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Park G, Rim YA, Sohn Y, Nam Y, Ju JH. Replacing Animal Testing with Stem Cell-Organoids : Advantages and Limitations. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10723-5. [PMID: 38639829 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Various groups including animal protection organizations, medical organizations, research centers, and even federal agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, are working to minimize animal use in scientific experiments. This movement primarily stems from animal welfare and ethical concerns. However, recent advances in technology and new studies in medicine have contributed to an increase in animal experiments throughout the years. With the rapid increase in animal testing, concerns arise including ethical issues, high cost, complex procedures, and potential inaccuracies.Alternative solutions have recently been investigated to address the problems of animal testing. Some of these technologies are related to stem cell technologies, such as organ-on-a-chip, organoids, and induced pluripotent stem cell models. The aim of the review is to focus on stem cell related methodologies, such as organoids, that can serve as an alternative to animal testing and discuss its advantages and limitations, alongside regulatory considerations.Although stem cell related methodologies has shortcomings, it has potential to replace animal testing. Achieving this requires further research on stem cells, with potential societal and technological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyoung Park
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Health & Wellness College, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 4 3, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeowon Sohn
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
- Yipscell Inc, L2 Omnibus Park, Banpo-dearo 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 4 3, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Yipscell Inc, L2 Omnibus Park, Banpo-dearo 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Galvan A, Pellicciari C, Calderan L. Recreating Human Skin In Vitro: Should the Microbiota Be Taken into Account? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1165. [PMID: 38256238 PMCID: PMC10816982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin plays crucial roles in the human body: besides protecting the organism from external threats, it acts as a thermal regulator, is responsible for the sense of touch, hosts microbial communities (the skin microbiota) involved in preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens, contains immunocompetent cells that maintain a healthy immunogenic/tolerogenic balance, and is a suitable route for drug administration. In the skin, four defense levels can be identified: besides the physical, chemical, and immune barriers that are inherent to the tissue, the skin microbiota (i.e., the numerous microorganisms living on the skin surface) provides an additional barrier. Studying the skin barrier function or the effects of drugs or cosmetic agents on human skin is a difficult task since snapshot evidence can only be obtained using bioptic samples where dynamic processes cannot properly be followed. To overcome these limitations, many different in vitro models of human skin have been developed that are characterized by diverse levels of complexity in terms of chemical, structural, and cellular composition. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different human skin models so far available and to underline how the insertion of a proper microbiota would positively impact an in vitro human skin model in an attempt to better mimic conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galvan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Carlo Pellicciari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Calderan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.)
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Kim MJ, Ahn HJ, Kong D, Lee S, Kim DH, Kang KS. Modeling of solar UV-induced photodamage on the hair follicles in human skin organoids. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241248753. [PMID: 38725732 PMCID: PMC11080775 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241248753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (sUV) exposure is known to cause skin damage. However, the pathological mechanisms of sUV on hair follicles have not been extensively explored. Here, we established a model of sUV-exposed skin and its appendages using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived skin organoids with planar morphology containing hair follicles. Our model closely recapitulated several symptoms of photodamage, including skin barrier disruption, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammatory response. Specifically, sUV induced structural damage and catagenic transition in hair follicles. As a potential therapeutic agent for hair follicles, we applied exosomes isolated from human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells to sUV-exposed organoids. As a result, exosomes effectively alleviated inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB activation, thereby suppressing structural damage and promoting hair follicle regeneration. Ultimately, our model provided a valuable platform to mimic skin diseases, particularly those involving hair follicles, and to evaluate the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ahn
- Cytotherapy R&D Center, PRIMORIS THERAPEUTICS CO., LTD., Gwangmyeong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kong
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li P, Pachis ST, Xu G, Schraauwen R, Incitti R, de Vries AC, Bruno MJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Alam I, Raymond K, Pan Q. Mpox virus infection and drug treatment modelled in human skin organoids. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2067-2079. [PMID: 37828248 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Mpox virus (MPXV) primarily infects human skin to cause lesions. Currently, robust models that recapitulate skin infection by MPXV are lacking. Here we demonstrate that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived skin organoids are susceptible to MPXV infection and support infectious virus production. Keratinocytes, the predominant cell type of the skin epithelium, effectively support MPXV infection. Using transmission electron microscopy, we visualized the four stages of intracellular virus particle assembly: crescent formation, immature virions, mature virions and wrapped virions. Transcriptional analysis showed that MPXV infection rewires the host transcriptome and triggers abundant expression of viral transcripts. Early treatment with the antiviral drug tecovirimat effectively inhibits infectious virus production and prevents host transcriptome rewiring. Delayed treatment with tecovirimat also inhibits infectious MPXV particle production, albeit to a lesser extent. This study establishes human skin organoids as a robust experimental model for studying MPXV infection, mapping virus-host interactions and testing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Spyridon T Pachis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guige Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Schraauwen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Incitti
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Annemarie C de Vries
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Intikhab Alam
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karine Raymond
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, IRIG, UA13 BGE, Biomics, Grenoble, France.
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Sandoval AGW, Gim KY, Huang JT, Koehler KR. Applications of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Skin Organoids in Dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1872-1876. [PMID: 37739763 PMCID: PMC10518840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to become any cell type, and recently, they have been used to create organoids that can recapitulate several pertinent features of human organs. Skin organoids have been developed that possess many of the crucial accessory organs, including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, nerves, fat, and melanocytes. These skin organoids present the opportunity to study skin development and disease as well as perform screens to identify new drug candidates. In the future, skin organoids might augment clinical practice by serving as source material for transplantation to treat wounds or other conditions. Nevertheless, several limitations, such as the lengthy differentiation protocol, which can result in heterogeneous products, must first be addressed before the full potential of skin organoids can be realized. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of skin organoids so that a broader audience can become familiar with this technology, which has important implications for dermatologic research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Y Gim
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Plastic & Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer T Huang
- Dermatology Section, Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Plastic & Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Hong ZX, Zhu ST, Li H, Luo JZ, Yang Y, An Y, Wang X, Wang K. Bioengineered skin organoids: from development to applications. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:40. [PMID: 37605220 PMCID: PMC10463602 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant advancements have been made in recent years in the development of highly sophisticated skin organoids. Serving as three-dimensional models that mimic human skin, these organoids have evolved into complex structures and are increasingly recognized as effective alternatives to traditional culture models and human skin due to their ability to overcome the limitations of two-dimensional systems and ethical concerns. The inherent plasticity of skin organoids allows for their construction into physiological and pathological models, enabling the study of skin development and dynamic changes. This review provides an overview of the pivotal work in the progression from 3D layered epidermis to cyst-like skin organoids with appendages. Furthermore, it highlights the latest advancements in organoid construction facilitated by state-of-the-art engineering techniques, such as 3D printing and microfluidic devices. The review also summarizes and discusses the diverse applications of skin organoids in developmental biology, disease modelling, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine, while considering their prospects and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shun-Tian Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing-Zhi Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Jang HJ, Lee JB, Yoon JK. Advanced In Vitro Three-Dimensional Skin Models of Atopic Dermatitis. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:539-552. [PMID: 36995643 PMCID: PMC10313606 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory skin diseases that is characterized by eczematous rashes, intense itching, dry skin, and sensitive skin. Although AD significantly impacts the quality of life and the number of patients keeps increasing, its pathological mechanism is still unknown because of its complexity. The importance of developing new in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models has been underlined in order to understand the mechanisms for the development of therapeutics since the limitations of 2D models or animal models have been repeatedly reported. Thus, the new in vitro AD models should not only be created in 3D structure, but also reflect the pathological characteristics of AD, which are known to be associated with Th2-mediated inflammatory responses, epidermal barrier disruption, increased dermal T-cell infiltration, filaggrin down-regulation, or microbial imbalance. In this review, we introduce various types of in vitro skin models including 3D culture methods, skin-on-a-chips, and skin organoids, as well as their applications to AD modeling for drug screening and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Jang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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