetate three times a week during 5 (12.5 mg of Pb per kg body mass) and 6 (6.01 mg of Pb per kg body mass) weeks. Using an in vitro motility assay, we investigated the impact of this intoxication on the characteristics of actin-myosin interaction and its regulation in the atria, right, and left ventricles. Both lead doses exposure decreased the maximum sliding velocity of reconstituted thin filaments over myosin and fraction of motile filaments in all heart chambers, caused the myosin isoforms shift towards slower β-myosin heavy chains in ventricles and decreased regulatory light chain phosphorylation in atria. No statistically significant difference was found in force and calcium regulation of actin-myosin interaction. A dose-dependent effect of lead on myosin functional characteristics was found in all heart chambers, but the degree of this effect varied depending on the heart chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana P Gerzen
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Salavat R Nabiev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Klinova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilzira A Minigalieva
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Marina P Sutunkova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Boris A Katsnelson
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Larisa V Nikitina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Fu Y, Yin S, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H. Combined toxicity of food-borne mycotoxins and heavy metals or pesticides. Toxicon 2022; 217:148-154. [PMID: 35995097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Food can be contaminated by multiple classes of toxic substances, mainly including mycotoxins, heavy metals and pesticides, which leads to a possibility of simultaneous exposure to two or more food contaminants for humans. Thus, it is necessary to examine whether the combined exposure could result in enhanced toxicity. Initially, the studies on the combined toxicity of food contaminants mainly focus on the mixtures of same classes of food contaminants due to their co-occurrence feature in foodstuffs, such as mixtures of mycotoxins or mixtures of heavy metals. Given the possibility that consumers are likely exposed to mixtures of different classes of food contaminants, recently, studies on the combined toxicity of different classes of food contaminants have been receiving increasing attentions. In this review article, we summarize the findings of combined toxicity studies related to co-exposure to food-borne mycotoxins and other classes of food contaminants mainly heavy metals or pesticides, and propose issues that need to be addressed in future studies for more accurately performing risk assessment of co-exposure to mycotoxins and other classes of food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shutao Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No2 Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No.17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
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Klinova SV, Minigalieva IA, Protsenko YL, Sutunkova MP, Gurvich VB, Ryabova JV, Valamina IE, Gerzen OP, Nabiev SR, Balakin AA, Lookin ON, Lisin RV, Kuznetsov DA, Privalova LI, Panov VG, Katsnelson LB, Nikitina LV, Katsnelson BA. Changes in the Cardiotoxic Effects of Lead Intoxication in Rats Induced by Muscular Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084417. [PMID: 35457235 PMCID: PMC9029617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to lead is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Outbred white male rats were injected with lead acetate intraperitoneally three times a week and/or were forced to run at a speed of 25 m/min for 10 min 5 days a week. We performed noninvasive recording of arterial pressure, electrocardiogram and breathing parameters, and assessed some biochemical characteristics. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was used to determine the ratio of myosin heavy chains. An in vitro motility assay was employed to measure the sliding velocity of regulated thin filaments on myosin. Isolated multicellular preparations of the right ventricle myocardium were used to study contractility in isometric and physiological modes of contraction. Exercise under lead intoxication normalized the level of calcium and activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in the blood serum, normalized the isoelectric line voltage and T-wave amplitude on the electrocardiogram, increased the level of creatine kinase-MB and reduced the inspiratory rate. Additionally, the maximum sliding velocity and the myosin heavy chain ratio were partly normalized. The effect of exercise under lead intoxication on myocardial contractility was found to be variable. In toto, muscular loading was found to attenuate the effects of lead intoxication, as judged by the indicators of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Klinova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Ilzira A. Minigalieva
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Yuri L. Protsenko
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Marina P. Sutunkova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Vladimir B. Gurvich
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Julia V. Ryabova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Irene E. Valamina
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Oksana P. Gerzen
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Salavat R. Nabiev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Alexander A. Balakin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Oleg N. Lookin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Ruslan V. Lisin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Daniil A. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Larisa I. Privalova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Vladimir G. Panov
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
- Institute of Industrial Ecology, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Leonid B. Katsnelson
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Larisa V. Nikitina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (Y.L.P.); (O.P.G.); (S.R.N.); (A.A.B.); (O.N.L.); (R.V.L.); (D.A.K.); (L.B.K.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Boris A. Katsnelson
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (M.P.S.); (V.B.G.); (J.V.R.); (I.E.V.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-343-253-04-21 or +7-922-126-30-90; Fax: +7-343-3717-740
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Ferreira G, Santander A, Chavarría L, Cardozo R, Savio F, Sobrevia L, Nicolson GL. Functional consequences of lead and mercury exposomes in the heart. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:101048. [PMID: 34785060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lead and mercury are heavy metals that are highly toxic to life forms. There are no known physiological processes that require them, and they do not have a particular threshold concentration to produce biologic damage. They are non-biodegradable, and they slowly accumulate in the environment in a dynamic equilibrium between air, water, soil, food, and living organisms. Their accumulation in the environment has been increasing over time, because they were not banned from use in anthropogenic industrial production. In their +2 cationic state they are powerful oxidizing agents with the ability to interfere significantly with processes that require specific divalent cations. Acute or chronic exposure to lead and mercury can produce multisystemic damage, especially in the developing nervous systems of children and fetuses, resulting in variety of neurological consequences. They can also affect the cardiovascular system and especially the heart, either directly through their action on cardiomyocytes or indirectly through their effects on innervation, humoral responses or blood vessel alterations. For example, heart function modified by these heavy metals are heart rate, contraction, excitability, and rhythm. Some cardiac molecular targets have been identified and characterized. The direct mechanisms of damage of these heavy metals on heart function are discussed. We conclude that exposome to these heavy metals, should be considered as a major relevant risk factor for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ferreira
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Axel Santander
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luisina Chavarría
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Cardozo
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Savio
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling. Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41012, Spain; Medical School (Faculty of Medicine), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Garth L Nicolson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, 16731 Gothard St. Huntington Beach, California, 92647, USA
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Klinova SV, Katsnelson BA, Minigalieva IA, Gerzen OP, Balakin AA, Lisin RV, Butova KA, Nabiev SR, Lookin ON, Katsnelson LB, Privalova LI, Kuznetsov DA, Shur VY, Shishkina EV, Makeev OH, Valamina IE, Panov VG, Sutunkova MP, Nikitina LV, Protsenko YL. Cardioinotropic Effects in Subchronic Intoxication of Rats with Lead and/or Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073466. [PMID: 33801669 PMCID: PMC8036427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Subchronic intoxication was induced in outbred male rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections with lead oxide (PbO) and/or cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles (NPs) 3 times a week during 6 weeks for the purpose of examining its effects on the contractile characteristics of isolated right ventricle trabeculae and papillary muscles in isometric and afterload contractions. Isolated and combined intoxication with these NPs was observed to reduce the mechanical work produced by both types of myocardial preparation. Using the in vitro motility assay, we showed that the sliding velocity of regulated thin filaments drops under both isolated and combined intoxication with CdO–NP and PbO–NP. These results correlate with a shift in the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms towards slowly cycling β–MHC. The type of CdO–NP + PbO–NP combined cardiotoxicity depends on the effect of the toxic impact, the extent of this effect, the ratio of toxicant doses, and the degree of stretching of cardiomyocytes and muscle type studied. Some indices of combined Pb–NP and CdO–NP cardiotoxicity and general toxicity (genotoxicity included) became fully or partly normalized if intoxication developed against background administration of a bioprotective complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Klinova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Boris A. Katsnelson
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-343-253-04-21; Fax: +7-343-3717-740; Cell: +7-922-126-30-90
| | - Ilzira A. Minigalieva
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Oksana P. Gerzen
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Alexander A. Balakin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Ruslan V. Lisin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Ksenia A. Butova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Salavat R. Nabiev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Oleg N. Lookin
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Leonid B. Katsnelson
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Larisa I. Privalova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Daniil A. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Vladimir Ya. Shur
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Shishkina
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (E.V.S.)
| | - Oleg H. Makeev
- The Central Research Laboratory, The Ural State Medical University, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.H.M.); (I.E.V.)
| | - Irene E. Valamina
- The Central Research Laboratory, The Ural State Medical University, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.H.M.); (I.E.V.)
| | - Vladimir G. Panov
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.); (M.P.S.)
- Institute of Industrial Ecology, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Marina P. Sutunkova
- Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.V.K.); (I.A.M.); (L.I.P.); (V.G.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Larisa V. Nikitina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
| | - Yuri L. Protsenko
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (O.P.G.); (A.A.B.); (R.V.L.); (K.A.B.); (S.R.N.); (O.N.L.); (L.B.K.); (D.A.K.); (L.V.N.); (Y.L.P.)
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