1
|
Chen CH, Prabhu GRD, Yu KC, Elpa DP, Urban PL. Portable fizzy extraction ion-mobility spectrometry system. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
2
|
Raju CM, Yu KC, Shih CP, Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Urban PL. Catalytic Oxygenation-Mediated Extraction as a Facile and Green Way to Analyze Volatile Solutes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8923-8930. [PMID: 34143609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sparging-based methods have long been used to liberate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from liquid sample matrices prior to analysis. In these methods, a carrier gas is delivered from an external source. Here, we demonstrate "catalytic oxygenation-mediated extraction" (COME), which relies on biocatalytic production of oxygen occurring directly in the sample matrix. The newly formed oxygen (micro)bubbles extract the dissolved VOCs. The gaseous extract is immediately transferred to a separation or detection system for analysis. To start COME, dilute hydrogen peroxide is injected into the sample supplemented with catalase enzyme. The entire procedure is performed automatically-after pressing a "start" button, making a clapping sound, or triggering from a smartphone. The pump, valves, and detection system are controlled by a microcontroller board. For quality control and safety purposes, the reaction chamber is monitored by a camera linked to a single-board computer, which follows the enzymatic reaction progress by analyzing images of foam in real time. The data are instantly uploaded to the internet cloud for retrieval. The COME apparatus has been coupled on-line with the gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometry (MS) system, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS system, and APCI ion-mobility spectrometry system. The three hyphenated variants have been tested in analyses of complex matrices (e.g., fruit-based drinks, whiskey, urine, and stored wastewater). In addition to the use of catalase, COME variants using crude potato pulp or manganese(IV) dioxide have been demonstrated. The technique is inexpensive, fast, reliable, and green: it uses low-toxicity chemicals and emits oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pei Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Itterheimová P, Foret F, Kubáň P. High-resolution Arduino-based data acquisition devices for microscale separation systems. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338294. [PMID: 33714439 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have designed, constructed, and evaluated simple, inexpensive open-source data acquisition systems based on various analog-to-digital converter modules (ADS 1115, MCP 3424, LTC 2400, with resolution from 16 to 24-bit) and a miniature Arduino Nano ™ microcontroller. The constructed data acquisition systems provide excellent performance and are comparable to a commercial, 24-bit device. We provide full schematics and corresponding source codes so that analytical chemists can easily construct any of the developed systems without extensive electronic or programming knowledge. The 24-bit LTC 2400 based device provided the best and comparable performance to a commercial, high-end 24-bit sigma to delta converter (ORCA 2800) at a fraction of cost (less than 50 USD compared to 870 USD for the commercial counterpart). The excellent performance was verified using a capillary electrophoresis system with contactless conductivity detection and separation of inorganic ions in clinical skin wipe and tap water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Itterheimová
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davis JJ, Foster SW, Grinias JP. Low-cost and open-source strategies for chemical separations. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461820. [PMID: 33453654 PMCID: PMC7870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward utilizing open access resources for laboratory research has begun. Open-source design strategies for scientific hardware rely upon the use of widely available parts, especially those that can be directly printed using additive manufacturing techniques and electronic components that can be connected to low-cost microcontrollers. Open-source software eliminates the need for expensive commercial licenses and provides the opportunity to design programs for specific needs. In this review, the impact of the "open-source movement" within the field of chemical separations is described, primarily through a comprehensive look at research in this area over the past five years. Topics that are covered include general laboratory equipment, sample preparation techniques, separations-based analysis, detection strategies, electronic system control, and software for data processing. Remaining hurdles and possible opportunities for further adoption of open-source approaches in the context of these separations-related topics are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Davis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Gas bubbles are easily accessible and offer many unique characteristic properties of a gas/liquid two-phase system for developing new analytical methods. In this minireview, we discuss the newly developed analytical strategies that harness the behaviors of bubbles. Recent advancements include the utilization of the gas/liquid interfacial activity of bubbles for detection and preconcentration of surface-active compounds; the employment of the gas phase properties of bubbles for acoustic imaging and detection, microfluidic analysis, electrochemical sensing, and emission spectroscopy; and the application of the mass transport behaviors at the gas/liquid interface in gas sensing, biosensing, and nanofluidics. These studies have demonstrated the versatility of gas bubbles as a platform for developing new analytical strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar A, Kumar D. Urban Features Identification from Dual-Pol SAR Images with Filter Properties. Journal of Landscape Ecology 2020; 13:39-62. [DOI: 10.2478/jlecol-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is no formal definition of feature identification but it depends on the application and context of the problem. This feature acts as primary elements for execution of several algorithms, hence feature identification is one of the significant steps for has been very interesting for several research groups. Various researchers have attempted in this regard for feature identification. The current work presents an approach for urban feature identification from satellite datasets for a detailed analysis of the features for better management of the resources. Several features based feature extraction approach has been attempted to identify the compare with statistical profiling. Microwave remote sensing is one of the significant methods of remote sensing to get the data where our optical sensors usually failed or less capable to provide accurate and timely sensed data. In today’s world, active remote sensing is one of the greatest technologies which is used widely in many application areas. Synthetic aperture radar is the main object to get the actively remote sensed images. Either it’s optical or microwave data, the satellite images has its many errors, in SAR, while receiving the reflected echoes from the target the trouble has occurred in the form of Speckle Noise in an image. In this paper, the focus is on about the Speckle Noise, SLC & GRD data, the filtered images performance with Boxcar and Median filter, degraded and preserving information of an image, reduce speckle noise effect of an image.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
With the rapid development of high technology, chemical science is not as it used to be a century ago. Many chemists acquire and utilize skills that are well beyond the traditional definition of chemistry. The digital age has transformed chemistry laboratories. One aspect of this transformation is the progressing implementation of electronics and computer science in chemistry research. In the past decade, numerous chemistry-oriented studies have benefited from the implementation of electronic modules, including microcontroller boards (MCBs), single-board computers (SBCs), professional grade control and data acquisition systems, as well as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In particular, MCBs and SBCs provide good value for money. The application areas for electronic modules in chemistry research include construction of simple detection systems based on spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry principles, customizing laboratory devices for automation of common laboratory practices, control of reaction systems (batch- and flow-based), extraction systems, chromatographic and electrophoretic systems, microfluidic systems (classical and nonclassical), custom-built polymerase chain reaction devices, gas-phase analyte detection systems, chemical robots and drones, construction of FPGA-based imaging systems, and the Internet-of-Chemical-Things. The technology is easy to handle, and many chemists have managed to train themselves in its implementation. The only major obstacle in its implementation is probably one's imagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao Y, Xia B, Qin Y, Huang K, Yang C, Yang Q, Zhao L. Online Scavenging of Trace Analytes in Complex Matrices for Fast Analysis by Carbon Dioxide Bubbling Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:5732-5740. [PMID: 32357302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) microbubbles can selectively enrich organic solutes from sea spray aerosols. Common bubbling extractions are normally followed by off-line separation/detection through methods such as mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy. However, it is necessary to establish extractions with online separation and identification systems to improve efficiency and minimize sample loss. In this study, CO2 is used to form microbubbles in the sample solution, and trace analytes in the solution are transported to the gas phase by bubble bursting. Analytes at the liquid-gas interface are directly released into the trapping device, followed by thermal desorption for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the dependence of the extraction efficiency on various parameters has been analyzed. The method reported here provides high efficiency and minimizes the loss of trace volatiles with a better signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio than other gases. These features make the proposed method a rapid method to detect and quantify volatile/semivolatile analytes in complex liquid matrices. In addition to the preconcentration of organics, metal ions, and inorganic anions, a noticeable decrease of metal-organic compounds in the aqueous solution was shown for the first time. We finally propose a simple model of chemical partitioning in CO2 bubbling extraction of liquid samples for guiding online monitoring of trace analytes in real-world samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yunan Qin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Congling Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prabhu GRD, Yang TH, Hsu CY, Shih CP, Chang CM, Liao PH, Ni HT, Urban PL. Facilitating chemical and biochemical experiments with electronic microcontrollers and single-board computers. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:925-90. [PMID: 31996842 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of modern science, researchers have had to rely on their technical skills or the support of specialized workshops to construct analytical instruments. The notion of the 'fourth industrial revolution' promotes construction of customized systems by individuals using widely available, inexpensive electronic modules. This protocol shows how chemists and biochemists can utilize a broad range of microcontroller boards (MCBs) and single-board computers (SBCs) to improve experimental designs and address scientific questions. We provide seven example procedures for laboratory routines that can be expedited by implementing this technology: (i) injection of microliter-volume liquid plugs into microscale capillaries for low-volume assays; (ii) transfer of liquid extract to a mass spectrometer; (iii) liquid-gas extraction of volatile organic compounds (called 'fizzy extraction'), followed by mass spectrometric detection; (iv) monitoring of experimental conditions over the Internet cloud in real time; (v) transfer of analytes to a mass spectrometer via a liquid microjunction interface, data acquisition, and data deposition into the Internet cloud; (vi) feedback control of a biochemical reaction; and (vii) optimization of sample flow rate in direct-infusion mass spectrometry. The protocol constitutes a primer for chemists and biochemists who would like to take advantage of MCBs and SBCs in daily experimentation. It is assumed that the readers have not attended any courses related to electronics or programming. Using the instructions provided in this protocol and the cited material, readers should be able to assemble simple systems to facilitate various procedures performed in chemical and biochemical laboratories in 1-2 d.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Extraction of volatile compounds from complex liquid matrices is a critical step in volatile compound analysis workflows. Recently, green chemistry principles are increasingly implemented in extraction processes. Some of the available approaches are solvent-free but still require concentration or trapping of analytes. Here, we propose effervescent tablet-induced extraction (ETIE) as a method of transferring volatile/semivolatile compounds from liquid matrices to the gas phase for analysis. This technique relies on the release of carbon dioxide produced in situ during a neutralization reaction, which occurs when a tablet is inserted into an aqueous sample matrix. In this process, many bubbles of carbon dioxide are instantly formed in the sample matrix. The bubbles rapidly extract and liberate volatile compounds from the sample. The gaseous effluent is then immediately transferred to a detector (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC) hyphenated with MS). ETIE-GC-MS can be used for analysis of volatile compounds present in real samples. The method was validated for analysis of selected ethyl esters present in a yogurt drink. The calibration data set was linear over a range from 5 × 10-7 to 1 × 10-5 M. The limits of detection ranged from 1.51 × 10-7 to 6.82 × 10-7 M, while the recoveries ranged from 71 to 118%. Inter- and intraday precision of selected ethyl esters in aqueous solution was satisfactory (relative standard deviation, 3.6-18.3%). Furthermore, it is shown that ETIE improves the performance of headspace solid-phase microextraction while eliminating the need for heating and shaking samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road , Hsinchu , 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road , Hsinchu , 30010 , Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Fizzy extraction (FE) facilitates analysis of volatile solutes by promoting their transfer from the liquid to the gas phase. A carrier gas is dissolved in the sample under moderate pressure (Δp ≈ 150 kPa), followed by an abrupt decompression, what leads to effervescence. The released gaseous analytes are directed to an on-line detector due to a small pressure difference. FE is advantageous in chemical analysis because the volatile species are released in a short time interval, allowing for pulsed injection, and leading to high signal-to-noise ratios. To shed light on the mechanism of FE, we have investigated various factors that could potentially contribute to the extraction efficiency, including: instrument-related factors, method-related factors, sample-related factors, and analyte-related factors. In particular, we have evaluated the properties of volatile solutes, which make them amenable to FE. The results suggest that the organic solutes may diffuse to the bubble lumen, especially in the presence of salt. The high signal intensities in FE coupled with mass spectrometry are partly due to the high sample introduction rate (upon decompression) to a mass-sensitive detector. However, the analytes with different properties (molecular weight, polarity) reveal distinct temporal profiles, pointing to the effect of bubble exposure to the sample matrix. A sufficient extraction time (~12 s) is required to extract less volatile solutes. The results presented in this report can help analysts to predict the occurrence of matrix effects when analyzing real samples. They also provide a basis for increasing extraction efficiency to detect low-abundance analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L. Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elpa DP, Prabhu GRD, Wu SP, Tay KS, Urban PL. Automation of mass spectrometric detection of analytes and related workflows: A review. Talanta 2019; 208:120304. [PMID: 31816721 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developments in mass spectrometry (MS) in the past few decades reveal the power and versatility of this technology. MS methods are utilized in routine analyses as well as research activities involving a broad range of analytes (elements and molecules) and countless matrices. However, manual MS analysis is gradually becoming a thing of the past. In this article, the available MS automation strategies are critically evaluated. Automation of analytical workflows culminating with MS detection encompasses involvement of automated operations in any of the steps related to sample handling/treatment before MS detection, sample introduction, MS data acquisition, and MS data processing. Automated MS workflows help to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MS methodology regarding reproducibility, throughput, and the expertise required to operate MS instruments. Such workflows often comprise automated off-line and on-line steps such as sampling, extraction, derivatization, and separation. The most common instrumental tools include autosamplers, multi-axis robots, flow injection systems, and lab-on-a-chip. Prototyping customized automated MS systems is a way to introduce non-standard automated features to MS workflows. The review highlights the enabling role of automated MS procedures in various sectors of academic research and industry. Examples include applications of automated MS workflows in bioscience, environmental studies, and exploration of the outer space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Decibel P Elpa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gurpur Rakesh D Prabhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|