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Li ZQ, Yin XL, Gu HW, Peng ZX, Ding B, Li Z, Chen Y, Long W, Fu H, She Y. Discrimination and prediction of Qingzhuan tea storage year using quantitative chemical profile combined with multivariate analysis: Advantages of MRM HR based targeted quantification metabolomics. Food Chem 2024; 448:139088. [PMID: 38547707 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The duration of storage significantly influences the quality and market value of Qingzhuan tea (QZT). Herein, a high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) quantitative method for markers of QZT storage year was developed. Quantitative data alongside multivariate analysis were employed to discriminate and predict the storage year of QZT. Furthermore, the content of the main biochemical ingredients, catechins and alkaloids, and free amino acids (FAA) were assessed for this purpose. The results show that targeted marker-based models exhibited superior discrimination and prediction performance among four datasets. The R2Xcum, R2Ycum and Q2cum of orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis discrimination model were close to 1. The correlation coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error of prediction of the QZT storage year prediction model were 0.9906 and 0.63, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into tea storage quality and highlights the potential application of targeted markers in food quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Quan Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yin
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Hui-Wen Gu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Peng
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Baomiao Ding
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhenshun Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wanjun Long
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Chen X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Dai J, Cheng S, Chen X. Formation, physicochemical properties, and biological activities of theabrownins. Food Chem 2024; 448:139140. [PMID: 38574720 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Theabrownins (TBs) are heterogeneous mixtures of water-soluble brown tea pigments, and important constituents to evaluate the quality of dark tea. TBs have numerous hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and are formed by the oxidative polymerization of tea polyphenols. Many biological activities attributed to TBs, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, and lipid-regulating, have been demonstrated. This review summarizes the research progress made on the formation mechanism and physicochemical properties of TBs. It also discusses their protective effects against various diseases and associated potential molecular mechanisms. Additionally, it examines the signaling pathways mediating the bioactivities of TBs and highlights the difficulties and challenges of TBs research as well as their research prospects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yongyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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Duan Y, Guo F, Li C, Xiang D, Gong M, Yi H, Chen L, Yan L, Zhang D, Dai L, Liu X, Wang Z. Aqueous extract of fermented Eucommia ulmoides leaves alleviates hyperlipidemia by maintaining gut homeostasis and modulating metabolism in high-fat diet fed rats. Phytomedicine 2024; 128:155291. [PMID: 38518640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, the lipid-lowing biological potential of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EL) has been demonstrated. After fermentation, the EL have been made into various products with lipid-lowering effects and antioxidant activity. However, the anti-hyperlipidemic mechanism of fermented Eucommia ulmoides leaves (FEL) is unclear now. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of FEL on hyperlipidemia and investigate the mechanism based on regulating gut homeostasis and host metabolism. METHODS Hyperlipidemia animal model in Wistar rats was established after 8 weeks high-fat diet (HFD) fed. The administered doses of aqueous extract of FEL (FELE) were 128, 256 and 512 mg/kg/d, respectively. Serum biochemical parameters detection, histopathological sections analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota and untargeted fecal metabolomics analysis, were performed to determine the therapeutic effects and predict related pathways of FELE on hyperlipidemia. The changes of proteins and genes elated to lipid were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS 56 Components in FELE were identified by UPLC-MS, with organic acids, flavonoids and phenolic acids accounting for the majority. The intervention of FELE significantly reduced the body weight, lipid accumulation and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidemia rats, while increased the level of High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). Meanwhile, FELE improved the inflammatory makers and oxidative stress factors, which is tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). These results demonstrated that FETE can effectively reduce blood lipids and alleviate inflammation and oxidative damage caused by hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, FELE restore the homeostasis of gut microbiota by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of probiotics, especially Lactobacillus, Rombousia, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Clostridia_UCG-014_Unclassified, while modulated metabolism through amino acid, bile acid and lipid-related metabolism pathways. In addition, the Pearson correlation analysis found that the upregulated bilirubin, threonine, dopamine and downregulated lipocholic acid, d-sphingosine were key metabolites after FELE intervention. IF and qRT-PCR analysis showed that FELE upregulated the expression of fatty acid oxidation proteins and genes (PPARα, CPT1A), bile acid synthesis and excretion proteins and genes (LXRα, CYP7A1, FXR), and downregulated the expression of adipogenic gene (SREBP-1c) by regulating gut microbiota to improve metabolism and exert a lipid-lowering effect. CONCLUSION This work filled the lipid-lowering mechanism gap of FEL. FELE can improve HFD-induced hyperlipidemia by regulating the gut microbiota homeostasis and metabolism. Thus, FEL has the potential to develop into the novel raw material of lipid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fengqian Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dinghua Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Man Gong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liangmian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lihua Yan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Cheng L, Yang Q, Peng L, Xu L, Chen J, Zhu Y, Wei X. Exploring core functional fungi driving the metabolic conversion in the industrial pile fermentation of Qingzhuan tea. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113979. [PMID: 38309920 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The distinct sensory quality of Qingzhuan tea is mainly formed in pile fermentation by a group of functional microorganisms but the core functional ones was poorly characterized. Therefore, this study investigated the dynamic changes in the fungal community and metabolic profile by integrating microbiomics and metabolomics, and explored the core functional fungi driving the metabolic conversion in the industrial pile fermentation of Qingzhuan tea. Indicated by microbiomics analysis, Aspergillus dominated the entire pile-fermentation process, while Thermoascus, Rasamsonia, and Cylindrium successively abounded in the different stages of the pile fermentation. A total of 50 differentially changed metabolites were identified, with the hydrolysis of galloyl/polymeric catechins, biosynthesis of theabrownins, oxidation of catechins, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone substitution of catechins, and deglycosylation of flavonoid glucosides. Nine fungal genera were identified as core functional fungi, in which Aspergillus linked to the hydrolysis of polymeric catechins and insoluble polysaccharides as well as biosynthesis of theabrownins, while Thermoascus participated in the biosynthesis of theabrownins, deglycosylation of flavonoid glucosides, and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone substitution of catechins. These findings would advance our understanding of the quality formation of Qingzhuan tea and provide a benchmark for precise inoculation for its quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeng Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Qiongqiong Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Guangdong, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Lurong Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Junhai Chen
- Hubei Zhaoliqiao Tea Factory Co. Ltd., Xianning 437318, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Zhu
- Hubei Qingzhuan Tea Industry Development Group Co. Ltd., Xianning 437000, PR China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Wang Z, Li H, Huang W, Duan S, Yan Y, Zeng Z, Fang Z, Li C, Hu B, Wu W, Lan X, Liu Y. Landscapes of the main components, metabolic and microbial signatures, and their correlations during pile-fermentation of Tibetan tea. Food Chem 2024; 430:136932. [PMID: 37572385 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fermentation, a key step in Tibetan tea production, plays a pivotal role in forming the tea's unique quality. In our study, we mapped out the landscapes of major components, metabolomic signatures, and microbial features of Tibetan tea using component content determination, untargeted metabolomic analysis, and ITS and 16S rRNA sequencing. The results reveal that theabrownin content demonstrated a consistent growth trend post-fermentation, increasing from 41.96 ± 1.64 mg/g to 68.75 ± 2.58 mg/g. However, the content of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) significantly dwindled from 80.02 ± 0.51 mg/g to 8.12 ± 0.07 mg/g. Additionally, 518 metabolites were pinpointed as pivotal to the metabolic variation induced by microbial fermentation. The microbiome analysis exhibited a considerable shift in the microbiota signature, with Aspergillus emerging as the dominant microorganism. To conclude, these findings offer novel perspectives for enhancing the quality of Tibetan tea and abbreviating fermentation time through the regulation of microbiota structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Weimin Huang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Songqi Duan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Yue Yan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China.
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Bin Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Xiguo Lan
- Sichuan Yingtai Tea Industry Co., Ltd, Yaan 625200, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China.
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Wang T, Li RY, Liu KY, Chen QY, Bo NG, Wang Q, Xiao YQ, Sha G, Chen SQ, Lei X, Lu Y, Ma Y, Zhao M. Changes in sensory characteristics, chemical composition and microbial succession during fermentation of ancient plants Pu-erh tea. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101003. [PMID: 38144832 PMCID: PMC10739768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
"Ancient tea plants" are defined as tea trees > 100 years old, or with a trunk diameter > 25 cm; their leaves are manufactured to high - quality, valuable ancient plants pu-erh tea (APPT). In this study, a fermentation of APPT were developed, and outstanding sweetness of APPT infusion was observed. During fermentation, the content of soluble sugars, theabrownins (p < 0.05), as well as 41 metabolites were increased [Variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1.0; p < 0.05 and Fold-change (FC) FC > 2]; While relative levels of 72 metabolites were decreased (VIP > 1.0, p < 0.05 and FC < 0.5. Staphylococcus, Achromobacter, Sphingomonas, Thermomyces, Rasamsonia, Blastobotrys, Aspergillus and Cladosporium were identified as dominant genera, and their relative levels were correlated with contents of characteristic components (p < 0.05). Together, changes in sensory characteristics, chemical composition and microbial succession during APPT fermentation were investigated, and advanced the formation mechanism of its unique quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ruo-yu Li
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Kun-yi Liu
- College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering & College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin 644003, China
| | - Qiu-yue Chen
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Nian-guo Bo
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yan-qin Xiao
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Gen Sha
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Si-qin Chen
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xin Lei
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Menghai Dazhuo Tea Co., Ltd., Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666100, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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Vinicius da Silva Ferreira M, Barbosa JL, Kamruzzaman M, Barbin DF. Low-cost electronic-nose (LC-e-nose) systems for the evaluation of plantation and fruit crops: recent advances and future trends. Anal Methods 2023; 15:6120-6138. [PMID: 37937362 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01192e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
An electronic nose (e-nose) is a device designed to recognize and classify odors. The equipment is built around a series of sensors that detect the presence of odors, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and generate an electric signal (voltage), known as e-nose data, which contains chemical information. In the food business, the use of e-noses for analyses and quality control of fruits and plantation crops has increased in recent years. Their use is particularly relevant due to the lack of non-invasive and inexpensive methods to detect VOCs in crops. However, the majority of reports in the literature involve commercial e-noses, with only a few studies addressing low-cost e-nose (LC-e-nose) devices or providing a data-oriented description to assist researchers in choosing their setup and appropriate statistical methods to analyze crop data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to discuss the hardware of the two most common e-nose sensors: electrochemical (EC) sensors and metal oxide sensors (MOSs), as well as a critical review of the literature reporting MOS-based low-cost e-nose devices used for investigating plantations and fruit crops, including the main features of such devices. Miniaturization of equipment from lab-scale to portable and convenient gear, allowing producers to take it into the field, as shown in many appraised systems, is one of the future advancements in this area. By utilizing the low-cost designs provided in this review, researchers can develop their own devices based on practical demands such as quality control and compare results with those reported in the literature. Overall, this review thoroughly discusses the applications of low-cost e-noses based on MOSs for fruits, tea, and coffee, as well as the key features of their equipment (i.e., advantages and disadvantages) based on their technical parameters (i.e., electronic and physical parts). As a final remark, LC-e-nose technology deserves significant attention as it has the potential to be a valuable quality control tool for emerging countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius da Silva Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Seropédica 23890-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jose Lucena Barbosa
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Seropédica 23890-000, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Kamruzzaman
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Douglas Fernandes Barbin
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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8
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Feng X, Chen M, Song H, Ma S, Ou C, Li Z, Hu H, Yang Y, Zhou S, Pan Y, Fan F, Gong S, Chen P, Chu Q. A systemic review on Liubao tea: A time-honored dark tea with distinctive raw materials, process techniques, chemical profiles, and biological activities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:5063-5085. [PMID: 37850384 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Liubao tea (LBT) is a unique microbial-fermented tea that boasts a long consumption history spanning 1500 years. Through a specific post-fermentation process, LBT crafted from local tea cultivars in Liubao town Guangxi acquires four distinct traits, namely, vibrant redness, thickness, aging aroma, and purity. The intricate transformations that occur during post-fermentation involve oxidation, degradation, methylation, glycosylation, and so forth, laying the substance foundation for the distinctive sensory traits. Additionally, LBT contains multitudinous bioactive compounds, such as ellagic acid, catechins, polysaccharides, and theabrownins, which contributes to the diverse modulation abilities on oxidative stress, metabolic syndromes, organic damage, and microbiota flora. However, research on LBT is currently scattered, and there is an urgent need for a systematical recapitulation of the manufacturing process, the dominant microorganisms during fermentation, the dynamic chemical alterations, the sensory traits, and the underlying health benefits. In this review, current research progresses on the peculiar tea varieties, the traditional and modern process technologies, the substance basis of sensory traits, and the latent bioactivities of LBT were comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, the present challenges and deficiencies that hinder the development of LBT, and the possible orientations and future perspectives were thoroughly discussed. By far, the productivity and quality of LBT remain restricted due to the reliance on labor and experience, as well as the incomplete understanding of the intricate interactions and underlying mechanisms involved in processing, organoleptic quality, and bioactivities. Consequently, further research is urgently warranted to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haizhao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Ma
- Wuzhou Liubao Tea Research Association, Wuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cansong Ou
- Wuzhou Tea Industry Development Service Center, Wuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zeqing Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- College of standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Su Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yani Pan
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fangyuan Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Gong
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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9
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Li ZQ, Yin XL, Gu HW, Zou D, Ding B, Li Z, Chen Y, Long W, Fu H, She Y. Revealing the chemical differences and their application in the storage year prediction of Qingzhuan tea by SWATH-MS based metabolomics analysis. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113238. [PMID: 37803551 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
It's generally believed that the longer the storage, the better the quality of dark tea, but the chemical differences of Qingzhuan tea (QZT) with different storage years is still unclear. Herein, in this work, an untargeted metabolomic approach based on SWATH-MS was established to investigate the differential compounds of QZT with 0-9 years' storage time. These QZT samples were roughly divided into two categories by principal component analysis (PCA). After orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 18 differential compounds were putatively identified as chemical markers for the storage year variation of QZT. Heatmap visualization showed that the contents of catechins, fatty acids, and some phenolic acids significantly reduced, flavonoid glycosides, triterpenoids, and 8-C N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ols (EPSFs) increased with the increase of storage time. Furthermore, these chemical markers were verified by the peak areas corresponding to MS2 ions from SWATH-MS. Based on the extraction chromatographic peak areas of MS and MS2 ions, a duration time prediction model was built for QZT with correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9080 and 0.9701, and RMSEP value of 0.85 and 1.24, respectively. This study reveals the chemical differences of QZT with different storage years and provides a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation of stored dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Quan Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yin
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Hui-Wen Gu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Dan Zou
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Baomiao Ding
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhenshun Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wanjun Long
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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10
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Sun Y, Yuan X, Luo Z, Cao Y, Liu S, Liu Y. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal comparisons against liquid-state fermentation of primary dark tea, green tea and white tea by Aspergillus cristatus. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113115. [PMID: 37689883 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-state fermentation (LSF) of tea leaves is a promising way to obtain tea-based nutraceutical products rich in various bioactive compounds. In the study, the changes of bioactive compounds, tea pigments and complex metabolites from LSF of primary dark tea, green tea and white tea infusions with Aspergillus cristatus were determined. Chemical analyses revealed that soluble sugars, monosaccharide composition, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, free amino acids, soluble proteins and tea pigments were changed in different ways. An untargeted metabolomic analysis and ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) based transcriptomic analysis were performed to investigate the metabolic differentiation and clarify the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold change >2 and p < 0.05), showing that amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were the most enriched pathways during A. cristatus fermentation of primary dark tea, green tea and white tea infusions. In addition, glycerophospholipid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism were greatly accumulated in the fermentation of primary dark tea and white tea infusions; Pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid degradation, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and valine and leucine, isoleucine degradation were greatly accumulated in the fermentation of primary dark tea and green tea infusions; Starch and sucrose metabolism was greatly accumulated in the fermentation of green tea and white tea infusions; Galactose metabolism was significantly enhanced in the fermentation of primary dark tea infusion; Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly enhanced in the fermentation of green tea infusion. Besides, some other pathways involving aminobenzoate degradation, biosynthesis of cofactors, pyrimidine metabolism, benzoxazinoid biosynthesis and phenazine biosynthesis, tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also differed from each other. These findings support that A. cristatus plays a vital role in the biochemical and genetic regulation of metabolite profile, and could be considered a potential prospect for better use of A. cristatus on different kinds of tea materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Sun
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Xushuang Yuan
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Luo
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Yungang Cao
- Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, PR China.
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11
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Feng L, Gao S, Liu P, Wang S, Zheng L, Wang X, Teng J, Ye F, Gui A, Xue J, Zheng P. Microbial Diversity and Characteristic Quality Formation of Qingzhuan Tea as Revealed by Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis during Pile Fermentation. Foods 2023; 12:3537. [PMID: 37835190 PMCID: PMC10572444 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to analyze the changes in the microbial community structure during the pile fermentation of Qingzhuan tea and their correlation with the formation of quality compounds in Qingzhuan tea, this study carried out metagenomic and metabolomic analyses of tea samples during the fermentation process of Qingzhuan tea. The changes in the expression and abundance of microorganisms during the pile fermentation were investigated through metagenomic assays. During the processing of Qingzhuan tea, there is a transition from a bacterial dominated ecosystem to an ecosystem enriched with fungi. The correlation analyses of metagenomics and metabolomics showed that amino acids and polyphenol metabolites with relatively simple structures exhibited a significant negative correlation with target microorganisms, while the structurally complicated B-ring dihydroxy puerin, B-ring trihydroxy galloyl puerlin, and other compounds showed a significant positive correlation with target microorganisms. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus glaucus, Penicillium in the Aspergillaceae family, and Talaromyces and Rasamsonia emersonii in Trichocomaceae were the key microorganisms involved in the formation of the characteristic qualities of Qingzhuan tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Shiwei Gao
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Anhui Gui
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Jinjin Xue
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Pengcheng Zheng
- Fruit and Tea Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.F.); (S.G.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (A.G.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Tea Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Wuhan 430064, China
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12
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Wen L, Sun L, Chen R, Li Q, Lai X, Cao J, Lai Z, Zhang Z, Li Q, Song G, Sun S, Cao F. Metabolome and Microbiome Analysis to Study the Flavor of Summer Black Tea Improved by Stuck Fermentation. Foods 2023; 12:3414. [PMID: 37761123 PMCID: PMC10527649 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is the most popular and widely consumed beverage worldwide, especially black tea. Summer tea has a bitter and astringent taste and low aroma compared to spring tea due to the higher content of polyphenols and lower content of amino acids. Microbial fermentation is routinely used to improve the flavor of various foods. This study analyzed the relationship between the quality of black tea, metabolic characteristics, and microbial communities after microbial stuck fermentation in summer black tea. Stuck fermentation decreased the bitterness, astringency sourness, and freshness, and increased the sweetness, mellowness, and smoothness of summer black tea. The aroma also changed from sweet and floral to fungal, with a significant improvement in overall quality. Metabolomics analysis revealed significant changes in 551 non-volatile and 345 volatile metabolites after fermentation. The contents of compounds with bitter and astringent taste were decreased. Sweet flavor saccharides and aromatic lipids, and acetophenone and isophorone that impart fungal aroma showed a marked increase. These changes are the result of microbial activities, especially the secretion of extracellular enzymes. Aspergillus, Pullululanibacillus, and Bacillus contribute to the reduction of bitterness and astringency in summer black teas after stuck fermentation, and Paenibacillus and Basidiomycota_gen_Incertae_sedis contribute positively to sweetness. In addition, Aspergillus was associated with the formation of fungal aroma. In summary, our research will provide a suitable method for the improvement of tea quality and utilization of summer tea, as well as provide a reference for innovation and improvement in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Wen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China;
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Junxi Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhaoxiang Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China;
| | - Guang Song
- Guangzhou Yitang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510277, China;
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.S.); (R.C.); (Q.L.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Z.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Fanrong Cao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China;
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13
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Li Y, Yu S, Yang S, Ni D, Jiang X, Zhang D, Zhou J, Li C, Yu Z. Study on taste quality formation and leaf conducting tissue changes in six types of tea during their manufacturing processes. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100731. [PMID: 37397192 PMCID: PMC10314197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study fristly investigated the taste quality formation and leaf conducting tissue changes in six types of Chinese tea (green, black, oolong, yellow, white, and dark) made from Mingke No.1 variety. Non-targeted metabolomics showed the vital manufacturing processes (green tea-de-enzyming, black tea-fermenting, oolong tea-turning-over, yellow tea-yellowing, white tea-withering, and dark tea-pile-fermenting) were highly related to their unique taste formation, due to different fermentation degree in these processes. After drying, the retained phenolics, theanine, caffeine, and other substances significantly impacted each tea taste quality formation. Meanwhile, the tea leaf conducting tissue structure was significantly influenced by high processing temperature, and the change of its inner diameter was related to moisture loss during tea processing, as indicated by its significant different Raman characteristic peaks (mainly cellulose and lignin) in each key process. This study provides a reference for process optimization to improve tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Songhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Jiang
- Jiangxi Institute of Cash Crops /The Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330203, People's Republic of China
| | - De Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jirong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Agricultural College, Weifang University of Science & Technology, Weifang, Shandong 262700, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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14
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Qin Y, Xu H, Chen Y, Lei J, Sun J, Zhao Y, Lian W, Zhang M. Metabolomics-Based Analyses of Dynamic Changes in Flavonoid Profiles in the Black Mulberry Winemaking Process. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112221. [PMID: 37297465 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the fruit's perishability, mulberry wine has been developed as a method of preservation. However, dynamic changes in metabolites during mulberry wine fermentation have not been reported yet. In the present investigation, UHPLC-QE-MS/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analyses was employed to scrutinize the metabolic profiles, particularly the flavonoid profiles, throughout the process of vinification. In general, the major differential metabolites encompassed organic heterocyclic compounds, amino acids, phenylpropanoids, aromatic compounds, and carbohydrates. The contents of total sugar and alcohol play a primary role that drove the composition of amino acids, polyphenol, aromatic compound, and organic acid metabolites based on the Mantel test. Importantly, among the flavonoids, abundant in mulberry fruit, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, (-)-epiafzelechin, eriodictyol, kaempferol, and quercetin were identified as the differential metabolic markers during blackberry wine fermentation and ripening. Flavonoid, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were also identified to be the major metabolic pathways of flavonoids in 96 metabolic pathways. These results will provide new information on the dynamic changes in flavonoid profiles during black mulberry winemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Qin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Haotian Xu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Turpan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Turpan 838000, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Turpan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Turpan 838000, China
| | - Jingshuai Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Weijia Lian
- Turpan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Turpan 838000, China
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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15
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Ma C, Zhou B, Wang J, Ma B, Lv X, Chen X, Li X. Investigation and dynamic changes of phenolic compounds during a new-type fermentation for ripened Pu-erh tea processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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16
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Zheng Y, Zhang C, Ren D, Bai R, Li W, Wang J, Shan Z, Dong W, Yi L. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and odor activity value (OAV) to reveal the flavor characteristics of ripened Pu-erh tea by co-fermentation. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1138783. [PMID: 37051132 PMCID: PMC10083425 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1138783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPu-erh tea is a geographical indication product of China. The characteristic flavor compounds produced during the fermentation of ripened Pu-erh tea have an important impact on its quality.MethodsHeadspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and odor activity value (OAV) is used for flavor analysis.ResultsA total of 135 volatile compounds were annotated, of which the highest content was alcohols (54.26%), followed by esters (16.73%), and methoxybenzenes (12.69%). Alcohols in ripened Pu-erh tea mainly contribute flower and fruit sweet flavors, while methoxybenzenes mainly contribute musty and stale flavors. The ripened Pu-erh tea fermented by Saccharomyces: Rhizopus: Aspergillus niger mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1 presented the remarkable flavor characteristics of flower and fruit sweet flavor, and having better coordination with musty and stale flavor.DiscussionThis study demonstrated the content changes of ripened Pu-erh tea’s flavor compounds in the fermentation process, and revealed the optimal fermentation time. This will be helpful to further understand the formation mechanism of the characteristic flavor of ripened Pu-erh tea and guide the optimization of the fermentation process of ripened Pu-erh tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zheng
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu’er University, Pu’er, Yunnan, China
| | - Dabing Ren
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruoxue Bai
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiguo Shan
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu’er University, Pu’er, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenjiang Dong
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, China
- Wenjiang Dong,
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Lunzhao Yi,
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17
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Hou Y, Mao H, Lu F, Ma C, Zhu S, Li G, Huang S, Zhang Y, Lv C, Xiao R. Widely targeted metabolomics and HPLC analysis elaborated the quality formation of Yunnan pickled tea during the whole process at an industrial scale. Food Chem 2023; 422:135716. [PMID: 37156017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Yunnan pickled tea is produced from fresh tea-leaves through fixation, rolling, anaerobic fermentation and sun-drying. In this study, widely targeted metabolomics using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and HPLC analysis were carried out to elaborate its quality formation during the whole process. Results confirmed the contribution of preliminary treatments and anaerobic fermentation to the quality formation. A total of 568 differential metabolites (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC > 1.50 or < 0.67) were screened through OPLS-DA. (-)-Epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin significantly (P < 0.05) increased from the hydrolyzation of ester catechins, such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate in anaerobic fermentation. Additionally, the anaerobic fermentation promoted vast accumulations of seven essential amino acids, four phenolic acids, three flavones and flavone glycosides, pelargonidin and pelargonidin glycosides, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides (i.e. kaempferol, quercetin, taxifolin, apigenin, myricetin, luteolin and their glycosides) through relevant N-methylation, O-methylation, hydrolyzation, glycosylation and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hou
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Honglin Mao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengmei Lu
- Yunnan Defeng Tea Co., Ltd, Mangshi 678400, Yunnan, China
| | - Cunqiang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoxian Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Guoyou Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Yunnan Defeng Tea Co., Ltd, Mangshi 678400, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiyou Lv
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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18
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Shi H, An F, Lin H, Li M, Wu J, Wu R. Advances in fermented foods revealed by multi-omics: A new direction toward precisely clarifying the roles of microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044820. [PMID: 36590428 PMCID: PMC9794733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods generally comprise a complex micro-ecosystem with beneficial microbiota, functional products, and special flavors and qualities that are welcomed globally. Single-omics analysis allows for a comprehensive characterization of the main microbial factors influencing the function, flavor, and quality of fermented foods. However, the species, relative abundance, viability, growth patterns, and metabolic processes of microorganisms vary with changes in processing and environmental conditions during fermentation. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the complex interaction among microorganisms are still difficult to completely understand and analyze. Recently, multi-omics analysis and the integration of multiple types of omics data allowed researchers to more comprehensively explore microbial communities and understand the precise relationship between fermented foods and their functions, flavors, and qualities. Multi-omics approaches might help clarify the mechanisms underpinning the fermentation processes, metabolites, and functional components of these communities. This review clarified the recent advances in the roles of microorganisms in fermented foods based on multi-omics data. Current research achievements may allow for the precise control of the whole industrial processing technology of fermented foods, meeting consumers' expectations of healthy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feiyu An
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Lin
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mo Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Junrui Wu,
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Rina Wu,
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Wang Y, Li T, Liu Y, Yang C, Liu L, Zhang X, Yang X. Heimao tea polysaccharides ameliorate obesity by enhancing gut microbiota-dependent adipocytes thermogenesis in mice fed with high fat diet. Food Funct 2022; 13:13014-13027. [PMID: 36449351 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heimao tea (HMT) is a kind of fermented dark tea that has various health benefits. However, the available information regarding the anti-obesity effect of HMT and its active ingredients is still limited. Herein, we extracted the polysaccharides from Heimao tea (HMTP) and evaluated the anti-obesity effect and the underlying mechanism of HMTP. 12-Week administration of HMTP ameliorated lipid accumulation in the adipose tissue and improved glucolipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. HMTP also induced browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and enhanced the thermogenic activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) by upregulating the expression of a series of thermogenic genes, such as Ucp1, Prdm16, and Pgc1α. Interestingly, the anti-obesity effect of HMTP was closely associated with altered relative abundance of the gut microbes, especially Dubosiella and Romboutsia, with significant increases, in which the abundance of Dubosiella and Romboutsia was negatively correlated with the body weight (r = -0.567, p < 0.05; r = -0.407, p < 0.05) and positively correlated with the iBAT index (r = 0.520, p < 0.05; r = 0.315, p < 0.05). Our data suggest that the alteration of the gut microbiota may play a critical role in HMTP-induced iWAT browning and iBAT activation, and our findings may provide a promising way for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Xiao Y, Sun L, Wang Z, Wang W, Xin X, Xu L, Du S. Fermentation Characteristics, Microbial Compositions, and Predicted Functional Profiles of Forage Oat Ensiled with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum or Lentilactobacillus buchneri. Fermentation 2022; 8:707. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants on the fermentation quality, microbial compositions, and predicted functional profiles of forage oat. The forage oat was inoculated with distilled water, Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) as the control (CON), LB and LP treatments, respectively, and the addition of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB) or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) resulted in 1 × 106 colony-forming units/g of fresh weight. After 30 days of fermentation, the lowest pH (4.23) and the lowest content of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) in dry matter (DM, 4.39%) were observed in the LP treatment. Interestingly, there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in lactic acid (LA) concentration among the three treatments. The LP treatment had the highest lactate concentration (7.49% DM). At the same time, a markedly (p < 0.05) elevated acetic acid (AA) concentration (2.48% DM) was detected in the LB treatment. The Shannon and Chao1 indexes of bacterial and fungal communities in all the silage samples decreased compared to those in the fresh materials (FM). Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the FM group and shifted from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes after ensiling. Lactobacillus (64.87%) and Weissella (18.93%) were the predominant genera in the CON, whereas Lactobacillus dominated the fermentation process in the LB (94.65%) and LP (99.60%) treatments. For the fungal community structure, the major genus was Apiotrichum (21.65% and 60.66%) in the FM and CON groups after 30 days of fermentation. Apiotrichum was the most predominant in the LB and LP treatments, accounting for 52.54% and 34.47%, respectively. The genera Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Weissella were negatively associated with the LA content. The genus Ustilago and Bulleromyces were positively associated with the LA content. These results suggest that the addition of LAB regulated the microbial community in oat silage, which influenced the ensiling products, and LP was more beneficial for decreasing the pH and NH3-N and increasing the LA concentration than LB in forage oat silage.
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21
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Wu S, Wang W, Zhu W, Chen W, Xu W, Sui M, Jiang G, Xiao J, Ning Y, Ma C, Fang X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Lei G. Microbial community succession in the fermentation of Qingzhuan tea at various temperatures and their correlations with the quality formation. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 382:109937. [PMID: 36155261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to reveal the microbial community succession at various temperatures in the fermentation of Qingzhuan tea (QZT), the Illumina NovaSeq sequencing was carried out to analyze bacterial and fungal community structure in tea samples collected from the fermentation set at various temperatures, i.e., 25 °C, 30 °C, 37 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C, and room temperature. The results showed that fermentation temperature profoundly affected the microbial community succession in the QZT fermentation. Microbial richness and community diversity decreased along with the increase of fermentation temperature. Despite the differences between microorganisms and their metabolic types among various temperatures, most bacteria and fungi showed positive correlations at the genera level. Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Cohnella, and Pantoea were confirmed as the main bacterial genera, and Aspergillus and Cyberlindnera were the main fungal genera in QZT fermentation. The microbial genera (i.e. Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, Thermomyces, Ralstonia, Castellaniella, and Vibrio) were positively correlated with fermentation temperature (P < 0.05), while Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, and Aspergillus had good adaptability at different temperatures. Conversely, Pantoea and Cyberlindnera were only suitable for low temperature (≤37 °C) growth, and Thermomyces was only suitable for high temperature (>37 °C) growth. Aspergillus had a significant positive correlation with tea aroma quality (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). This study would help to understand the formation mechanism of QZT from microflora perspective.
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22
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Zhao M, Zhou Y, Xia H, Peng M, Li J, Jin L, Peng L, Wang Y. Quantitative microbiome analysis reveals the microbial community assembly along with its correlation with the flavor substances during the manufacturing process of Qingzhuan brick tea at an industrial scale. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 167:113835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Huang S, Chen H, Teng J, Wu Z, Huang L, Wei B, Xia N. Antihyperlipidemic effect and increased antioxidant enzyme levels of aqueous extracts from Liupao tea and green tea in vivo. J Food Sci 2022; 87:4203-4220. [PMID: 35982642 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liupao tea (fermented dark tea) may improve the active function of hyperlipidemia. Utilizing a hyperlipidemia Sprague-Dawley model and UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics, we examined how the effect of Liupao and green tea extracts on hyperlipidemia and antoxidant enzyme levels and compared their constituents. The results showed that the two types of tea could reduce the levels of total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); increase the contents of bile acids and cholesterol in feces; and improve catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Compared with the model control group, Liupao tea effectively reduced TC and LDL-C levels by 39.53% and 58.55% and increased GSH-Px activity in the liver by 67.07%, which was better than the effect of green tea. A total of 93 compounds were identified from two samples; the amounts of alkaloids and fatty acids increased compared with green tea, and ellagic acid, hypoxanthine, and theophylline with relatively high contents in Liupao tea had a significantly positive correlation with antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects. Therefore, Liupao tea had better antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities in vivo than green tea, which might be related to the relatively high content of some active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyuan Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianwen Teng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengmei Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoyao Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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24
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Liu L, Shi J, Yuan Y, Yue T. Changes in the metabolite composition and enzyme activity of fermented tea during processing. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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25
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Li Y, Hao J, Zhou J, He C, Yu Z, Chen S, Chen Y, Ni D. Pile-fermentation of dark tea: Conditions optimization and quality formation mechanism. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022; 166:113753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Zou Y, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Liu M, Yuan Y, Lai Y, Liu X, Xu W, Tan L, Tang Q, Li P, Xu J. Microbial Community Analysis in Sichuan South-road Dark Tea Piled Center at Pile-Fermentation Metaphase and Insight Into Organoleptic Quality Development Mediated by Aspergillus niger M10. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:930477. [PMID: 35832806 PMCID: PMC9272892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.930477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes are critical in the Sichuan South-road Dark Tea (SSDT) organoleptic quality development during pile-fermentation. Piled tea center at fermenting metaphase is crucial for the conversion of its quality components. In this study, we investigated the microbial community of piled SSDT center below the stacked tea surface of 15 cm (SSDTB), 50 cm (SSDTX), and 85 cm (SSDTH) on the second turning time of pile-fermentation, respectively. Results showed that SSDTH and SSDTB had a higher similarity in the microbial community. Pantoea (36.8%), Klebsiella (67.7%), and Aspergillus (35.3%) were the most abundant in SSDTH, SSDTB, and SSDTX, respectively. We found 895 species were common among all samples, but 86, 293, and 36 species were unique to SSDTB, SSDTX, and SSDTH, respectively. Aspergillus niger showed high co-occurrence and was positively correlated with numerous microbes in SSDT samples, and Aspergillus niger M10 isolated from SSDTX was excellent at enhancing soluble sugar (SS), amino acids (AAs), theaflavin (TF), and thearubigins (TR) contents, while decreasing catechin (Cat), tea polyphenols (TPs)/AA, Caf/SS, Cat/SS, TPs/SS, and (TPs + Caf)/SS levels in AM10 post-fermentation, as compared with the control. Moreover, it also produced a noticeable difference in the CIELab parameters in dried, liquor, and infused tea colors between AM10 and control during fermentation. When it was further inoculated on differential mediums, we detected glycoside hydrolases, namely, β-glucosidase, mannosidase, pectinase, cellulase, amylase, and α-galactosidase being secreted by Aspergillus niger M10. Taken together, SSDXT presented a more unique microbial community. Aspergillus niger M10 probably improved the sweet and mellow taste, and the yellow brightness and red color of SSDT during fermentation. It also provided new insights into the microbial profile and organoleptic quality development mechanism of SSDT during pile-fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minqiang Liu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Liu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqiang Tan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Pinwu Li
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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27
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Li Y, Ran W, He C, Zhou J, Chen Y, Yu Z, Ni D. Effects of different tea tree varieties on the color, aroma, and taste of Chinese Enshi green tea. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100289. [PMID: 35356696 PMCID: PMC8958318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Enshi green tea quality varies with tea tree varieties. Chlorophyll and chlorophyllide determine the green tea color. Echa 10 endows Enshi green tea with fresh and mellow taste. Echa 10 endows Enshi green tea with clear flavor and honeysuckle fragrance. Phenethyl alcohol, jasmine, dodecane and octadecane contribute to honeysuckle scent.
Green tea processed by Echa 10 was shown to have a fresh and mellow taste as well as clean aroma with a clear honeysuckle fragrance. The colors of different Enshi green teas are closely related with the content of chlorophyll and chlorophyllide. The five green teas also vary in their aroma style. Echa 10 imparts a special honeysuckle fragrance, which was further analyzed by molecular sensory analysis and the formation of this honeysuckle fragrance was attributed to the key components of dodecane, octadecane, phenethyl alcohol, and jasmonone. In aroma evaluation, Echa 10 green tea showed the best performance, which is mainly related with the content of geraniol, linalool, phenethyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Additionally, Echa 10 scored the highest in taste evaluation, which is mainly determined by the contents and ratios of tea polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine, and soluble sugars.
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28
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Zhu W, Wang W, Xu W, Wu S, Chen W, Huang Y, Wang S. Influence of thermophilic microorganism on non-volatile metabolites during high-temperature pile-fermentation of Chinese dark tea based on metabolomic analysis. Food Sci Biotechnol. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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29
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Gharibzahedi SMT, Barba FJ, Zhou J, Wang M, Altintas Z. Electronic Sensor Technologies in Monitoring Quality of Tea: A Review. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12050356. [PMID: 35624658 PMCID: PMC9138728 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea, after water, is the most frequently consumed beverage in the world. The fermentation of tea leaves has a pivotal role in its quality and is usually monitored using the laboratory analytical instruments and olfactory perception of tea tasters. Developing electronic sensing platforms (ESPs), in terms of an electronic nose (e-nose), electronic tongue (e-tongue), and electronic eye (e-eye) equipped with progressive data processing algorithms, not only can accurately accelerate the consumer-based sensory quality assessment of tea, but also can define new standards for this bioactive product, to meet worldwide market demand. Using the complex data sets from electronic signals integrated with multivariate statistics can, thus, contribute to quality prediction and discrimination. The latest achievements and available solutions, to solve future problems and for easy and accurate real-time analysis of the sensory-chemical properties of tea and its products, are reviewed using bio-mimicking ESPs. These advanced sensing technologies, which measure the aroma, taste, and color profiles and input the data into mathematical classification algorithms, can discriminate different teas based on their price, geographical origins, harvest, fermentation, storage times, quality grades, and adulteration ratio. Although voltammetric and fluorescent sensor arrays are emerging for designing e-tongue systems, potentiometric electrodes are more often employed to monitor the taste profiles of tea. The use of a feature-level fusion strategy can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of prediction models, accompanied by the pattern recognition associations between the sensory properties and biochemical profiles of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Maths, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (F.J.B.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (F.J.B.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Min Wang
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (F.J.B.); (J.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Maths, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Liu Y, Zhuo Z, Tian J, Liu B, Shi C, Xu R, Guo Z, Liu B, Ye J, He S, Yang W, Xu M, Sun L, Liao H. Directed Accumulation of Nitrogen Metabolites through Processing Endows Wuyi Rock Tea with Singular Qualities. Molecules 2022; 27:3264. [PMID: 35630739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The execution of specific processing protocols endows Wuyi rock tea with distinctive qualities produced through signature metabolic processes. In this work, tea leaves were collected before and after each of three processing stages for both targeted and untargeted metabolomic analysis. Metabolic profiles of processing stages through each processing stage of rotation, pan-firing and roasting were studied. Overall, 614 metabolites were significantly altered, predominantly through nitrogen- enriching (N) pathways. Roasting led to the enrichment of 342 N metabolites, including 34 lipids, 17 organic acids, 32 alkaloids and 25 amino acids, as well as secondary derivatives beneficial for tea quality. This distinctive shift towards enrichment of N metabolites strongly supports concluding that this directed accumulation of N metabolites is how each of the three processing stages endows Wuyi rock tea with singular quality.
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Chen Y, Chen J, Chen R, Xiao L, Wu X, Hu L, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhu M, Liu Z, Xiao Y. Comparison of the Fungal Community, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Taste Characteristics of Fu Brick Tea in Different Regions of China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:900138. [PMID: 35656159 PMCID: PMC9152283 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the fungal community structure, metabolites, antioxidant ability, and taste characteristics of five Fu brick tea (FBT) from different regions of China were determined and compared. A total of 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified and assigned into 5 phyla and 27 genera, with Eurotium as the predominant genus in all samples. Hunan (HN) sample had the strongest fungal diversity and richness, followed by Guangxi (GX) sample, and Zhejiang (ZJ) sample had the lowest. GX sample had higher amounts of gallic acid (GA), total catechins, gallocatechin (GC), and epicatechin gallate (ECG) as well as antioxidant activity than the other samples. The levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin, epicatechin (EC), thearubigins (TRs), and theaflavins (TFs) were the highest in the ZJ sample. Guizhou (GZ) and Shaanxi (SX) samples contained the highest contents of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG), respectively. Total phenolics, GA, EC, CG, and TFs were positively associated with most of fungal genera. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and most of catechins contributed to the antioxidant activities of FBT. HN sample had the strongest sourness and sweetness, ZJ sample had the strongest saltiness, SX sample had the strongest umami, and GZ sample had the strongest astringency, which was ascribed to the varied metabolites. This work reveals that FBT in different regions vary greatly in fungal community, metabolites, antioxidant activity, and taste characteristics, and provides new insight into the quality characteristics formation of FBT in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruyang Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Leike Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongjun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Mingzhi Zhu,
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Yu Xiao, ,
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Abstract
Stacking is a widely used method of microbial enrichment in the field of fermentation and is traditionally used to promote flavor in Chinese sauce-flavor Baijiu; however, its precise mechanism is unknown. This study assessed the fermentation process of light-flavor Baijiu with the simplest microbial source. After comparing differences in the microbial composition of different kinds of Daqu, a high-temperature Daqu with a microbial composition that significantly differs from light-flavor Daqu was selected for stacking. The physical and chemical indicators, microbial community composition, and metabolite profiles during the fermentation process were tracked, and the total ester content in Baiju was significantly higher with stacking than Baijiu without stacking. The dominant bacteria during stacking fermentation were Bacillus and Enterococcus, while Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria during middle and late fermentation periods. Low levels of Lactobacillus and Pichia in Daqu were screened and enriched during the stacking process, while the glucose and acetate content significantly increased. Flavor compounds such as esters and acids were positively correlated with dominant genera such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Pichia. Stacking provides microorganisms for environmental screening, which regulates the microbial community structure and produces various metabolites and precursors of flavor substances to fully saccharify and promote the production of flavor substances. Stacking during the production of light-flavor Baijiu can help regulate the fermentation process and improve Baijiu quality.
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Yu F, Chen C, Chen S, Wang K, Huang H, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. Dynamic changes and mechanisms of organic acids during black tea manufacturing process. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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