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Vafadar A, Vosough P, Jahromi HK, Tajbakhsh A, Savardshtaki A, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. The role of efferocytosis and transplant rejection: Strategies in promoting transplantation tolerance using apoptotic cell therapy and/or synthetic particles. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:959-977. [PMID: 37787641 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, efforts have been made to recognize the precise reason(s) for transplant failure and the process of rejection utilizing the molecular signature. Most transplant recipients do not appreciate the unknown length of survival of allogeneic grafts with the existing standard of care. Two noteworthy immunological pathways occur during allogeneic transplant rejection. A nonspecific innate immune response predominates in the early stages of the immune reaction, and allogeneic antigens initiate a donor-specific adaptive reaction. Though the adaptive response is the major cause of allograft rejection, earlier pro-inflammatory responses that are part of the innate immune response are also regarded as significant in graft loss. The onset of the innate and adaptive immune response causes chronic and acute transplant rejection. Currently employed immunosuppressive medications have shown little or no influence on chronic rejection and, as a result, on overall long-term transplant survival. Furthermore, long-term pharmaceutical immunosuppression is associated with side effects, toxicity, and an increased risk of developing diseases, both infectious and metabolic. As a result, there is a need for the development of innovative donor-specific immunosuppressive medications to regulate the allorecognition pathways that induce graft loss and to reduce the side effects of immunosuppression. Efferocytosis is an immunomodulatory mechanism with fast and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs). As such, AC therapy strategies have been suggested to limit transplant-related sequelae. Efferocytosis-based medicines/treatments can also decrease the use of immunosuppressive drugs and have no detrimental side effects. Thus, this review aims to investigate the impact of efferocytosis on transplant rejection/tolerance and identify approaches using AC clearance to increase transplant viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Vafadar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Vosough
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardshtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Qiu H, Shao Z, Wen X, Liu Z, Chen Z, Qu D, Ding X, Zhang L. Efferocytosis: An accomplice of cancer immune escape. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115540. [PMID: 37741255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells is termed as "efferocytosis", it plays critical roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Currently, available studies indicate that efferocytosis-related molecules and pathways are tightly associated with cancer development, metastasis and treatment resistance, efferocytosis also induces an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and assists cancer cells escape from immune surveillance. In this study, we reviewed the underlying mechanisms of efferocytosis in mediating the occurrence of cancer immune escape, and then emphatically summarized the strategies of using efferocytosis as therapeutic target to enhance the anti-tumor efficacies of immune checkpoint inhibitors, hoping to provide powerful evidences for more effective therapeutic regimens of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiying Shao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Debao Qu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Liu X, Pang S, Jiang Y, Wang L, Liu Y. The Role of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis: Participants and Therapists. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07513-5. [PMID: 37864633 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Currently, atherosclerosis, characterized by the dysfunction of lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation in the intimal space of the vessel, is considered to be a metabolic disease. As the most abundant innate immune cells in the body, macrophages play a key role in the onset, progression, or regression of atherosclerosis. For example, macrophages exhibit several polarization states in response to microenvironmental stimuli; an increasing proportion of macrophages, polarized toward M2, can suppress inflammation, scavenge cell debris and apoptotic cells, and contribute to tissue repair and fibrosis. Additionally, specific exosomes, generated by macrophages containing certain miRNAs and effective efferocytosis of macrophages, are crucial for atherosclerosis. Therefore, macrophages have emerged as a novel potential target for anti-atherosclerosis therapy. This article reviews the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis from different aspects: origin, phenotype, exosomes, and efferocytosis, and discusses new approaches for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Repac J, Božić B, Božić Nedeljković B. Microbes as triggers and boosters of Type 1 Diabetes - Mediation by molecular mimicry. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023:110824. [PMID: 37429362 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes is characterized by steadily increasing incidence and largely obscured pathogenesis. Molecular mimicry is well-established as trigger for different autoimmune pathologies, but obscurely explored in the context of T1D. The presented study explores the underestimated role of molecular mimicry in T1D-etiology/progression in search for etiologic factors among human pathogens and commensals. METHODS A comprehensive immunoinformatics analysis of T1D-specific experimental T-cell epitopes across bacterial, fungal, and viral proteomes was performed, coupled with MHC-restricted mimotope validation and docking of most potent epitopes/mimotopes to T1D-high-risk MHCII molecules. In addition, re-analysis of the publicly available T1D-microbiota dataset was performed, including samples at the pre-T1D disease stage. RESULTS A number of bacterial pathogens/commensals were tagged as putative T1D triggers/boosters, including ubiquitous gut residents. The prediction of most likely mimicked epitopes revealed heat-shock proteins as most potent autoantigens for autoreactive T-cell priming via molecular mimicry. Docking revealed analogous interactions for predicted bacterial mimotopes and corresponding experimental epitopes. Finally, re-analysis of T1D gut microbiota datasets prompted pre-T1D as most significantly different/dysbiotic, compared to other explored categories (T1D stage/controls). CONCLUSIONS Obtained results support the unrecognized role of molecular mimicry in T1D, suggesting that autoreactive T-cell priming might be the triggering factor of disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelana Repac
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Božić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božić Nedeljković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Belgrade, Serbia.
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Karami N, Savardashtaki A, Butler AE, Rizzo M, Sahebkar A. The regulation of efferocytosis signaling pathways and adipose tissue homeostasis in physiological conditions and obesity: Current understanding and treatment options. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13487. [PMID: 35765849 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with changes in the resolution of acute inflammation that contribute to the clinical complications. The exact mechanisms underlying unresolved inflammation in obesity are not fully understood. Adipocyte death leads to pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages, stimulating additional adipocyte apoptosis. Thus, a complex and tightly regulated process to inhibit inflammation and maintain homeostasis after adipocyte apoptosis is needed to maintain health. In normal condition, a specialized phagocytic process (efferocytosis) performs this function, clearing necrotic and apoptotic cells (ACs) and controlling inflammation. For efficient and continued efferocytosis, phagocytes must internalize multiple ACs in physiological conditions and handle the excess metabolic burden in adipose tissue. In obesity, this control is lost and can be an important hallmark of the disease. In this regard, the deficiency of efferocytosis leads to delayed resolution of acute inflammation and can result in ongoing inflammation, immune system dysfunction, and insulin resistance in obesity. Hence, efficient clearance of ACs by M2 macrophages could limit long-term inflammation and ensue clinical complications, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review elaborates upon the molecular mechanisms to identify efferocytosis regulators in obesity, and the mechanisms that can improve efferocytosis and reduce obesity-related complications, such as the use of pharmacological agents and regular exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Neda Karami
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, 15503, Bahrain
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Zhang N, Li M, Hou Z, Ma L, Younas A, Wang Z, Jiang X, Gao J. From vaccines to nanovaccines: A promising strategy to revolutionize rheumatoid arthritis treatment. J Control Release 2022; 350:107-21. [PMID: 35977582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-related autoimmune disease that is difficult to cure. Most therapeutics act to alleviate the symptoms but not correct the causes of RA. Novel strategies that specifically target the causes are highly needed for RA management. Currently, early interruption of RA is increasingly suggested but the corresponding therapeutics are not available. Vaccines that have shown great success to combat infection, cancer, degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc. are ideal candidates for a new generation of anti-RA therapeutics to correct the causes and prevent RA or interrupt RA in early phases. Anti-RA vaccines can be divided into two major categories. One is to induce neutralizing antibodies and the other is to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. The vaccines are inherently linked to nanotechnology because they usually need a biomacromolecule or carrier to provoke sufficient immune responses. In the past decade, designed nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, etc., have been applied to optimize the vaccines for autoimmune disease treatment. Nanotechnology endows vaccines with a higher biostability, tunable in vivo behavior, better targeting, co-delivery with stimulatory agents, regulatory effects on immune responses, etc. In this review, unmet medical needs for RA treatment and anti-RA vaccinology are first introduced. The development of anti-RA therapies from vaccines to nanovaccines are then reviewed and perspectives on how nanotechnology promotes vaccine development and advancement are finally provided. In addition, challenges for anti-RA vaccine development are summarized and advantages of nanovaccines are analyzed. In conclusion, nanovaccines will be a promising strategy to revolutionize the treatment of RA by correcting the causes in an early phase of RA.
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7
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Li Z, Bai X, Fan Y, Jia Q, Zhang H, Hou H. Structure of type II collagen from sturgeon cartilage and its effect on adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Food Funct 2022; 13:6152-6165. [PMID: 35582851 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to extract and characterize type II collagen of sturgeon cartilage (SC-CII), and to explore the effects of taking SC-CII orally on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in rats. SC-CII showed a triple-helix structure (RPN = 0.12), with d1 of 11.82 Å and d2 of 4.08 Å, which was analyzed by FT-IR, CD, XRD, and MS. It was constructed of the repeating tripeptide unit Gly-X-Y, where X and Y are generally Pro or Hyp, proved by amino acid composition and peptide mass fingerprinting. Furthermore, the effects of SC-CII on RA were evaluated. Ankle thickness was significantly decreased in SC-CII groups, with changes in lymphocyte proliferation also observed. Compared with the model control group, there was an evident decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, MCP-1, and TLR-4 mRNA levels, but no remarkable differences in APF, MMP-3, and MyD88 mRNA levels in the SC-CII groups. In addition, TNF-α, IL-1β, RF, Anti-CII Ab were significantly reduced in the SC-CII groups, proved by ELISA. Therefore, SC-CII showed alleviating effects on RA through the TLR4/MyD88-NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, YuShan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, P.R. China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, YuShan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, YuShan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Qiannan Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, YuShan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, P.R. China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Technology Center of Qingdao Customs, No. 83, Xinyue Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, P.R. China
| | - Hu Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, YuShan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, P.R. China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, P.R. China
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8
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Tajbakhsh A, Yousefi F, Abedi SM, Rezaee M, Savardashtaki A, Teng Y, Sahebkar A. The cross-talk between soluble "Find me" and "Keep out" signals as an initial step in regulating efferocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3113-3126. [PMID: 35578547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), known as efferocytosis, prompts the inhibition of inflammatory responses and autoimmunity and maintains homeostatic cell turnover by controlling the release of intracellular contents. The fast clearance of ACs requires professional and nonprofessional phagocytic cells that can accurately and promptly recognize ACs and migrate towards them. Cells undergoing apoptosis alarm their presence by releasing special soluble chemotactic factors, such as lactoferrin, that act as "Find me," "Keep out," or "Stay away" signals to recruit phagocytic cells, such as macrophages or prevent granulocyte migration. Efferocytosis effectively serves to prevent damage-associated molecular pattern release and secondary necrosis and inhibit inflammation/autoimmunity at the very first step. Since less attention has been given to the cross-talk and balance of "Find me" and "Keep out" signals released from ACs in efferocytosis, we set out to investigate the current knowledge of the roles of "Find me" and "Keep out" signals in the efferocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh M Abedi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Depatment of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Mortazavi D, Medhati P, Rostami B, Savardashtaki A, Momtazi-Borojeni AA. The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Efferocytosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Opportunities. COPD 2021; 18:723-736. [PMID: 34865568 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2021.1978419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking-related inflammation, cellular stresses, and tissue destruction play a key role in lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Notably, augmented apoptosis and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells, efferocytosis, contribute to the chronic inflammatory response and tissue destruction in patients with COPD. Of note, exposure to cigarette smoke can impair alveolar macrophages efferocytosis activity, which leads to secondary necrosis formation and tissue inflammation. A better understanding of the processes behind the effect of cigarette smoke on efferocytosis concerning lung disorders can help to design more efficient treatment approaches and also delay the development of lung disease, such as COPD. To this end, we aimed to seek mechanisms underlying the impairing effect of cigarette smoke on macrophages-mediated efferocytosis in COPD. Further, available therapeutic opportunities for restoring efferocytosis activity and ameliorating respiratory tract inflammation in smokers with COPD were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Deniz Mortazavi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pourya Medhati
- Student research committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Rostami
- Health & Treatment Center of Rostam, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Iran's National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by both specialized phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non‑specialized phagocytes (such as epithelial cells), is involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. Effective efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis, terminates inflammatory responses, promotes self‑tolerance and activates pro‑resolving pathways to maintain homeostasis. When efferocytosis is impaired, apoptotic cells that could not be cleared in time aggregate, resulting in the necrosis of apoptotic cells and release of pro‑inflammatory factors. In addition, defective efferocytosis inhibits the intracellular cholesterol reverse transportation pathways, which may lead to atherosclerosis, lung damage, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The uncleared apoptotic cells can also release autoantigens, which can cause autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells escape from phagocytosis via efferocytosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies for diseases related to defective efferocytosis are proposed. This review illustrated the mechanisms of efferocytosis in multisystem diseases and organismal homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of defective efferocytosis. Several drugs and treatments available to enhance efferocytosis are also mentioned in the review, serving as new evidence for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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11
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibi Hayat SM, Movahedpour A, Savardashtaki A, Loveless R, Barreto GE, Teng Y, Sahebkar A. The complex roles of efferocytosis in cancer development, metastasis, and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111776. [PMID: 34062411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When tumor cells are killed by targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, they trigger their primary tumor by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Microenvironmental interactions can also promote tumor heterogeneity and development. In this line, several immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, including macrophages, dendritic cells, regulatory T-cells, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, are involved in the clearance of apoptotic tumor cells through a process called efferocytosis. Although the efficiency of apoptotic tumor cell efferocytosis is positive under physiological conditions, there are controversies regarding its usefulness in treatment-induced apoptotic tumor cells (ATCs). Efferocytosis can show the limitation of cytotoxic treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Since cytotoxic treatments lead to extensive cell mortality, efferocytosis, and macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, the immune response may get involved in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Tumor cells can use the anti-inflammatory effect of apoptotic tumor cell efferocytosis to induce an immunosuppressive condition that is tumor-tolerant. Since M2 polarization and efferocytosis are tumor-promoting processes, the receptors on macrophages act as potential targets for cancer therapy. Moreover, researchers have shown that efferocytosis-related molecules/pathways are potential targets for cancer therapy. These include phosphatidylserine and calreticulin, Tyro3, Axl, and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK), receptors of tyrosine kinase, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1, annexin V, CD47, TGF-β, IL-10, and macrophage phenotype switch are combined with conventional therapy, which can be more effective in cancer treatment. Thus, we set out to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of efferocytosis in treatment-induced apoptotic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi Hayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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