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Ke S, Ding L, Niu X, Shan H, Song L, Xi Y, Feng J, Wei S, Liang Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis on candidate genes associated with fruiting body growth and development in Lyophyllum decastes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16288. [PMID: 37904843 PMCID: PMC10613438 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyophyllum decastes is a mushroom that is highly regarded for its culinary and medicinal properties. Its delectable taste and texture make it a popular choice for consumption. To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the fruiting body of L. decastes, we used RNA sequencing to conduct a comparative transcriptome analysis. The analysis encompassed various developmental stages, including the vegetative mycelium, primordial initiation, young fruiting body, medium-size fruiting body, and mature fruiting body stages. A range of 40.1 to 60.6 million clean reads were obtained, and de novo assembly generated 15,451 unigenes with an average length of 1,462.68 bp. Functional annotation of transcriptomes matched 76.84% of the unigenes to known proteins available in at least one database. The gene expression analysis revealed a significant number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between each stage. These genes were annotated and subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Highly differentially expressed unigenes were also identified, including those that encode extracellular enzymes, transcription factors, and signaling pathways. The accuracy of the RNA-Seq and DEG analyses was validated using quantitative PCR. Enzyme activity analysis experiments demonstrated that the extracellular enzymes exhibited significant differences across different developmental stages. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of the fruiting body in L. decastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwen Ke
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - LingQiang Ding
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Niu
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Huajia Shan
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Liru Song
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Yali Xi
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Jiuhai Feng
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Shenglong Wei
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Edible Fungi, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu, China
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Wang Q, Bao H, Li Z. Genomic comparison between two Inonotus hispidus strains isolated from growing in different tree species. Front Genet 2023; 14:1221491. [PMID: 37519891 PMCID: PMC10372432 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1221491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus mainly growing in broad-leaved trees, including Morus alba, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Ulmus macrocarpa etc. The fruiting body of I. hispidus growing in M. alba (hereafter as MA) is used as a traditional Chinese medicine "Sanghuang". However, differences between the genetic material basis of I. hispidus growing in other tree species have not been reported. Therefore, in this paper, the genomic comparison between MA and I. hispidus growing in F. mandshurica (hereafter as FM) were studied. The whole genome of MA monokaryon was sequenced by Illumina combined with Pac Bio platform. Next, genome assembly, genome component prediction and genome functional annotation were performed. Comparative genomics analysis was performed between FM monokaryon and MA monokaryon, using MA as the reference. The results showed that, MA had 24 contigs with a N50 length of 2.6 Mb. Specifically, 5,342, 6,564, 1,595, 383 and 123 genes were annotated from GO, KEGG, KOG, CAZymes and CYP450, respectively. Moreover, comparative genomics showed that, the coding genes and total number of genes annotated in different databases of FM were higher than that of MA. This study provides a foundation for the medicinal application of FM as MA from the perspective of genetic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haiying Bao
- Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Fungi Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Xia R, Hou Z, Xu H, Li Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wang Z, Pan S, Xin G. Emerging technologies for preservation and quality evaluation of postharvest edible mushrooms: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37083462 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms are the highly demanded foods of which production and consumption have been steadily increasing globally. Owing to the quality loss and short shelf-life in harvested mushrooms, it is necessary for the implementation of effective preservation and intelligent evaluation technologies to alleviate this issue. The aim of this review was to analyze the development and innovation thematic lines, topics, and trends by bibliometric analysis and review of the literature methods. The challenges faced in researching these topics were proposed and the mechanisms of quality loss in mushrooms during storage were updated. This review summarized the effects of chemical processing (antioxidants, ozone, and coatings), physical treatments (non-thermal plasma, packaging and latent thermal storage) and other emerging application on the quality of fresh mushrooms while discussing the efficiency in extending the shelf-life. It also discussed the emerging evaluation techniques based on the various chemometric methods and computer vision system in monitoring the freshness and predicting the shelf-life of mushrooms which have been developed. Preservation technology optimization and dynamic quality evaluation are vital for achieving mushroom quality control. This review can provide a comprehensive research reference for reducing mushroom quality loss and extending shelf-life, along with optimizing efficiency of storage and transportation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Xia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenshan Hou
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Heran Xu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunting Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Pan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Xin
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Zhu L, Gao X, Zhang M, Hu C, Yang W, Guo L, Yang S, Yu H, Yu H. Whole Genome Sequence of an Edible Mushroom Oudemansiella raphanipes (Changgengu). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020266. [PMID: 36836380 PMCID: PMC9961838 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oudemansiella raphanipes, considered as a well-known culinary edible mushroom with a high content of natural bioactive substances, is widely cultivated in China with the commercial name Changgengu. However, due to the lack of genomic data, molecular and genetic study on O. raphanipes is rare. To obtain a comprehensive overview of genetic characteristics and enhance the value of O. raphanipes, two mating-compatible monokaryons isolated from the dikaryon were applied for de novo genome sequencing and assembly using Nanopore and /or Illumina sequencing platforms. One of the monokaryons, O. raphanipes CGG-A-s1, was annotated with 21,308 protein-coding genes, of which 56 were predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpene, type I PKS, NRPS, and siderophore. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis of multiple fungi genomes revealed a close evolutionary relationship between O. raphanipes and Mucidula mucid based on single-copy orthologous protein genes. Significant collinearity was detected between O. raphanipes and Flammulina velutipes on the synteny of inter-species genomes. 664 CAZyme genes in CGG-A-s1 were identified with GHs and AAs families significantly elevated when compared with the other 25 sequenced fungi, indicating a strong wood degradation ability. Furthermore, the mating type locus analysis revealed that CGG-A-s1 and CGG-A-s2 were conserved in the gene organization of the mating A locus but various in that of the mating B locus. The genome resource of O. raphanipes will provide new insights into its development of genetic studies and commercial production of high-quality varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extending Station, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wujie Yang
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extending Station, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lizhong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Song Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-532-58957640 (Hailong Yu)
| | - Hao Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-532-58957640 (Hailong Yu)
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Zhu L, Su Y, Ma Z, Guo L, Yang S, Yu H. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals differential protein expression of Hypsizygus marmoreus in response to different light qualities. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1320-1334. [PMID: 36395936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light is important environmental stress that influences the growth, development, and metabolism of Hypsizygus marmoreus (white var.). However, the molecular basis of the light effect on H. marmoreus remains unclear. In this study, a label-free comparative proteomic analysis was applied to investigate the global protein expression profile of H. marmoreus mycelia growing under white, red, green, and blue light qualities and darkness (control). Among 3149 identified proteins in H. marmoreus, 2288 were found to be expressed in all tested conditions. Data of Each light quality was compared with darkness for further analysis, numerous differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified and the white light group showed the most. All the up-regulated and down-regulated DEPs were annotated and analyzed with the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. The KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that light stress was associated with primary metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, MAPK, proteasome, and carbohydrate-active enzyme pathways. This study advances valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of different light qualities in mushroom growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Tang S, Jin L, Lei P, Shao C, Wu S, Yang Y, He Y, Ren R, Xu J. Whole-genome assembly and analysis of a medicinal fungus: Inonotus hispidus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:967135. [PMID: 36147857 PMCID: PMC9485836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.967135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus (I. hispidus) is a medicinal macrofungus that plays a key role in anti-tumor and antioxidant functions. To further understand and enhance the value of I. hispidus, we performed whole-genome sequencing and an analysis of its strain for the first time. I. hispidus was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. The genome length was 35,688,031 bp and 30 contigs, with an average length of 1,189,601.03 bp. Moreover, database alignment annotated 402 CAZyme genes and 93 functional genes involved in regulating secondary metabolites in the I. hispidus genome to find the greatest number of genes involved in terpenes in that genome, thus providing a theoretical basis for its medicinal value. Finally, the phylogenetic analysis and comparative genomic analysis of single-copy orthologous protein genes from other fungi in the same family were conducted; it was found that I. hispidus and Sanghuangporus baumii have high homology. Our results can be used to screen candidate genes for the nutritional utilization of I. hispidus and the development of high-yielding and high-quality I. hispidus via genetic means.
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Shao ZY, Zan XY, Jia W, Sun L, Cui FJ, Zhu HA, Sun WJ, Liang YY, Fu X, Zhang JS, Zhao X. Changes of structures and biosynthesis/hydrolysis-associated genes expression of glucans at different Volvariella volvacea maturity stages. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:996-1005. [PMID: 34597698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, effects of maturity stage on structural characteristics and biosynthesis/hydrolysis-associated genes expression of glucans from Volvariella volvacea fruit body were well investigated. Elongation and pileus expansion stages decreased total soluble carbohydrate and protein contents to 17.09 mg/g and 8.33 mg/g, and significantly accumulated the total amino acids contents to 32.37 mg/g. Yields of crude polysaccharides significantly increased to 8.12% at egg stage and decreased to 3.72% at pileus expansion stage. Purified VVP I-a and VVP I-b were proved to be α-glucans. The maturity process affected the monosaccharide compositions, decreased the molecular weights of VVP I-a and VVP I-b with decreased transcription levels of glucan biosynthesis-associated enzyme genes vvugp and vvgls and increased glucan hydrolysis-associated glucanase gene vvexg2 expression with no significant effects on backbone structures including glycosidic linkages and configurations. The findings would benefit for understanding change patterns of V. volvacea glucan structures and their biosynthesis/hydrolysis-associated genes expression at maturity stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Zan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, PR China.
| | - Hong-An Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing 334221, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jing-Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
| | - Xiu Zhao
- Jiangsu Jiangnan Biotech Co., Ltd., Danyang, Jiangsu 212300, PR China
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Virágh M, Merényi Z, Csernetics Á, Földi C, Sahu N, Liu XB, Hibbett DS, Nagy LG. Evolutionary Morphogenesis of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycota: Toward a New Evo-Devo Synthesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021;:e0001921. [PMID: 34817241 DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of sexual fruiting bodies is one of the most complex morphogenetic processes in fungi. Mycologists have long been fascinated by the morphological and developmental diversity of fruiting bodies; however, evolutionary developmental biology of fungi still lags significantly behind that of animals or plants. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, focusing on phylogenetic and developmental biology. Phylogenetic approaches have revealed a complex history of morphological transformations and convergence in fruiting body morphologies. Frequent transformations and convergence is characteristic of fruiting bodies in contrast to animals or plants, where main body plans are highly conserved. At the same time, insights into the genetic bases of fruiting body development have been achieved using forward and reverse genetic approaches in selected model systems. Phylogenetic and developmental studies of fruiting bodies have each yielded major advances, but they have produced largely disjunct bodies of knowledge. An integrative approach, combining phylogenetic, developmental, and functional biology, is needed to achieve a true fungal evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) synthesis for fungal fruiting bodies.
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Okuda N, Nakazawa T, Horii M, Wu H, Kawauchi M, Sakamoto M, Honda Y. Overexpressing Pleurotus ostreatus rho1b results in transcriptional upregulation of the putative cellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes observed in ccl1 disruptants. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7009-7027. [PMID: 34622510 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional expression pattern of lignocellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes in white-rot fungi differs depending on the culture conditions. Recently, it was shown that 13 putative cellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes were significantly upregulated in most Pleurotus ostreatus ligninolysis-deficient mutant strains on beech wood sawdust medium. However, the mechanisms by which this transcriptional shift is triggered remain unknown. In this study, we identified one mechanism. Our previous study implied that histone H3 N-dimethylation at lysine 4 level possibly affects the shift; therefore, we analysed the expression pattern in the disruptants of P. ostreatus ccl1, which encodes a putative component of the COMPASS complex mediating the methylation. The results showed upregulation of 5 of the 13 cellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes. We also found that rho1b, encoding a putative GTPase regulating signal transduction pathways, was upregulated in the ccl1 disruptants and ligninolysis-deficient strains. Upregulation of at least three of the five cellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes was observed in rho1b-overexpressing strains but not in ccl1/rho1b double-gene disruptants, during the 20-day culture period. These results suggest that Rho1b may be involved in the upregulation of cellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes observed in the ccl1 disruptants. Furthermore, we suggest that Mpk1b, a putative Agaricomycetes-specific mitogen-activated protein kinase, functions downstream of Rho1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Okuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takehito Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Horii
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hongli Wu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Moriyuki Kawauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Zhang Y, Wei J, Qi Y, Li J, Amin R, Yang W, Liu D. Predicating the Effector Proteins Secreted by Puccinia triticina Through Transcriptomic Analysis and Multiple Prediction Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:538032. [PMID: 33072007 PMCID: PMC7536266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.538032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is one of the most common and serious diseases in wheat production. The constantly changing pathogens overcome the plant resistance to P. triticina. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins that alter the structure of the host cell, interfere plant defenses, or modify the physiology of plant cells. Therefore, the identification of effector proteins is critical to reveal the pathogenic mechanism. We used SignalP v4.1, TargetP v1.1, TMHMM v2.0, and EffectorP v2.0 to screen the candidate effector proteins in P. triticina isolates – KHTT, JHKT, and THSN. As a result, a total of 635 candidate effector proteins were obtained. Structural analysis showed that effector proteins were small in size (50AA to 422AA) and of diverse sequences, and the conserved sequential elements or clear common elements were not involved, regardless of their secretion from the pathogen to the host. There were 427 candidate effector proteins that contain more than or equal to 4 cysteine residues, and 339 candidate effector proteins contained the known motifs. Sixteen families, 9 domains, and 53 other known functional types were found in 186 candidate effector proteins using the Pfam search. Three novel motifs were found by MEME. Heterogeneous expression system was performed to verify the functions of 30 candidate effectors by inhibiting the programmed cell death (PCD) induced by BAX (the mouse-apoptotic gene elicitor) on Nicotiana benthamiana. Hypersensitive response (HR) can be induced by the six effectors in the wheat leaf rust resistance near isogenic lines, and this would be shown by the method of transient expression through Agrobacterium tumefaciens infiltration. The quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 14 candidate effector proteins secreted after P. triticina inoculation showed that the tested effectors displayed different expression patterns in different stages, suggesting that they may be involved in the wheat–P. triticina interaction. The results showed that the prediction of P. triticina effector proteins based on transcriptomic analysis and multiple bioinformatics software is effective and more accurate, laying the foundation of revealing the pathogenic mechanism of Pt and controlling disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yue Qi
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianyuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Hebei Xingtai College, Xingtai, China
| | - Raheela Amin
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ben Ali W, Navarro D, Kumar A, Drula E, Turbé-Doan A, Correia LO, Baumberger S, Bertrand E, Faulds CB, Henrissat B, Sciara G, Mechichi T, Record E. Characterization of the CAZy Repertoire from the Marine-Derived Fungus Stemphylium lucomagnoense in Relation to Saline Conditions. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E461. [PMID: 32916905 DOI: 10.3390/md18090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if the ocean represents a large part of Earth's surface, only a few studies describe marine-derived fungi compared to their terrestrial homologues. In this ecosystem, marine-derived fungi have had to adapt to the salinity and to the plant biomass composition. This articles studies the growth of five marine isolates and the tuning of lignocellulolytic activities under different conditions, including the salinity. A de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly were used in combination with a proteomic approach to characterize the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) repertoire of one of these strains. Following these approaches, Stemphylium lucomagnoense was selected for its adapted growth on xylan in saline conditions, its high xylanase activity, and its improved laccase activities in seagrass-containing cultures with salt. De novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly indicated the presence of 51 putative lignocellulolytic enzymes. Its secretome composition was studied in detail when the fungus was grown on either a terrestrial or a marine substrate, under saline and non-saline conditions. Proteomic analysis of the four S. lucomagnoense secretomes revealed a minimal suite of extracellular enzymes for plant biomass degradation and highlighted potential enzyme targets to be further studied for their adaptation to salts and for potential biotechnological applications.
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Singh RK, Singh P, Li HB, Song QQ, Guo DJ, Solanki MK, Verma KK, Malviya MK, Song XP, Lakshmanan P, Yang LT, Li YR. Diversity of nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria associated with sugarcane: a comprehensive study of plant-microbe interactions for growth enhancement in Saccharum spp. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:220. [PMID: 32423383 PMCID: PMC7236179 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen is an essential element for sugarcane growth and development and is generally applied in the form of urea often much more than at recommended rates, causing serious soil degradation, particularly soil acidification, as well as groundwater and air pollution. In spite of the importance of nitrogen for plant growth, fewer reports are available to understand the application and biological role of N2 fixing bacteria to improve N2 nutrition in the sugarcane plant. RESULTS In this study, a total of 350 different bacterial strains were isolated from rhizospheric soil samples of the sugarcane plants. Out of these, 22 isolates were selected based on plant growth promotion traits, biocontrol, and nitrogenase activity. The presence and activity of the nifH gene and the ability of nitrogen-fixation proved that all 22 selected strains have the ability to fix nitrogen. These strains were used to perform 16S rRNA and rpoB genes for their identification. The resulted amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was constructed. Among the screened strains for nitrogen fixation, CY5 (Bacillus megaterium) and CA1 (Bacillus mycoides) were the most prominent. These two strains were examined for functional diversity using Biolog phenotyping, which confirmed the consumption of diverse carbon and nitrogen sources and tolerance to low pH and osmotic stress. The inoculated bacterial strains colonized the sugarcane rhizosphere successfully and were mostly located in root and leaf. The expression of the nifH gene in both sugarcane varieties (GT11 and GXB9) inoculated with CY5 and CA1 was confirmed. The gene expression studies showed enhanced expression of genes of various enzymes such as catalase, phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase, superoxide dismutase, chitinase and glucanase in bacterial-inoculated sugarcane plants. CONCLUSION The results showed that a substantial number of Bacillus isolates have N-fixation and biocontrol property against two sugarcane pathogens Sporisorium scitamineum and Ceratocystis paradoxa. The increased activity of genes controlling free radical metabolism may at least in part accounts for the increased tolerance to pathogens. Nitrogen-fixation was confirmed in sugarcane inoculated with B. megaterium and B. mycoides strains using N-balance and 15N2 isotope dilution in different plant parts of sugarcane. This is the first report of Bacillus mycoides as a nitrogen-fixing rhizobacterium in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Bi Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Qi-Qi Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Dao-Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Manoj K Solanki
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Post-harvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, 7528809, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Krishan K Verma
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Mukesh K Malviya
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Li-Tao Yang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Huang Q, Mukhtar I, Zhang Y, Wei Z, Han X, Huang R, Yan J, Xie B. Identification and Characterization of Two New S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methyltransferase Encoding Genes Suggested Their Involvement in Stipe Elongation of Flammulina velutipes. Mycobiology 2019; 47:441-448. [PMID: 32010465 PMCID: PMC6968334 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1658332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two new SAM-dependent methyltransferase encoding genes (fvsmt1 and fvsmt2) were identified from the genome of Flammulina velutipes. In order to make a comprehensive characterization of both genes, we performed in silico analysis of both genes and used qRT-PCR to reveal their expression patterns during the development of F. velutipes. There are 4 and 6 exons with total length of 693 and 978 bp in fvsmt2 and fvsmt1, respectively. The deduced proteins, i.e., FVSMT1 and FVSMT2 contained 325 and 230 amino acids with molecular weight 36297 and 24894 Da, respectively. Both proteins contained a SAM-dependent catalytic domain with signature motifs (I, p-I, II, and III) defining the SAM fold. SAM-dependent catalytic domain is located either in the middle or at the N-terminal of FVSMT2 and FVSMT1, respectively. Alignment and phylogenic analysis showed that FVSMT1 is a homolog to a protein-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase, while FVSMT2 is of cinnamoyl CoA O-methyltransferase type and predicted subcellular locations of these proteins are mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively. qRT-PCR showed that fvsmt1 and fvsmt2 expression was regulated in different developmental stages. The maximum expression levels of fvsmt1 and fvsmt2 were observed in stipe elongation, while no difference was found in mycelium and pileus. These results positively demonstrate that both the methyltransferase encoding genes are involved in the stipe elongation of F. velutipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Huang
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Irum Mukhtar
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yelin Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongyang Wei
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Han
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongmei Huang
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Rodríguez-Mendoza J, Santiago-Hernández A, Alvarez-Zúñiga MT, Gutiérrez-Antón M, Aguilar-Osorio G, Hidalgo-Lara ME. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel thermophilic exo-β-1,3-glucanase from the thermophile biomass-degrading fungus Thielavia terrestris Co3Bag1. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zhou J, Kang L, Liu C, Niu X, Wang X, Liu H, Zhang W, Liu Z, Latgé JP, Yuan S. Chitinases Play a Key Role in Stipe Cell Wall Extension in the Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00532-19. [PMID: 31126941 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00532-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The elongation growth of the mushroom stipe is a characteristic but not well-understood morphogenetic event of basidiomycetes. We found that extending native stipe cell walls of Coprinopsis cinerea were associated with the release of N-acetylglucosamine and chitinbiose and with chitinase activity. Two chitinases among all detected chitinases from C. cinerea, ChiE1 and ChiIII, reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe wall extension and released N-acetylglucosamine and chitinbiose. Interestingly, both ChiE1 and ChiIII hydrolyze insoluble crystalline chitin powder, while other C. cinerea chitinases do not, suggesting that crystalline chitin components of the stipe cell wall are the target of action for ChiE1 and ChiIII. ChiE1- or ChiIII-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe walls showed maximal extension activity at pH 4.5, consistent with the optimal pH for native stipe wall extension in vitro; ChiE1- or ChiIII-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe wall extension activities were associated with stipe elongation growth regions; and the combination of ChiE1 and ChiIII showed a synergism to reconstitute heat-inactivated stipe wall extension at a low action concentration. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that the inner surface of acid-induced extended native stipe cell walls and ChiE1- or ChiIII-reconstituted extended heat-inactivated stipe cell walls exhibited a partially broken parallel microfibril architecture; however, these broken transversely arranged microfibrils were not observed in the unextended stipe cell walls that were induced by neutral pH buffer or heat inactivation. Double knockdown of ChiE1 and ChiIII resulted in the reduction of stipe elongation, mycelium growth, and heat-sensitive cell wall extension of native stipes. These results indicate a chitinase-hydrolyzing mechanism for stipe cell wall extension.IMPORTANCE A remarkable feature in the development of basidiomycete fruiting bodies is stipe elongation growth that results primarily from manifold cell elongation. Some scientists have suggested that stipe elongation is the result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides, while other scientists have proposed the possibility that stipe elongation results from nonhydrolytic disruption of the hydrogen bonds between cell wall polysaccharides. Here, we show direct evidence for a chitinase-hydrolyzing mechanism of stipe cell wall elongation in the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea that is different from the expansin nonhydrolysis mechanism of plant cell wall extension. We presumed that in the growing stipe cell walls, parallel chitin microfibrils are tethered by β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucans, and that the breaking of the tether by chitinases leads to separation of these microfibrils to increase their spacing for insertion of new synthesized chitin and β-1,3-glucans under turgor pressure in vivo.
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Kang L, Zhu Y, Bai Y, Yuan S. Characteristics, transcriptional patterns and possible physiological significance of glycoside hydrolase family 16 members in Coprinopsis cinerea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5475642. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yiting Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Wang J, Kang L, Liu Z, Yuan S. Gene cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of a Coprinopsis cinerea endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Niu X, Liu CC, Xiong YJ, Yang MM, Ma F, Liu ZH, Yuan S. The Modes of Action of ChiIII, a Chitinase from Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, Shift with Changes in the Length of GlcNAc Oligomers. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6958-6968. [PMID: 27573573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A putative class III endochitinase (ChiIII) was reported previously to be expressed dominantly in fruiting bodies of Coprinopsis cinerea, and its expression levels increased with the maturation of the fruiting bodies. This paper further reports that ChiIII is a novel chitinase with exo- and endoactivities. When the substrate was (GlcNAc)3-5, ChiIII exhibited exoactivity, releasing GlcNAc processively from the reducing end of (GlcNAc)3-5; when the substrate was (GlcNAc)6-7, the activity of ChiIII shifted to an endoacting enzyme, randomly splitting chitin oligosaccharides to various shorter oligosaccharides. This shift in the mode of action of ChiIII may be related to its stronger hydrolytic capacity to degrade chitin in fungal cell walls. The predicted structure of ChiIII shows that it lacks the α+β domain insertion; however, its substrate binding cleft seems to be deeper than that of common endochitinases but shallower and more open than that of common exochitinases, which may be related to its exo- and endohydrolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jing Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Mei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Su Y, Wang Z, Liu F, Li Z, Peng Q, Guo J, Xu L, Que Y. Isolation and Characterization of ScGluD2, a New Sugarcane beta-1,3-Glucanase D Family Gene Induced by Sporisorium scitamineum, ABA, H2O2, NaCl, and CdCl2 Stresses. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1348. [PMID: 27642288 PMCID: PMC5009122 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.39), commonly known as pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, play an important role not only in plant defense against fungal pathogens but also in plant physiological and developmental processes. However, only a limited number of sugarcane beta-1,3-glucanase genes have been isolated. In the present study, we identified and characterized a new beta-1,3-glucanase gene ScGluD2 (GenBank Acc No. KF664181) from sugarcane. An X8 domain was present at the C terminal region of ScGluD2, suggesting beta-1,3-glucan-binding function. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the predicted ScGluD2 protein was classified into subfamily D beta-1,3-glucanase. Localization of the ScGluD2 protein in the plasma membrane was determined by tagging it with green fluorescent protein. The expression of ScGluD2 was more up-regulated in sugarcane smut-resistant cultivars in the early stage (1 or 3 days) than in the susceptible ones after being challenged by the smut pathogen, revealing that ScGluD2 may be involved in defense against the invasion of Sporisorium scitamineum. Transient overexpression of ScGluD2 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves induced a defense response and exhibited antimicrobial action on the tobacco pathogens Pseudomonas solanacearum and Botrytis cinerea, further demonstrating that ScGluD2 was related to the resistance to plant pathogens. However, the transcripts of ScGluD2 partially increased (12 h) under NaCl stress, and were steadily up-regulated from 6 to 24 h upon ABA, H2O2, and CdCl2 treatments, suggesting that ABA may be a signal molecule regulating oxidative stress and play a role in the salt and heavy metal stress-induced stimulation of ScGluD2 transcripts. Taken together, ScGluD2, a novel member of subfamily D beta-1,3-glucanase, was a stress-related gene of sugarcane involved in plant defense against smut pathogen attack and salt and heavy metal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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21
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Tao Y, van Peer AF, Huang Q, Shao Y, Zhang L, Xie B, Jiang Y, Zhu J, Xie B. Identification of novel and robust internal control genes from Volvariella volvacea that are suitable for RT-qPCR in filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29236. [PMID: 27405087 PMCID: PMC4941408 DOI: 10.1038/srep29236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of appropriate internal control genes (ICGs) is a crucial step in the normalization of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) data. Housekeeping genes are habitually selected for this purpose, despite accumulating evidence on their instability. We screened for novel, robust ICGs in the mushroom forming fungus Volvariella volvacea. Nine commonly used and five newly selected ICGs were evaluated for expression stability using RT-qPCR data in eight different stages of the life cycle of V. volvacea. Three different algorithms consistently determined that three novel ICGs (SPRYp, Ras and Vps26) exhibited the highest expression stability in V. volvacea. Subsequent analysis of ICGs in twenty-four expression profiles from nine filamentous fungi revealed that Ras was the most stable ICG amongst the Basidiomycetous samples, followed by SPRYp, Vps26 and ACTB. Vps26 was expressed most stably within the analyzed data of Ascomycetes, followed by HH3 and β-TUB. No ICG was universally stable for all fungal species, or for all experimental conditions within a species. Ultimately, the choice of an ICG will depend on a specific set of experiments. This study provides novel, robust ICGs for Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. Together with the presented guiding principles, this enables the efficient selection of suitable ICGs for RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Arend Frans van Peer
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qianhui Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yanping Shao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuji Jiang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
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22
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Yan JJ, Zhang L, Wang RQ, Xie B, Li X, Chen RL, Guo LX, Xie BG. The Sequence Characteristics and Expression Models Reveal Superoxide Dismutase Involved in Cold Response and Fruiting Body Development in Volvariella volvacea. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010034. [PMID: 26784168 PMCID: PMC4730280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first defence for cells to counteract the toxicity of active oxygen, superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in the response of living organisms to stress and cell differentiation. One extracellular Cu-ZnSOD (ecCu-ZnSOD), and two MnSODs, were identified based on the Volvariella volvacea genome sequence. All three genes have complicated alternative splicing modes during transcription; only when the fourth intron is retained can the Vv_Cu-Znsod1 gene be translated into a protein sequence with SOD functional domains. The expression levels of the three sod genes in the pilei are higher than in the stipe. The Vv_Cu-Znsod1 and the Vv_Mnsod2 are co-expressed in different developmental stages of the fruiting body, with the highest level of expression in the pilei of the egg stage, and they show a significant, positive correlation with the efficiency of karyogamy, indicating the potential role of these two genes during karyogamy. The expression of the ecCu-Znsod and two Vv_Mnsod genes showed a significant up-regulated when treated by cold stress for one hour; however, the lack of the intracellular Cu-ZnSOD encoding gene (icCu-Znsod) and the special locus of the ecCu-Znsod gene initiation codon suggested a possible reason for the autolysis phenomenon of V. volvacea in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yan
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Rui-Qing Wang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bin Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ren-Liang Chen
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Xian Guo
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bao-Gui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Lu Y, Wu G, Lian L, Guo L, Wang W, Yang Z, Miao J, Chen B, Xie B. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Vvlcc3, a Novel and Functional Laccase Gene Possibly Involved in Stipe Elongation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28498-509. [PMID: 26633374 PMCID: PMC4691058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volvariella volvacea, usually harvested in its egg stage, is one of the most popular mushrooms in Asia. The rapid transition from the egg stage to elongation stage, during which the stipe stretches to almost full length leads to the opening of the cap and rupture of the universal veil, and is considered to be one of the main factors that negatively impacts the yield and value of V. volvacea. Stipe elongation is a common phenomenon in mushrooms; however, the mechanisms, genes and regulation involved in stipe elongation are still poorly understood. In order to study the genes related to the stipe elongation, we analyzed the transcription of laccase genes in stipe tissue of V. volvacea, as some laccases have been suggested to be involved in stipe elongation in Flammulina velutipes. Based on transcription patterns, the expression of Vvlcc3 was found to be the highest among the 11 laccase genes. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed that VvLCC3 has a high degree of identity with other basidiomycete laccases. Therefore, we selected and cloned a laccase gene, named Vvlcc3, a cDNA from V. volvacea, and expressed the cDNA in Pichia pastoris. The presence of the laccase signature L1-L4 on the deduced protein sequence indicates that the gene encodes a laccase. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VvLCC3 clusters with Coprinopsis cinerea laccases. The ability to catalyze ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) oxidation proved that the product of the Vvlcc3 gene was a functional laccase. We also found that the expression of the Vvlcc3 gene in V. volvacea increased during button stage to the elongation stage; it reached its peak in the elongation stage, and then decreased in the maturation stage, which was similar to the trend in the expression of Fv-lac3 and Fv-lac5 in F. velutipes stipe tissue. The similar trend in expression level of these laccase genes of F. velutipes suggested that this gene could be involved in stipe elongation in V. volvacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Lu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Guangmei Wu
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lingdan Lian
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lixian Guo
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiyun Yang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Juan Miao
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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24
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Liu Z, Niu X, Wang J, Zhang W, Yang M, Liu C, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Pei S, Qin Q, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Yuan S. Comparative Study of Nonautolytic Mutant and Wild-Type Strains of Coprinopsis cinerea Supports an Important Role of Glucanases in Fruiting Body Autolysis. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:9609-9614. [PMID: 26450100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Autolysis of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies affects its commercial value. In this study, a mutant of C. cinerea that exhibits pileus expansion without pileus autolysis was obtained using ultraviolet mutagenesis. This suggests that pileus expansion and pileus autolysis involve different enzymes or proteins. Among the detected hydrolytic enzymes, only β-1,3-glucanase activity increased with expansion and autolysis of pilei in the wild-type strain, but the increase was abolished in the mutant. This suggests that β-1,3-glucanases plays a major role in the autolysis. Although there are 43 possible β-1,3-glucoside hydrolases genes, only 4 known genes, which have products that are thought to act synergistically to degrade the β-1,3-glucan backbone of cell walls during fruiting body autolysis, and an unreported gene were upregulated during pileus expansion and autolysis in the wild-type stain but were suppressed in the mutant. This suggests that expression of these β-1,3-glucanases is potentially controlled by a single regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Niu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmei Yang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjing Xiong
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Pei
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Qin
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing, 210023 People's Republic of China
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25
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Lu Y, Lian L, Guo L, Xie B, Wang W, Chen B, van Peer AF, Li S, Wu T, Xie B. The Accordant Trend of Both Parameters (rgs Expression and cAMP Content) Follows the Pattern of Development of Fruiting Body in Volvariella volvacea. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:579-84. [PMID: 26264785 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of fruiting body in Volvariella volvacea is affected by endogenous genes and environmental factors. However, its regulation at a molecular level is still poorly understood. To study the genes involved in the formation of fruiting body, we cloned a new regulator of the G protein signaling (RGS) encoding gene (rgs) from V. volvacea. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RGS in V. volvacea and other basidiomycete RGS proteins from Schizophyllum commune and Coprinus cinereus belong to the same clade. In addition, we assayed intracellular cAMP content in the three developmental stages (mycelium, fruiting body primordia, and button). We also found that the expression of rgs was highly positively correlated to the content of intracellular cAMP during fruiting body formation. The conserved protein sequences and expression of rgs, together with high concent of cAMP at primordia tissue, suggested that rgs gene and cAMP may play a crucial role in fruiting body formation in V. volvacea.
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26
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Zhou Y, Zhang W, Liu Z, Wang J, Yuan S. Purification, characterization and synergism in autolysis of a group of 1,3-β-glucan hydrolases from the pilei of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [PMID: 26199012 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Using a combined chromatography method, we simultaneously purified three protein fractions (II-2, II-3 and II-4) with 1,3-β-glucanase activity from extraction of pilei of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies. MALDI-TOF/TOF amino acid sequencing showed that these three fractions matched a putative exo-1,3-β-glucanase, a putative glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase and a putative glycosyl hydrolase family 16 protein annotated in the C. cinerea genome, respectively; however, they were characterized as a 1,3-β-glucosidase, an exo-1,3-β-glucanase and an endo-1,3-β-glucanase, respectively, by analysis of their substrate specificities and modes of action. This study explored how these three 1,3-β-glucoside hydrolases synergistically acted on laminarin: the endo-1,3-β-glucanase hydrolysed internal glycosidic bonds of laminarin to generate 1,3-β-oligosaccharides of various lengths, the exo-1,3-β-glucanase cleaved the longer-chain laminarioligosaccharides into short-chain disaccharides, laminaribiose and gentiobiose, and the 1,3-β-glucosidase further hydrolysed laminaribiose to glucose. The remaining gentiobiose must be hydrolysed by other 1,6-β-glucosidases. Therefore, the endo-1,3-β-glucanase, exo-1,3-β-glucanase and 1,3-β-glucosidase may act synergistically to completely degrade the 1,3-β-glucan backbone of the C. cinerea cell wall during fruiting body autolysis. These three 1,3-β-glucoside hydrolases share a similar optimum pH and optimum temperature, supporting the speculation that these enzymes work together under the same conditions to degrade 1,3-β-glucan in the C. cinerea cell wall during fruiting body autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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27
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Tao Y, van Peer AF, Chen B, Chen Z, Zhu J, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Li S, Wu T, Xie B. Gene expression profiling reveals large regulatory switches between succeeding stipe stages in Volvariella volvacea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97789. [PMID: 24867220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible mushroom Volvariella volvacea is an important crop in Southeast Asia and is predominantly harvested in the egg stage. One of the main factors that negatively affect its yield and value is the rapid transition from the egg to the elongation stage, which has a decreased commodity value and shelf life. To improve our understanding of the changes during stipe development and the transition from egg to elongation stage in particular, we analyzed gene transcription in stipe tissue of V. volvacea using 3′-tag based digital expression profiling. Stipe development turned out to be fairly complex with high numbers of expressed genes, and regulation of stage differences is mediated mainly by changes in expression levels of genes, rather than on/off modulation. Most explicit is the strong up-regulation of cell division from button to egg, and the very strong down-regulation hereof from egg to elongation, that continues in the maturation stage. Button and egg share cell division as means of growth, followed by a major developmental shift towards rapid stipe elongation based on cell extension as demonstrated by inactivation of cell division throughout elongation and maturation. Examination of regulatory genes up-regulated from egg to elongation identified three potential high upstream regulators for this switch. The new insights in stipe dynamics, together with a series of new target genes, will provide a sound base for further studies on the developmental mechanisms of mushroom stipes and the switch from egg to elongation in V. volvacea in particular.
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