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Florez-Rueda AM, Miguel CM, Figueiredo DD. Comparative transcriptomics of seed nourishing tissues: uncovering conserved and divergent pathways in seed plants. Plant J 2024. [PMID: 38709819 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary and ecological success of spermatophytes is intrinsically linked to the seed habit, which provides a protective environment for the initial development of the new generation. This environment includes an ephemeral nourishing tissue that supports embryo growth. In gymnosperms this tissue originates from the asexual proliferation of the maternal megagametophyte, while in angiosperms it is a product of fertilization, and is called the endosperm. The emergence of these nourishing tissues is of profound evolutionary value, and they are also food staples for most of the world's population. Here, using Orthofinder to infer orthologue genes among newly generated and previously published datasets, we provide a comparative transcriptomic analysis of seed nourishing tissues from species of several angiosperm clades, including those of early diverging lineages, as well as of one gymnosperm. Our results show that, although the structure and composition of seed nourishing tissues has seen significant divergence along evolution, there are signatures that are conserved throughout the phylogeny. Conversely, we identified processes that are specific to species within the clades studied, and thus illustrate their functional divergence. With this, we aimed to provide a foundation for future studies on the evolutionary history of seed nourishing structures, as well as a resource for gene discovery in future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marcela Florez-Rueda
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknechts-Str. 24-25, Haus 26, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Célia M Miguel
- Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte D Figueiredo
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Chen G, Hu H, Chen X, Chen J, Wang S, Ning H, Zhu C, Yang S. TFIIB-Related Protein BRP5/PTF2 Is Required for Both Male and Female Gametogenesis and for Grain Formation in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16473. [PMID: 38003663 PMCID: PMC10671200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) is a general transcription factor for RNA polymerase II, exerting its influence across various biological contexts. In the majority of eukaryotes, TFIIB typically has two homologs, serving as general transcription factors for RNA polymerase I and III. In plants, however, the TFIIB-related protein family has expanded greatly, with 14 and 9 members in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. BRP5/pollen-expressed transcription factor 2 (PTF2) proteins belong to a subfamily of TFIIB-related proteins found only in plants and algae. The prior analysis of an Arabidopsis atbrp5 mutant, characterized by a T-DNA insertion at the 5' untranslated region, demonstrated the essential role of BRP5/PTF2 during the process of pollen germination and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Using a rice transformation system based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we have generated transgenic rice plants containing loss-of-function frameshift mutations in the BRP5/PTF2 gene. Unlike in the Arabidopsis atbrp5 mutant, the brp5/ptf2 frameshift mutations were not transmitted to progeny in rice, indicating an essential role of BRP5/PTF2 in both male and female gamete development or viability. The silencing of rice BRP5/PTF2 expression through RNA interference (RNAi) had little effect on vegetative growth and panicle formation but strongly affected pollen development and grain formation. Genetic analysis revealed that strong RNAi silencing of rice BRP5/PTF2 was still transmissible to progeny almost exclusively through female gametes, as found in the Arabidopsis atbrp5 knockdown mutant. Thus, reduced rice BRP5/PTF2 expression impacted pollen preferentially by interfering with male gamete development or viability. Drawing upon these findings, we posit that BRP5/PTF2 assumes a distinct and imperative function in the realm of plant sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangna Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xinhui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jialuo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Siyi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - He Ning
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Su Yang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou 310018, China; (G.C.); (H.H.); (X.C.); (J.C.); (S.W.); (C.Z.)
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen J, Yang S, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. The Mediator Complex: A Central Coordinator of Plant Adaptive Responses to Environmental Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116170. [PMID: 35682844 PMCID: PMC9181133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of environmental stresses and have evolved adaptive mechanisms, including transcriptional reprogramming, in order to survive or acclimate under adverse conditions. Over the past several decades, a large number of gene-specific transcription factors have been identified in the transcriptional regulation of plant adaptive responses. The Mediator complex plays a key role in transducing signals from gene-specific transcription factors to the transcription machinery to activate or repress target gene expression. Since its first purification about 15 years ago, plant Mediator complex has been extensively analyzed for its composition and biological functions. Mutants of many plant Mediator subunits are not lethal but are compromised in growth, development and response to biotic and abiotic stress, underscoring a particularly important role in plant adaptive responses. Plant Mediator subunits also interact with partners other than transcription factors and components of the transcription machinery, indicating the complexity of the regulation of gene expression by plant Mediator complex. Here, we present a comprehensive discussion of recent analyses of the structure and function of plant Mediator complex, with a particular focus on its roles in plant adaptive responses to a wide spectrum of environmental stresses and associated biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialuo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Su Yang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.C.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.C.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
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4
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Ning H, Yang S, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Expansion and Functional Diversification of TFIIB-Like Factors in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1078. [PMID: 33498602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved unique patterns of growth and development, elaborate metabolism and special perception and signaling mechanisms to environmental cues. Likewise, plants have complex and highly special programs for transcriptional control of gene expression. A case study for the special transcription control in plants is the expansion of general transcription factors, particularly the family of Transcription Factor IIB (TFIIB)-like factors with 15 members in Arabidopsis. For more than a decade, molecular and genetic analysis has revealed important functions of these TFIIB-like factors in specific biological processes including gametogenesis, pollen tube growth guidance, embryogenesis, endosperm development, and plant-microbe interactions. The redundant, specialized, and diversified roles of these TFIIB-like factors challenge the traditional definition of general transcription factors established in other eukaryotes. In this review, we discuss general transcription factors in plants with a focus on the expansion and functional analysis of plant TFIIB-like proteins to highlight unique aspects of plant transcription programs that can be highly valuable for understanding the molecular basis of plant growth, development and responses to stress conditions.
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Abril AG, Rama JLR, Sánchez-Pérez A, Villa TG. Prokaryotic sigma factors and their transcriptional counterparts in Archaea and Eukarya. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4289-4302. [PMID: 32232532 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerases (RNAPs) carry out transcription in the three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Transcription initiation is highly regulated by a variety of transcription factors, whose number and subunit complexity increase during evolution. This process is regulated in Bacteria by the σ factor, while the three eukaryotic RNAPs require a complex set of transcription factors (TFs) and a TATA-binding protein (TBP). The archaeal transcription system appears to be an ancestral version of the eukaryotic RNAPII, requiring transcription factor B (TFB), TBP, and transcription factor E (TFE). The function of the bacterial sigma (σ) factor has been correlated to the roles played by the eukaryotic RNAP II and the archaeal RNAP. In addition, σ factors, TFB, and TFIIB all contain multiple DNA binding helix-turn-helix (HTH) structural motifs; although TFIIB and TFB display two HTH domains, while the bacterial σ factor spans 4 HTH motifs. The sequence similarities and structure alignments of the bacterial σ factor, eukaryotic TFIIB, and archaeal TFB evidence that these three proteins are homologs.Key Points• Transcription initiation is highly regulated by TFs.• Transcription is finely regulated in all domains of life by different sets of TFs.• Specific TFs in Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea are homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Luis R Rama
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tomás G Villa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Kanno T, Lin WD, Fu JL, Chang CL, Matzke AJM, Matzke M. A Genetic Screen for Pre-mRNA Splicing Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana Identifies Putative U1 snRNP Components RBM25 and PRP39a. Genetics 2017; 207:1347-59. [PMID: 28971960 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In a genetic screen for mutants showing modified splicing of an alternatively spliced GFP reporter gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified mutations in genes encoding the putative U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) factors RBM25 and PRP39a. The latter has not yet been studied for its role in pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing in plants. Both proteins contain predicted RNA-binding domains and have been implicated in 5′ splice site selection in yeast and metazoan cells. In rbm25 mutants, splicing efficiency of GFP pre-mRNA was reduced and GFP protein levels lowered relative to wild-type plants. By contrast, prp39a mutants exhibited preferential splicing of a U2-type AT-AC intron in GFP pre-mRNA and elevated levels of GFP protein. These opposing findings indicate that impaired function of either RBM25 or PRP39a can differentially affect the same pre-mRNA substrate. Given a prior genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing in rbm25 mutants, we focused on examining the alternative splicing landscape in prp39a mutants. RNA-seq experiments performed using two independent prp39a alleles revealed hundreds of common genes undergoing changes in alternative splicing, including PRP39a itself, a second putative U1 snRNP component PRP40b, and genes encoding a number of general transcription-related proteins. The prp39a mutants displayed somewhat delayed flowering, shorter stature, and reduced seed set but no other obvious common defects under normal conditions. Mutations in PRP39b, the paralog of PRP39a, did not visibly alter GFP expression, indicating the paralogs are not functionally equivalent in this system. Our study provides new information on the contribution of PRP39a to alternative splicing and expands knowledge of plant splicing factors.
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Li HJ, Zhu SS, Zhang MX, Wang T, Liang L, Xue Y, Shi DQ, Liu J, Yang WC. Arabidopsis CBP1 Is a Novel Regulator of Transcription Initiation in Central Cell-Mediated Pollen Tube Guidance. Plant Cell 2015; 27:2880-93. [PMID: 26462908 PMCID: PMC4682316 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, sperm cells are delivered to the embryo sac by a pollen tube guided by female signals. Both the gametic and synergid cells contribute to pollen tube attraction. Synergids secrete peptide signals that lure the tube, while the role of the gametic cells is unknown. Previously, we showed that CENTRAL CELL GUIDANCE (CCG) is essential for pollen tube attraction in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we identified CCG BINDING PROTEIN1 (CBP1) and demonstrated that it interacts with CCG, Mediator subunits, RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and central cell-specific AGAMOUS-like transcription factors. In addition, CCG interacts with TATA-box Binding Protein 1 and Pol II as a TFIIB-like transcription factor. CBP1-knockdown ovules are defective in pollen tube attraction. Expression profiling revealed that cysteine-rich peptide (CRP) transcripts were downregulated in ccg ovules. CCG and CBP1 coregulate a subset of CRPs in the central cell and the synergids, including the attractant LURE1. CBP1 is extensively expressed in multiple vegetative tissues and specifically in the central cell in reproductive growth. We propose that CBP1, via interaction with CCG and the Mediator complex, connects transcription factors and the Pol II machinery to regulate pollen tube attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Qiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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8
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Qin Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Xin W, Li J, Hu Y. The Arabidopsis transcription factor IIB-related protein BRP4 is involved in the regulation of mitotic cell-cycle progression during male gametogenesis. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:2521-31. [PMID: 24723406 PMCID: PMC4036515 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Male gametogenesis in angiosperms involves two rounds of mitosis that are essential for the generation of two sperm cells to achieve double fertilization, a distinct event in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Precise regulation of mitosis during male gametogenesis is critically important for the establishment of the male germline. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitotic division during male gametophyte development have not been characterized fully. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis transcription initiation factor TFIIB-related protein BRP4 is involved in the regulation of mitotic cell-cycle progression during male gametogenesis. BRP4 was expressed predominately in developing male gametophytes. Knockdown expression of BRP4 by a native promoter-driven RNA interference construct in Arabidopsis resulted in arrest of the mitotic progression of male gametophytes, leading to a defect in pollen development. Moreover, we showed that the level of expression of a gene encoding a subunit of the origin recognition complex, ORC6, was decreased in BRP4 knockdown plants, and that the ORC6 knockdown transgenic plants phenocopied the male gametophyte defect observed in BRP4 knockdown plants, suggesting that ORC6 acts downstream of BRP4 to mediate male mitotic progression. Taken together, our results reveal that BRP4 plays an important role in the regulation of mitotic cell-cycle progression during male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, PR China
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Gelev V, Zabolotny JM, Lange M, Hiromura M, Yoo SW, Orlando JS, Kushnir A, Horikoshi N, Paquet E, Bachvarov D, Schaffer PA, Usheva A. A new paradigm for transcription factor TFIIB functionality. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3664. [PMID: 24441171 PMCID: PMC3895905 DOI: 10.1038/srep03664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and bioinformatic studies of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) have revealed a mechanism of RNAP2 transcription initiation less uniform across gene promoters than initially thought. However, the general transcription factor TFIIB is presumed to be universally required for RNAP2 transcription initiation. Based on bioinformatic analysis of data and effects of TFIIB knockdown in primary and transformed cell lines on cellular functionality and global gene expression, we report that TFIIB is dispensable for transcription of many human promoters, but is essential for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) gene transcription and replication. We report a novel cell cycle TFIIB regulation and localization of the acetylated TFIIB variant on the transcriptionally silent mitotic chromatids. Taken together, these results establish a new paradigm for TFIIB functionality in human gene expression, which when downregulated has potent anti-viral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gelev
- 1] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA [2]
| | - Janice M Zabolotny
- 1] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA [2]
| | - Martin Lange
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Makoto Hiromura
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sang Wook Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph S Orlando
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna Kushnir
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eric Paquet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ)-Centre de Recherche, Hopital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec et Université Laval, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Dimcho Bachvarov
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ)-Centre de Recherche, Hopital L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec et Université Laval, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Priscilla A Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anny Usheva
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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