Dietary supplementation of propolis enhanced the innate immune response against Edwardsiella piscicida challenge in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Dietary propolis improves the growth performance, redox status, and immune response of Nile tilapia upon a cold-stress challenge

The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the potential of adding propolis (PR) to the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to mitigate the harmful effect of cold stress (CS) on the growth performance, redox status, and immunological response. Two trials were conducted in this study. First, 210 Nile tilapia fingerlings (28.61±0.20 g) were used in a preliminary trial to determine the appropriate PR level and supplementation period to be applied for the main trial. Fish were assigned into 7 treatment groups (3 aquaria replicates × 10 fish per aquarium in each treatment group) according to the rate of PR supplementation in the fish diets at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g/kg for 6 consecutive weeks. The average body weight and body weight gain were determined weekly. It was found that PR supplementation at 10 g/kg in fish diet for 4 weeks was enough to obtain significant results on the growth performance of Nile tilapia. For the main trial of the present study, 480 Nile tilapia fingerlings (average weight 29.93±0.11 g) were distributed into randomized 2 PR × 2 CS factorial treatment groups (6 replicate aquariums containing 20 fish in each group). Fish of PR groups received a basal diet for a feeding period of 4 weeks, included with 10 g/kg PR (+ PR group) or without PR inclusion (- PR group). Fish of the CS groups were either challenged with cold stress at 18°C (+ CS group) or maintained at a temperature of 26°C during the feeding period (- CS group). The results showed that CS challenge significantly (p < 0.05) impaired the growth indices, redox status, and immune response in the challenged fish compared to the non-challenged fish. On contradictory, the inclusion of PR into fish diets enhanced (p < 0.05) the feed intake, growth indices, antioxidant enzyme activity, and immunological parameters. Moreover, PR treatment alleviated the CS deterioration of fish weights, specific growth rates, feed efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activity, lymphocyte proliferation, and phagocytosis activity and alleviated the elevated mortality, H/L ratio, and malondialdehyde levels by cold stress. It is concluded that the inclusion of propolis at 10 g/kg in the diet of Nile tilapia fish could be approved as a nutritional approach to enhance their performance, especially when stressed by low-temperature conditions.

Dietary propolis complementation relieves the physiological and growth deterioration induced by Flavobacterium columnare infection in juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The current study was proposed to explore the role of dietary propolis (PR) supplementation in alleviating the negative effects of columnaris disease (CD) challenge on the growth performance, plasma biochemicals, antioxidant activity, stress indicators, and immunological reactions of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish. Five hundred forty common carp juveniles were evenly placed in thirty-six 100-L tanks and stocked for acclimatization to the lab conditions with a control diet within a started period of 14 days. Fish (average initial weight of 7.11±0.06 g) were randomly distributed into one of six treatment groups (6 replicate tanks × 15 fish per tank in each treatment group). Fish in the first group was assigned as a negative control without CD challenge or PR supplementation. Fish in the other five groups were challenged with CD by immersion of fish for 60 min into a 10-L water bath supplemented with 6×106 CFU/mL (median lethal dose, LD50) of pathogenic F. columnare bacteria. After infection, the fish were restored to their tanks and fed on a basal diet supplemented with PR at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 g/kg diet. The experimental period continued for 6 consecutive weeks in which the feed was introduced twice a day (8:00 and 15:00 h) at a rate of 2% of the fish biomass. Ten percent of water was siphoned and renewed after each meal every day, in addition to 50% of water refreshment after cleaning the tank every three days. The tanks were continuously aerated and provided with standard rearing conditions for carp fish (24.0±1.12°C, 7.7±0.22 pH, 6.3±0.16 mg/L O2, and 14L/10D photoperiod). The growth performance traits such as feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and cumulative mortality rates (CM) were recorded during the experimental period. At the end of the trial, blood samples were obtained from the fish to evaluate some plasma biochemicals, including aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CRE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), antioxidant biomarkers, including total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), total superoxide dismutase (TSOD), reduced glutathione (rGSH), and catalase (CAT), stress indicators, including heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, cortisol (COR), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and immunological reactions, including peripheral blood leukocyte proliferation (PBLP), phagocytosis activity (PHG), lysozyme activity (LYS), alternative complement hemolytic action (ACH50), and total immunoglobulin concentration (TIG). In addition, samples of infected fish gills were taken to quantify the number of F. columnare in the PR-supplemented groups using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. The results showed that incorporating PR into the dietary ingredients of common carp has a protective effect against the challenge with F. columnare infection. There were linear and quadratic positive trends (P < 0.05) in most parameters of growth performance, plasma biochemicals, antioxidant activity, stress indicators, and immunological reactions with the increased PR-supplemented levels in the diet of infected fish. The best results were obtained when using PR at 9 g/kg in the diet, while higher levels (12 g/kg PR) showed an adverse trend in the evaluated parameters. The FI, WG, FW, SGR, and FE were improved by approximately 37, 104, 34, 73, and 49% in the fish treated with 9 g/kg PR compared to none-PR-infected fish. In addition, adding PR at the 9 g/kg diet level was the best dose that reduced the H/L ratio, COR, MDA, and MPO by about 14, 52, 48, and 29%, respectively, in the infected fish. Furthermore, the mortality rate was reduced by 94%, and the number of pathogenic bacteria cells adherent to the fish gills was lowered by 96% in the infected fish treated with 9 g/kg PR compared to none-PR infected fish. Our results concluded that dietary supplementation with 9 g/kg PR could be a promising nutritional approach for improving the growth performance, physiological profile, and health status of common carp fish, particularly when challenged with F. columnare or similar bacterial infections.

Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines

Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.