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Kembou-Ringert JE, Hotio FN, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Surachetpong W, Rakus K, Daly JM, Goonawardane N, Adamek M. Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease. Virulence 2024; 15:2329568. [PMID: 38555518 PMCID: PMC10984141 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of infection, immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fortune N. Hotio
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Soto E, LaFrentz BR, Yun S, Megarani D, Henderson E, Piewbang C, Johnston AE, Techangamsuwan S, Ng TFF, Warg J, Surachetpong W, Subramaniam K. Diagnosis, isolation and description of a novel amnoonvirus recovered from diseased fancy guppies, Poecilia reticulata. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13937. [PMID: 38440909 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is one of the most common cultured ornamental fish species, and a popular pet fish highly desired by hobbyists worldwide due to its availability of many brilliantly coloured fish of many varieties. The susceptibility of guppies to diseases presents a remarkable concern for both breeders and hobbyists. In this study, we report the emergence of disease in fancy guppies caused by a previously uncharacterized virus in the USA. This virus was isolated from moribund guppies in two separate outbreaks in California and Alabama, from December 2021 to June 2023. The infected guppies presented with acute morbidity and mortality shortly after shipping, displaying nonspecific clinical signs and gross changes including lethargy, anorexia, swimming at the water surface, gill pallor, mild to moderate coelomic distension and occasional skin lesions including protruding scales, skin ulcers and hyperaemia. Histological changes in affected fish were mild and nonspecific; however, liver and testes from moribund fish were positive for Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), the single described member in the family Amnoonviridae, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, although the latter was weak. A virus was successfully recovered following tissue inoculation on epithelioma papulosum cyprini and snakehead fish cell lines. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed nucleotide and amino acid homologies from 78.3%-91.2%, and 78.2%-97.7%, respectively, when comparing the guppy virus genomes to TiLV isolates. Based on the criteria outlined herein, we propose the classification of this new virus, fancy tailed guppy virus (FTGV), as a member of the family Amnoonviridae, with the name Tilapinevirus poikilos (from the Greek 'poikilos', meaning of many colours; various sorts, akin to 'poecilia').
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Susan Yun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dorothea Megarani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eileen Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amber E Johnston
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet Warg
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Sun D, Lv J, Li Y, Wu J, Liu P, Gao B. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Low-Salinity Stress in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1518. [PMID: 38132344 PMCID: PMC10741082 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria of Portunus trituberculatus and causes mass mortality of P. trituberculatus in aquaculture. In addition, low-salinity stimulation makes P. trituberculatus more susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus infections. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance to V. parahaemolyticus in P. trituberculatus, comparative transcriptomic analysis of blood cells stimulated by low salinity and V. parahaemolyticus was carried out in this study. Transcriptome sequencing of low-salinity stress and pathogen infection at different time points was completed using Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 5827, 6432, 5362 and 1784 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in pathways related to ion transport and immunoregulation were found under low-salinity stress at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the control at 0 h. In contrast, 4854, 4814, 5535 and 6051 DEGs, which were significantly enriched in Toll and IMD signaling pathways, were found at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the control at 0 h under V. parahaemolyticus infection. Among them, 952 DEGs were shared in the two treatment groups, which were mainly involved in apoptosis and Hippo signaling pathway. Cluster analysis screened 103 genes that were differentially expressed in two factors that were negatively correlated, including immunoglobulin, leukocyte receptor cluster family, scavenger receptor, macroglobulin and other innate-immune-related genes. These results provide data support for the analysis of the mechanisms of immunity to V. parahaemolyticus under low-salinity stress in P. trituberculatus and help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors affect immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jianjian Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yukun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jie Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Ping Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (P.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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Shahi N, Prasartset T, Surachetpong W. A specific and sensitive droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of tilapia lake virus in fish tissue and environmental samples. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:957-966. [PMID: 37294665 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) causes high mortality in farmed and wild tilapia in various countries. We developed a highly specific and sensitive droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay to detect and quantify TiLV. The ddPCR assay could detect the virus at a lower threshold than the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) method, and the sensitivity of the ddPCR assay was 10-fold higher. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the ddPCR assay were 100% and did not cross-react with tilapia tissues infected with Tilapia parvovirus, Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae and Francisella noatunensis. The assay reproducibility was demonstrated by a high correlation coefficient of 0.998, and the inter-assay coefficients of variability indicated that the ddPCR assay exhibited low variability within and between measurements. The detection limit of the TiLV ddPCR assay was 100 fg cDNA, which is equal to 3.3 copies of TiLV. Furthermore, the ddPCR assay could detect TiLV in mucus, water and infected tissue samples and the lowest copy number of TiLV detected in water samples by the ddPCR assay was 7.9 ± 0.99 copies/reaction The results of the clinical samples tested for TiLV revealed that the ddPCR assay had a relatively higher detection rate than the RT-qPCR method. Overall, the ddPCR method offers a highly promising approach for the absolute quantification of TiLV in carrier fish and samples from the environment with low viral concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Shahi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tharinthon Prasartset
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Valsalam A, Rajendran KV, Kezhedath J, Godavarikar A, Sood N, Bedekar MK. Development of an indirect ELISA test for the detection of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in fish tissue and mucus samples. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114707. [PMID: 36882146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
A serological test for screening of TiLV in Oreochromis niloticus would be useful for the epidemiological investigations. Using polyclonal antisera against TiLV (TiLV-Ab), an indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA) was developed for the detection of TiLV antigen in fish tissue and mucus. After a cutoff value was established and antigen and antibody concentrations were optimized, the iELISA's sensitivity and specificity were assessed. We found the ideal dilutions of TiLV-Ab as 1: 4000 and secondary antibody as 1:65,000. High analytical sensitivity and moderate specificity were displayed by the developed iELISA. The Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratio (LR+, LR-) were 1.75 and 0.29, respectively. The estimated Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) of the test were 76.19% and 65.62%, respectively. The accuracy of the developed iELISA was estimated as 73.28%. An immunological survey was performed using the developed iELISA with samples from the field and 155/195 fishes tested positive, indicating a 79.48% TiLV antigen positives. Among the pooled organs and mucus tested, the highest positive rate of 92.3% (36/39) is observed in mucus compared to other tissues, and least positive rate is found in liver of 46% (18/39). The newly designed iELISA proved sensitive and may be helpful for extensive examinations of TiLV infections and monitoring disease status even from apparently healthy samples using a non-invasive technology by collecting mucus as sample for iELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Valsalam
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Jeena Kezhedath
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
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7
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Abbadi M, Basso A, Biasini L, Quartesan R, Buratin A, Davidovich N, Toffan A. Tilapia lake virus: A structured phylogenetic approach. Front Genet 2023; 14:1069300. [PMID: 37144122 PMCID: PMC10151519 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1069300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), also known as Tilapia tilapinevirus, is an emerging pathogen affecting both wild and farmed tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), which is considered one of the most important fish species for human consumption. Since its first report in Israel in 2014, Tilapia Lake Virus has spread globally causing mortality rates up to 90%. Despite the huge socio-economic impact of this viral species, to date the scarce availability of Tilapia Lake Virus complete genomes is severely affecting the knowledge on the origin, evolution and epidemiology of this virus. Herein, along with the identification, isolation and complete genome sequencing of two Israeli Tilapia Lake Virus deriving from outbreaks occurred in tilapia farms in Israel in 2018, we performed a bioinformatics multifactorial approach aiming to characterize each genetic segment before carrying out phylogenetic analysis. Results highlighted the suitability of using the concatenated ORFs 1, 3, and 5 in order to obtain the most reliable, fixed and fully supported tree topology. Finally, we also attempted to investigate the presence of potential reassortment events in all the studied isolates. As a result, we report a reassortment event detected in segment 3 of isolate TiLV/Israel/939-9/2018 involved in the present study, and confirmed almost all the other events previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Abbadi
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Miriam Abbadi,
| | - Andrea Basso
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorena Biasini
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buratin
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Anna Toffan
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Megarani DV, Al-Hussinee L, Subramaniam K, Sriwanayos P, Imnoi K, Keleher B, Nicholson P, Surachetpong W, Tattiyapong P, Hick P, Gustafson LL, Waltzek TB. Development of a TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay to detect tilapia lake virus. Dis Aquat Organ 2022; 152:147-158. [PMID: 36546687 DOI: 10.3354/dao03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD) is an emerging viral disease associated with high morbidity and mortality in cultured tilapia worldwide. In this study, we have developed and validated a TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for TiLV, targeting a conserved region within segment 10 of the genome. The RT-qPCR assay was efficient (mean ± SD: 96.71 ± 3.20%), sensitive with a limit of detection of 10 RNA viral copies per reaction, and detected TiLV strains from different geographic regions including North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. The intra- and inter-assay variability ranged over 0.18-1.41% and 0.21-2.21%, respectively. The TaqMan RT-qPCR assay did not cross-react with other RNA viruses of fish, including an orthomyxovirus, a betanodavirus, a picornavirus, and a rhabdovirus. Analysis of 91 proven-positive and 185 proven-negative samples yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.7% and a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The TaqMan RT-qPCR assay also detected TiLV RNA in infected Nile tilapia liver tissue extracts following an experimental challenge study, and it successfully detected TiLV RNA in SSN-1 (E-11 clone) cell cultures displaying cytopathic effects following their inoculation with TiLV-infected tissue homogenates. Thus, the validated TaqMan RT-qPCR assay should be useful for both research and diagnostic purposes. Additionally, the TiLV qPCR assay returns the clinically relevant viral load of a sample which can assist health professionals in determining the role of TiLV during disease investigations. This RT-qPCR assay could be integrated into surveillance programs aimed at mitigating the effects of TiLVD on global tilapia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea V Megarani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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9
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Tattiyapong P, Kitiyodom S, Yata T, Jantharadej K, Adamek M, Surachetpong W. Chitosan nanoparticle immersion vaccine offers protection against tilapia lake virus in laboratory and field studies. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 131:972-979. [PMID: 36351543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, causes tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), which is associated with mass mortality and severe economic impacts in wild and farmed tilapia industries worldwide. In this study, we developed a chitosan nanoparticle TiLV immersion vaccine and assessed the efficacy of the vaccine in laboratory and field trials. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the inactivated vaccine had a particle size of 210.3 nm, while the nano inactivated vaccine had a spherical shape with a diameter of 120.4 nm. Further analysis using fluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the mucoadhesive properties of the nanovaccine (CN-KV) through fish gills. We assessed the efficacy of an immersion-based TiLV nanovaccine using a cohabitation challenge model. The fish that received the nanovaccine showed better relative percent survival (RPS) at 68.17% compared with the RPS of the inactivated virus vaccine (KV) group at 25.01%. The CN-KV group also showed a higher TiLV-specific antibody response than the control and KV groups (p < 0.05). Importantly, under field conditions, the fish receiving the CN-KV nanovaccine had better RPS at 52.2% than the nonvaccinated control group. Taken together, the CN-KV nanovaccinated fish showed better survival and antibody response than the control and KV groups both under laboratory control challenge conditions and field trials. The newly developed immersion-based nanovaccine is easy to administer in small fish, is less labor-intensive, and allows for mass vaccination to protect fish from TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Krittayapong Jantharadej
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand.
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10
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Adamek M, Rebl A, Matras M, Lodder C, Abd El Rahman S, Stachnik M, Rakus K, Bauer J, Falco A, Jung-Schroers V, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S, Surachetpong W, Reichert M, Tetens J, Steinhagen D. Immunological insights into the resistance of Nile tilapia strains to an infection with tilapia lake virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 124:118-133. [PMID: 35367372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of viral diseases affecting fish and causing very high mortality can lead to the disruption of aquaculture production. Recently, this occurred in Nile tilapia aquaculture where a disease caused by a systemic infection with a novel virus named tilapia lake virus (TiLV) caused havoc in cultured populations. With mortality surpassing 90% in young tilapia, the disease caused by TiLV has become a serious challenge for global tilapia aquaculture. In order to partly mitigate the losses, we explored the natural resistance to TiLV-induced disease in three genetic strains of tilapia which were kept at the University of Göttingen, Germany. We used two strains originating from Nilotic regions (Lake Mansala (MAN) and Lake Turkana (ELM)) and one from an unknown location (DRE). We were able to show that the virus is capable of overcoming the natural resistance of tilapia when injected, providing inaccurate mortality results that might complicate finding the resistant strains. Using the cohabitation infection model, we found an ELM strain that did not develop any clinical signs of the infection, which resulted in nearly 100% survival rate. The other two strains (DRE and MAN) showed severe clinical signs and much lower survival rates of 29.3% in the DRE strain and 6.7% in the MAN strain. The disease resistance of tilapia from the ELM strain was correlated with lower viral loads both at the mucosa and internal tissues. Our results suggest that the lower viral load could be caused by a higher magnitude of a mx1-based antiviral response in the initial phase of infection. The lower pro-inflammatory responses also found in the resistant strain might additionally contribute to its protection from developing pathological changes related to the disease. In conclusion, our results suggest the possibility of using TiLV-resistant strains as an ad hoc, cost-effective solution to the TiLV challenge. However, as the fish from the disease-resistant strain still retained significant virus loads in liver and brain and thus could become persistent virus carriers, they should be used within an integrative approach also combining biosecurity, diagnostics and vaccination measures.\.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christian Lodder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Magdalena Stachnik
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michal Reichert
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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