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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Qi C, Chen J, Hu H, Tan G, Tu J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate derived polymer coated Prussian blue for synergistic ROS elimination and antibacterial therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124095. [PMID: 38588757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in wound healing process by fighting against invaded bacteria. However, excess ROS at the wound sites lead to oxidative stress that can trigger deleterious effects, causing cell death, tissue damage and chronic inflammation. Therefore, we fabricated a core-shell structured nanomedicine with antibacterial and antioxidant properties via a facile and green strategy. Specifically, Prussian blue (PB) nanozyme was fabricated and followed by coating a layer of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-derived polymer via polyphenolic condensation reaction and self-assembly process, resulting in PB@EGCG. The introduction of PB core endowed EGCG-based polyphenol nanoparticles with excellent NIR-triggered photothermal properties. Besides, owing to multiple enzyme-mimic activity of PB and potent antioxidant capacity of EGCG-derived polymer, PB@EGCG exhibited a remarkable ROS-scavenging ability, mitigated intracellular ROS level and protected cells from oxidative damage. Under NIR irradiation (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2), PB@EGCG (50 µg/mL) exerted synergistic EGCG-derived polymer-photothermal antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In vivo therapeutic effect was evaluated using a S. aureus-infected rat model indicated PB@EGCG with a prominent bactericidal ability could modulate the inflammatory microenvironment and accelerate wound healing. Overall, this dual-functional nanomedicine provides a promising strategy for efficient antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yipin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haonan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guitao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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2
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Kumar M, Mahmood S, Chopra S, Bhatia A. Biopolymer based nanoparticles and their therapeutic potential in wound healing - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131335. [PMID: 38604431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively investigated for their potential in nanomedicine. There is a significant level of enthusiasm about the potential of NPs to bring out a transformative impact on modern healthcare. NPs can serve as effective wound dressings or delivery vehicles due to their antibacterial and pro-wound-healing properties. Biopolymer-based NPs can be manufactured using various food-grade biopolymers, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers, each offering distinct properties suitable for different applications which include collagen, polycaprolactone, chitosan, alginate, and polylactic acid, etc. Their biodegradable and biocompatible nature renders them ideal nanomaterials for applications in wound healing. Additionally, the nanofibers containing biopolymer-based NPs have shown excellent anti-bacterial and wound healing activity like silver NPs. These NPs represent a paradigm shift in wound healing therapies, offering targeted and personalized solutions for enhanced tissue regeneration and accelerated wound closure. The current review focuses on biopolymer NPs with their applications in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shruti Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India.
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India.
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Lan X, Yang H, Xiong Y, Zeng G, Dong F. Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan quaternary ammonium salt composite hydrogel with directional macroporous structure for photothermal synergistic antibacterial and wound healing promotion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131549. [PMID: 38626838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
After skin tissue trauma, wound infections caused by bacteria posed a great threat to skin repair. However, resistance to antibiotics, the current treatment of choice for bacterial infections, greatly affected the efficiency of anti-infection and wound healing. Therefore, there has been a critical need for the development of novel antimicrobial materials and advanced therapeutic methods to aid in skin repair. In this paper, rGO-PDA@ZIF-8 nanofillers were prepared by coating graphene oxide (GO) with dopamine (DA), followed by in situ growth of zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). Using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (CS) as matrix materials, along with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a pore-forming agent, and rGO-PDA@ZIF-8 as an antimicrobial nano-filler, we successfully prepared rGO-PDA@ZIF-8/PVA/CS composite hydrogels with a directional macroporous structure using bidirectional freezing method and phase separation technique. This hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties, good solubility and water retention capabilities. In addition, the hydrogel demonstrated excellent biocompatibility. Most notably, it not only exhibited excellent bactericidal effect against E. coli and S. aureus (99.1 % and 99.0 %, respectively) under the synergistic effect of intrinsic antibacterial activity and photothermal antibacterial, but also exhibited the ability to promote wound healing, making it a promising candidate for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Lan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Guanyue Zeng
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Liu Y, Teng J, Huang R, Zhao W, Yang D, Ma Y, Wei H, Chen H, Zhang J, Chen J. Injectable plant-derived polysaccharide hydrogels with intrinsic antioxidant bioactivity accelerate wound healing by promoting epithelialization and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131170. [PMID: 38554906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex and dynamic process involving hemostasis, inflammatory response, cell proliferation and migration, and angiogenesis. Currently used wound dressings remain unsatisfactory in the clinic due to the lack of adjustable mechanical property for injection operation and bioactivity for accelerating wound healing. In this work, an "all-sugar" hydrogel dressing is developed based on dynamic borate bonding network between the hydroxyl groups of okra polysaccharide (OP) and xyloglucan (XG). Benefiting from the reversible crosslinking network, the resulting composite XG/OP hydrogels exhibited good shear-thinning and fast self-healing properties, which is suitable to be injected at wound beds and filled into irregular injured site. Besides, the proposed XG/OP hydrogels showed efficient antioxidant capacity by scavenging DPPH activity of 73.9 %. In vivo experiments demonstrated that XG/OP hydrogels performed hemostasis and accelerated wound healing with reduced inflammation, enhanced collagen deposition and angiogenesis. This plant-derived dynamic hydrogel offers a facile and effective approach for wound management and has great potential for clinical translation in feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital and Shandong University Center for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Jingmei Teng
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Rongjian Huang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital and Shandong University Center for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Yuxi Ma
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Hailan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital and Shandong University Center for Orthopaedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China.
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Ding C, Liu X, Zhang S, Sun S, Yang J, Chai G, Wang N, Ma S, Ding Q, Liu W. Multifunctional hydrogel bioscaffolds based on polysaccharide to promote wound healing: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129356. [PMID: 38218300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Various types of skin wounds pose challenges in terms of healing and susceptibility to infection, which can have a significant impact on physical and mental well-being, and in severe cases, may result in amputation. Conventional wound dressings often fail to provide optimal support for these wounds, thereby impeding the healing process. As a result, there has been considerable interest in the development of multifunctional polymer matrix hydrogel scaffolds for wound healing. This review offers a comprehensive review of the characteristics of polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffolds, as well as their applications in different types of wounds. Additionally, it evaluates the advantages and disadvantages associated with various types of multifunctional polymer and polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffolds. The objective is to provide a theoretical foundation for the utilization of multifunctional hydrogel scaffolds in promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guodong Chai
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qiteng Ding
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Scientific and Technological Innovation Center of Health Products and Medical Materials with Characteristic Resources of Jilin Province, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Wencong Liu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou 543002, China.
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Ke Q, Ma K, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Huang X, Kou X. Antibacterial aroma compounds as property modifiers for electrospun biopolymer nanofibers of proteins and polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126563. [PMID: 37657584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is one of the most promising techniques for producing biopolymer nanofibers for various applications. Proteins and polysaccharides, among other biopolymers, are attractive substrates for electrospinning due to their favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, there are still challenges to improve the mechanical properties, water sensitivity and biological activity of biopolymer nanofibers. Therefore, these strategies such as polymer blending, application of cross-linking agents, the addition of nanoparticles and bioactive components, and modification of biopolymer have been developed to enhance the properties of biopolymer nanofibers. Among them, antibacterial aroma compounds (AACs) from essential oils are widely used as bioactive components and property modifiers in various biopolymer nanofibers to enhance the functionality, hydrophobicity, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of nanofibers, which depends on the electrospun strategy of AACs. This review summarizes the recently reported antimicrobial activities and applications of AACs, and compares the effects of four electrospinning strategies for encapsulating AACs on the properties and applications of nanofibers. The authors focus on the correlation of the main characteristics of these biopolymer electrospun nanofibers with the encapsulation strategy of AACs in the nanofibers. Moreover, this review also particularly emphasizes the impact of the characteristics of these nanofibers on their application field of antimicrobial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfei Ke
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kangning Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yunchong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Qingran Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Xingran Kou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Li X, Sun S, Yang A, Li X, Jiang Z, Wu S, Zhou F. Dual-crosslinked methacrylamide chitosan/poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers sequential releasing of tannic acid and curcumin drugs for accelerating wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127601. [PMID: 37871718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research study is to develop novel composite nanofibers based on methacrylamide chitosan (ChMA)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) materials by the dual crosslinking and coaxial-electrospinning strategies. The prepared ChMA/PCL composite nanofibers can sequentially deliver tannic acid and curcumin drugs to synergistically inhibit bacterial reproduction and accelerate wound healing. The rapid delivery of tannic acid is expected to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and accelerate epithelialization in the early stage, while the slow and sustained release of curcumin is with the aim of relieving chronic inflammatory response and inducing dermal tissue maturation in the late stage. Meanwhile, dual-drugs sequentially released from the membrane exhibited a DPPH free radical scavenging rate of ca. 95 % and an antibacterial rate of above 85 %. Moreover, the membrane possessed great biocompatibility in vitro and significantly inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) in vivo. Animal experiments showed that the composite membrane by means of the synergistic effect of polyphenol drugs and ChMA nanofibers, could significantly alleviate macrophage infiltration and accelerate the healing process of wounds. From the above, the as-prepared ChMA-based membrane with a stage-wise release pattern of drugs could be a promising bioengineered construct for wound healing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Shibin Sun
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Anle Yang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhan Jiang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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Ding Q, Zhang S, Liu X, Zhao Y, Yang J, Chai G, Wang N, Ma S, Liu W, Ding C. Hydrogel Tissue Bioengineered Scaffolds in Bone Repair: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7039. [PMID: 37894518 PMCID: PMC10609504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large bone defects due to trauma, infections, and tumors are difficult to heal spontaneously by the body's repair mechanisms and have become a major hindrance to people's daily lives and economic development. However, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts, with their lack of donors, more invasive surgery, immune rejection, and potential viral transmission, hinder the development of bone repair. Hydrogel tissue bioengineered scaffolds have gained widespread attention in the field of bone repair due to their good biocompatibility and three-dimensional network structure that facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation. In addition, loading natural products with nanoparticles and incorporating them into hydrogel tissue bioengineered scaffolds is one of the most effective strategies to promote bone repair due to the good bioactivity and limitations of natural products. Therefore, this paper presents a brief review of the application of hydrogels with different gel-forming properties, hydrogels with different matrices, and nanoparticle-loaded natural products loaded and incorporated into hydrogels for bone defect repair in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiteng Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Q.D.); (S.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Q.D.); (S.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China;
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China;
| | - Jiali Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Q.D.); (S.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Guodong Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (G.C.); (N.W.)
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (G.C.); (N.W.)
| | - Shuang Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Q.D.); (S.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Wencong Liu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou 543002, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China;
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Center of Health Products and Medical Materials with Characteristic Resources of Jilin Province, Changchun 130118, China
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