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Zeeshan M, Tufail I, Khan S, Khan I, Ayuob S, Mohamed A, Chauhdary ST. Novel design and performance evaluation of an indirectly forced convection desiccant integrated solar dryer for drying tomatoes in Pakistan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29284. [PMID: 38655325 PMCID: PMC11036014 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of drying agricultural products for food preservation is a difficult task that requires a significant amount of energy. The increasing cost and depletion of fossil fuels have led to the development of a food dryer that utilizes renewable energy sources. This research paper proposes the design and performance evaluation of an indirectly forced convection desiccant integrated solar dryer (IFCDISD) at the Solar Energy Research Lab at USPCAS-E, NUST Pakistan. Tomatoes were chosen as the test product due to their importance and widespread consumption. The drying process involves slicing the tomatoes and placing them on the IFCDISD rack, where a desiccant called calcium chloride (CaCl2) is integrated into the dryer. The experiments were conducted during both sunshine (SS) hours and Off-sunshine (OSS) hours. The IFCDISD operates using sunlight during SS hours and utilizes the absorbed heat of CaCl2 in OSS hours via a forced DC brushless fan powered by battery charged thro solar panel. The tomatoes were weighed before and after each drying mode, and the moisture removal was calculated. The results show that the dryer efficiency was 50.14 % on day 1, 66 % on day 2, and an overall efficiency of 58.07 %. The moisture content removal was 42.858 % on day 1, 22.9979 % on day 2, and an overall moisture content removal of 58.07 %. Moreover, the payback period is 5.1396 and the carbon mitigation was recorded as 2.0335, and the earned carbon credit was recorded as 11559.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan
- USPCAS-E, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iram Tufail
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia, Turkey
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqib Ayuob
- USPCAS-E, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Mohamed
- Abdullah Mohamed Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sohaib Tahir Chauhdary
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah, 211, Sultanate of Oman
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Kondareddy R, Nayak PK, Krishnan KR, Deka D, Kumar KR. Experimental investigation and energy-exergy-environmental-economic analysis of modified indirect solar dual collector dryer while drying myrobalan slices. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27693-9. [PMID: 37261693 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the performance evaluation of a modified indirect solar dual collector dryer (MIS2CD) integrated with a thermal storage system for drying myrobalan slices. The design of the solar collector and solar collector with thermal storage was to supply uninterrupted thermal energy to the drying chamber during sunny and sunset hours. To evaluate the dryer performances, one lot (20 kg) of myrobalan was dried in the MIS2CD, and as a result, the thermal efficiency and energy supply period of MIS2CD increased by 12 ± 02% and 41 ± 1.2%, respectively. Drying characteristics of myrobalan slices in MIS2CD, TD, and OSD were studied and compared. A two-term exponential model best explains the drying kinetics of myrobalan slices dried in MIS2CD. The dried sample in MIS2CD results in lesser ΔE* values than TD and OSD methods. The highest exergy efficiency of 78.2% and lower exergy losses were recorded. The energy payback period of the MIS2CD was evaluated as 1.42 years. The CO2 emitted and CO2 reduced reduction are calculated for drying myrobalan in MIS2CD for a lifetime (20 years) of 67.85 kg and 20.65 tons, respectively. The capital cost of the solar dryer design was estimated depending on the economic considerations of the state. The drying hours were increased in MIS2CD against OSD by 59% on the annual sunny days (210 days). The sample drying period MSD and TD to reach the final moisture level of 7% was 9 h and 5 h, respectively. The total economic benefit is 22,622 INR (annually), and the 2.08 benefit-cost ratio for myrobalan dried in MIS2CD compared to TD. The MIS2CD's payback period is nearly 2.18 years, much less than the dryer's lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kondareddy
- Department of Instrumentation Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, Assam-783370, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Nayak
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, CIT Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam-783370, India.
| | - Kesavan Radha Krishnan
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, CIT Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, BTR, Assam-783370, India
| | - Dipen Deka
- Department of Instrumentation Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar, Assam-783370, India
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Ndukwu MC, Augustine EB, Ugwu E, Ibeh MI, Ekop I, Akpan G, Udo AE, Ihediwa VE, Akuwueke L, Mbanasor J, Abam F. Drying kinetics and thermo-economic analysis of drying hot water blanched ginger rhizomes in a hybrid composite solar dryer with heat exchanger. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13606. [PMID: 36852027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the need of adding hot water blanching pre-treatment on the drying of ginger rhizomes using a hybrid solar-dryer with paraffin liquid as thermal storage infused into a copper tube to form a compact heat exchanger. Blanching duration quickened the drying rate of the ginger rhizomes and the average drying rate for blanching at 90 s, 60 s, 30 s and un-blanched ginger varied between 0.0147 kg/h to 0.0245 kg/h at a sensible heat ratio of 4.12 × 10-5 to 2.53 × 10-3. The optimal drying rate varied from 0.01161 kg/h to 0.0263 kg/h for all treatment at a collector temperature range of 39.5 °C-40.5 °C and collector efficiency range of 14.3%-30%. The logarithmic model better predicted the drying kinetics of un-blanched and blanching for 30 s with an R2 value of 0.9875 and 0.97247 respectively while the modified Henderson and Pabis model better predicted drying of blanched ginger rhizomes at 60 s and 90 s with R2 values of 0.96252 and 0.98188 respectively. Using the hybrid solar dryer instead of artificial dryers with fossil energy sources can save about $75.731 to $757.31 of the running cost as the usage increased from 10 to 100%. The payback period decreased from 2.88 years to 0.31 years as the rate of usage increased from 10 to 100%. Using the presented solar dryer instead of coal, diesel or grid base electricity can prevent 15.96 to 186, 7.62 tones of CO2 from entering the atmosphere. The earned carbon credit if the dryer is to be powered by coal, diesel or grid base electricity were $ $6245364, $27080.52, and $231.45 per year respectively which can be used to compensate other non-renewable energy sources deployed within an energy enterprise.
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Alhanif M, Kumoro AC, Wardhani DH. Mass Transfer, Energy Utilization, Physical and Nutritional Properties Evaluations During Drying of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seeds at Low to Moderate Temperatures. Arab J Sci Eng 2022; 47:6245-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yahya M, Fahmi H, Hasibuan R, Suksaeree J. Experimental Performance Analysis of a Pilot-Scale Biomass-Assisted Recirculating Mixed-Flow Dryer for Drying Paddy. International Journal of Food Science 2022; 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35127932 PMCID: PMC8813286 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4373292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A large amount of heat energy is required for paddy drying processes to evaporate water from paddy grains. Currently, fossil fuels are being used as an energy source to heat air during the drying process. However, fossil fuels cause air pollution, climate change, and disruption of ecological balance. In this study, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels for paddy drying, a pilot-scale biomass-assisted recirculating mixed-flow drying system (PSBA-RMFD) for drying paddy was designed, installed, and tested. In this PSBA-RMFD, the heat energy required for heating the drying air was provided only by biomass. The PSBA-RMFD comprises a biomass furnace, drying column, vibratory feeder, bucket elevator, and blower. This study is aimed at evaluating the performance of the PSBA-RMFD with a drying capacity of 400 kg/h. The performance metrics of the PSBA-RMFD were specific energy consumption (SEC), specific thermal energy consumption (STEC), specific moisture evaporation rate (SMER), thermal efficiency of the PSBA-RMFD, exergy efficiency of the drying section, and improvement potential of the dryer. From the experiments conducted in this study, the values of the aforementioned performance parameters were as follows: 0.806-8.656 kW h/kg of water evaporated; 0.385-4.136 kW h/kg of water evaporated; 0.122-1.308 kg of water evaporated/kW h; 7.82-83.99%; 15.28-25.64%; and 858.90-1355.62 W, respectively. The paddy moisture content was reduced from 20.90% wet basis (initial weight of 400 kg) to 13.30% wet basis (final weight of 364 kg) in 270 min, with an average temperature of 78.15°C and average relative humidity of 8.55%. The percentage of biomass energy used in the drying system was approximately 47.77% of the overall energy. In addition, the payback period of the PSBA-RMFD was 1.9 years.
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Singh P, Gaur MK. Sustainability assessment of hybrid active greenhouse solar dryer integrated with evacuated solar collector. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:684-691. [PMID: 34661167 PMCID: PMC8502910 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment and Economy are the two important pillars of sustainability. In this paper, the economic viability and environmental impact of the novel greenhouse dryer with an evacuated solar collector are calculated. For this analysis, tomato is dried inside the dryer as it is a high moisture crop that requires a faster drying rate otherwise it starts giving a bad odor and gets contaminated. The hybrid active greenhouse dryer is developed especially for drying high moisture agro and non-agro-based produce. Evacuated tube solar collector is integrated with the dryer that supplies the hot water to the heat exchanger kept inside the dryer. The hot water flowing inside the copper tubes of the heat exchanger transfers its heat to room air through convection and to crop through conduction. Hence the higher room temperature and faster moisture removal rate are obtained. Tomato slices have been dried from 94.6% (wb) to 10% (wb) moisture content in 10 h. The developed dryer can produce 261 kg of dried tomato annually and its payback time is only 1.73 years which is very less as compared to its life of 30 years. In its entire lifetime, the dryer will mitigate 169.10 tonnes of CO2 that prove its suitability from a sustainable point of view. A Novel hybrid greenhouse Solar dryer is developed for drying high moisture crops. Dryer is totally dependent on renewable energy source with an increased drying period per day even after sunset. The economic analysis shows that the capital cost of hybrid dryer is not too high as compared to other hybrid dryer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India-474005
| | - M K Gaur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India-474005
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Gill RS, Singh S, Hans VS, Mittal TC. Turmeric (
Curcuma longa
) drying in natural circulation solar dryer: An experimental evaluation. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raminder Singh Gill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
| | - Sukhmeet Singh
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
| | | | - Tarsem Chand Mittal
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India
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Kondareddy R, Sivakumaran N, Radha Krishnan K, Nayak PK, Sahu FM, Singha S. Performance evaluation and economic analysis of modified solar dryer with thermal energy storage for drying of blood fruit (
Haematocarpus validus
). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kondareddy
- Department of Instrumentation and Control NIT Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli India
- Department of Instrumentation Engineering CIT Kokrajhar Kokrajhar India
| | | | | | | | - Fakir Mohan Sahu
- Department of Post‐Harvest Technology Navsari Agricultural University Navsari India
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Affiliation(s)
- Elavarasan Elangovan
- Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal Puducherry India
| | - Sendhil Kumar Natarajan
- Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal Puducherry India
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Nwakuba N, Ndukwe S, Paul T. Influence of product geometry and process variables on drying energy demand of vegetables: An experimental study. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nnaemeka Nwakuba
- Department of Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering, School of Engineering & Engineering Technology Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria
| | - Samson Ndukwe
- Department of Agricultural & Bio‐environmental Engineering Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri Nigeria
| | - Tosin Paul
- Department of Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering, College of Engineering & Engineering Technology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria
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Ndukwu MC, Bennamoun L, Simo-tagne M. Reviewing the Exergy Analysis of Solar Thermal Systems Integrated with Phase Change Materials. Energies 2021; 14:724. [DOI: 10.3390/en14030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of thermal storage materials in solar systems involves materials that utilize sensible heat energy, thermo-chemical reactions or phase change materials, such as hydrated salts, fatty acids paraffin and non-paraffin like glycerol. This article reviews the various exergy approaches that were applied for several solar systems including hybrid solar water heating, solar still, solar space heating, solar dryers/heaters and solar cooking systems. In fact, exergy balance was applied for the different components of the studied system with a particular attention given to the determination of the exergy efficiency and the calculation of the exergy during charging and discharging periods. The influence of the system configuration and heat transfer fluid was also emphasized. This review shows that not always the second law of thermodynamics was applied appropriately during modeling, such as how to consider heat charging and discharging periods of the tested phase change material. Accordingly, the possibility of providing with inappropriate or not complete results, was pointed.
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Ndukwu M, Diemuodeke E, Abam F, Abada U, Eke-emezie N, Simo-Tagne M. Development and modelling of heat and mass transfer analysis of a low-cost solar dryer integrated with biomass heater: Application for West African Region. Scientific African 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Delgado-plaza E, Quilambaqui M, Peralta-jaramillo J, Apolo H, Velázquez-martí B. Estimation of the Energy Consumption of the Rice and Corn Drying Process in the Equatorial Zone. Applied Sciences 2020; 10:7497. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drying is considered one of the industrial processes that requires more energy than other processes, being a topic of much interest to the agricultural sector, especially the evaluation of energy consumption for rice and corn dryers. To meet this goal, an overview survey matrix and protocols for temperature measurements of dryers were developed. The study evaluated 49 rice dryers and 14 yellow corn dryers. As a result, it was determined that the oversizing of the fan/extractor and the dryer engine generates a high energy consumption, added to the lack of insulation in the heat ducts. Therefore, the drying productivity index is very low in dryers using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) being 0.14 dollar/quintal for rice and 0.27 dollar/quintal for corn and using biomass reaches 1.4 dollars/quintal. In relation to energy losses, these account for more than 55%. Inadequate energy management in drying processes directly influences the marketing chain of products, the losses of which are caused by fluctuations in the price of rice and corn on the domestic market, with the agricultural sector having to generate an energy efficiency plan.
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Suherman S, Hadiyanto H, Susanto EE, Rahmatullah SA, Pratama AR. Towards an optimal hybrid solar method for lime-drying behavior. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05356. [PMID: 33163656 PMCID: PMC7610268 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lime is one of the most commonly consumed medicinal plants in Indonesia, which must be dried to preserve its quality, but mostly by using traditional, ineffective drying method. Therefore, this study aims to investigate lime drying process a hybrid solar drying method. The hybrid solar dryer consisted of a solar dryer and Liquefied Petroleum Gas as the supplementary heater. The drying process was conducted until there was no significant weight decrease, with the drying temperature of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. Thin-layer modeling and quality analysis were also conducted. The experimental results indicated that 5 h was required to sufficiently dry the lime at 80 °C, while drying at 40 °C took 24 h to finish. The drying rate curve of lime suggested that lime drying mostly happened during the falling-rate period. Moreover, the average efficiency of the hybrid solar dryer ranged from 5.36% to 38.61%, which increased with temperature. From the 10 thin-layer drying models used, the Wang and Singh model was the most suitable to describe the drying behavior of lime. The effective diffusivity values of the limes and the activation energy value during hybrid solar drying were within their respective acceptable range for agricultural products. However, as the drying temperature was increased from 40 to 80 °C, the total phenolic content and vitamin C content decreased, from 87.3 to 27.8 mg GAE/100 g dry limes and 0.118 to 0.015 ppm, respectively. It can be concluded that hybrid solar dryer is able to sufficiently dry the lime, with acceptable drying time and dryer efficiency, although using high drying temperature will decrease the quality of dried lime. Further modifications and improvements to the hybrid solar dryer are required to maximize the quality of dried lime while still maintaining fast and effective drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suherman Suherman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Evan Eduard Susanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Shesar Anis Rahmatullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Rofi Pratama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
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Ndukwu MC, Ikechukwu-Edeh CE, Nwakuba NR, Okosa I, Horsefall IT, Orji FN. Nanomaterials application in greenhouse structures, crop processing machinery, packaging materials and agro-biomass conversion. Mater Sci Energy Technol 2020; 3:690-699. [PMID: 33604530 PMCID: PMC7416747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mset.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of nanomaterials has flagged off crucial research and innovations in science and engineering. Its unique properties and diverse applications present it as the material for the future. The aim of this study is to presents the relative applications of nanomaterial in some aspects of agriculture production. The study discussed nanotechnology applicability in climate control and photosynthesis in the greenhouse farming, hydroponic systems, solar drying, fabrication of crop processing machine components, oxygen scavengers in crop packaging, and micro-organism stimulant in anaerobic digestion for agro biomass conversion. Some highlights from the review revealed that Nanotechnology can be applied to increase water surface area to volume ratio and heat transfer in the air moving into a greenhouse farming. Water cluster can be changed when treated with nanoparticles through ultraviolet absorption spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy resulting in lower micelles to manipulate water delivery in green house farming. Nano-fluids or Nano-composites can be used to recombine the reactive parts of thermal storage materials after broken at elevated temperature to recover the stored heat for drying purpose during the off-sunshine periods in solar drying of crops. Nanomaterials can be a source of electroluminescence light in hydroponic system and act as coatings and surface hardener in crop processing machinery for post-harvest machines. The reviewed work showed that nanotechnologies has good prospect in adding value in agricultural production in the aspects discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ndukwu
- Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - C E Ikechukwu-Edeh
- Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - N R Nwakuba
- Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - I Okosa
- Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - I T Horsefall
- Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria
| | - F N Orji
- Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria
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