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Zachariassen LF, Ebert MBB, Mentzel CMJ, Deng L, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Stokholm J, Hansen CHF. Cesarean section induced dysbiosis promotes type 2 immunity but not oxazolone-induced dermatitis in mice. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2271151. [PMID: 37889696 PMCID: PMC10730161 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2271151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery by cesarean section (CS) is associated with an altered gut microbiota (GM) colonization and a higher risk of later chronic inflammatory diseases. Studies investigating the association between CS and atopic dermatitis (AD) are contradictive and often biased by confounding factors. The aim of this study was therefore to provide experimental evidence for the association between CS and AD in a mouse model and clarify the role of the GM changes associated with CS. It was hypothesized that CS-delivered mice, and human CS-GM transplanted mice develop severe dermatitis due to early dysbiosis. BALB/c mice delivered by CS or vaginally (VD) as well as BALB/c mice transplanted with GM from CS or VD human donors were challenged with oxazolone on the ear. The severity of dermatitis was evaluated by ear thickness and clinical and histopathological assessment which were similar between all groups. The immune response was assessed by serum IgE concentration, local cytokine response, and presence of immune cells in the draining lymph node. Both CS-delivered mice and mice inoculated with human CS-GM had a higher IgE concentration. A higher proportion of Th2 cells were also found in the CS-GM inoculated mice, but no differences were seen in the cytokine levels in the affected ears. In support of the experimental findings, a human cohort analysis from where the GM samples were obtained found that delivery mode did not affect the children's risk of developing AD. In conclusion, CS-GM enhanced a Th2 biased immune response, but had no effect on oxazolone-induced dermatitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Fisker Zachariassen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maria Bernadette Bergh Ebert
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Caroline Märta Junker Mentzel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Mønsted MØ, Holm LJ, Buschard K, Haupt-Jorgensen M. Failure to replicate the diabetes alleviating effect of a maternal gluten-free diet in non-obese diabetic mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289258. [PMID: 37682921 PMCID: PMC10490983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with an unexplained rising incidence for which environmental factors like gluten may play a role. Previously, we showed that a gluten-free (GF) diet provided strictly in utero reduces the autoimmune diabetes incidence in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice compared to a gluten-containing standard (STD) diet. The current study was initiated to elucidate possible mechanisms behind the diabetes-alleviating effect of the same diet intervention. NOD mice received either a GF Altromin diet or a STD Altromin diet during pregnancy. Female offspring from both groups were fed a STD diet throughout life and their diabetes incidence was recorded for 200 days. The following parameters were measured in 13-week-old female offspring: insulitis degree, glucose and insulin tolerance, and plasma insulin autoantibody titer. The diet intervention showed no reduction in autoimmune diabetes incidence, insulitis degree, glucose nor insulin tolerance and plasma insulin autoantibody titer. In conclusion, this study could not replicate the previously observed diabetes alleviative effects of a maternal gluten-free diet in NOD mouse offspring and could therefore not further elucidate potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Øgaard Mønsted
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, The Bartholin Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurits Juulskov Holm
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, The Bartholin Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Buschard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, The Bartholin Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Johansen VBI, Færø D, Buschard K, Kristiansen K, Pociot F, Kiilerich P, Josefsen K, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Antvorskov JC. A Gluten-Free Diet during Pregnancy and Early Life Increases Short Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Bacteria and Regulatory T Cells in Prediabetic NOD Mice. Cells 2023; 12:1567. [PMID: 37371037 PMCID: PMC10297205 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is increasing, likely caused by environmental factors. A gluten-free diet has previously been shown to ameliorate autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and humans. Although the exact mechanisms are not understood, interventions influencing the intestinal microbiota early in life affect the risk of type 1 diabetes. Here, we characterize how NOD mice that are fed a gluten-free (GF) diet differ from NOD mice that are fed a gluten-containing standard (STD) diet in terms of their microbiota composition by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and pancreatic immune environment by real-time quantitative PCR at the prediabetic stage at 6 and 13 weeks of age. Gut microbiota analysis revealed highly distinct microbiota compositions in both the cecum and the colon of GF-fed mice compared with STD-fed mice. The microbiotas of the GF-fed mice were characterized by an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, an increased abundance of short chain fatty acid (particularly butyrate)-producing bacteria, and a reduced abundance of Lactobacilli compared with STD mice. We found that the insulitis score in the GF mice was significantly reduced compared with the STD mice and that the markers for regulatory T cells and T helper 2 cells were upregulated in the pancreas of the GF mice. In conclusion, a GF diet during pre- and early post-natal life induces shifts in the cecal and colonic microbiota compatible with a less inflammatory environment, providing a likely mechanism for the protective effect of a GF diet in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Færø
- Department of Pathology, Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.F.); (K.B.); (K.J.); (M.H.-J.)
| | - Karsten Buschard
- Department of Pathology, Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.F.); (K.B.); (K.J.); (M.H.-J.)
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Steno Diabetes Center, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.K.); (P.K.)
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud Josefsen
- Department of Pathology, Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.F.); (K.B.); (K.J.); (M.H.-J.)
| | - Martin Haupt-Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.F.); (K.B.); (K.J.); (M.H.-J.)
| | - Julie Christine Antvorskov
- Department of Pathology, Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.F.); (K.B.); (K.J.); (M.H.-J.)
- Steno Diabetes Center, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 83, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
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Malandrini S, Trimboli P, Guzzaloni G, Virili C, Lucchini B. What about TSH and Anti-Thyroid Antibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Celiac Disease Using a Gluten-Free Diet? A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:1681. [PMID: 35458242 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAIT) is estimated to be between 2 and 7.8%. A gluten-free diet (GFD) in patients with CD is suggested to have a beneficial effect on CAIT. Thus, the present systematic review was undertaken to achieve more robust evidence about the change in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-specific antibodies (T-Ab) levels obtained in CD patients following a GFD. A specific search strategy was planned. The last search was performed on March 2022. The following data were mainly searched for in order to be extracted: sample size, mean and/or median with standard deviation (SD), and error (SE), individually, of thyroid hormones and T-Ab at baseline and after GFD, and the duration of the study. The initial search retrieved 297 records and 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. In total, 50 patients with both CD and CAIT and 45 controls were reported. The effects of a GFD on the thyroid hormonal and immunological profile could be extracted only in a part of the studies. Two studies were case reports. A low risk of bias was observed. These findings advise further studies, ideally randomized, in order to better investigate the potential relationship between GFD and thyroid homeostasis. The level of evidence is not still sufficient to recommend GFD to patients with CAIT.
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Kihl P, Krych L, Deng L, Hansen LH, Buschard K, Skov S, Nielsen DS, Kornerup Hansen A. Effect of gluten-free diet and antibiotics on murine gut microbiota and immune response to tetanus vaccination. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266719. [PMID: 35417506 PMCID: PMC9007335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a gluten-free diet and/or antibiotics on tetanus vaccine induced immunoglobulin G titers and immune cell levels in BALB/c mice. The gluten-free diet was associated with a reduced anti-tetanus IgG response, and it increased the relative abundance of the anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium significantly in some of the mice. Antibiotics also led to gut microbiota changes and lower initial vaccine titer. After a second vaccination, neither gluten-free diet nor antibiotics reduced the titers. In the spleen, the gluten-free diet significantly increased regulatory T cell (Treg) fractions, CD4+ T cell activation, and tolerogenic dendritic cell fractions and activation, which extend the downregulating effect of the Treg. Therefore, the systemic effect of the gluten-free diet seems mainly tolerogenic. Antibiotics reduced the fractions of CD4+ T and B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These results suggest that vaccine response in mice is under influence of their diet, the gut microbiota and the interplay between them. However, a gluten-free diet seems to work through mechanisms different from those induced by antibiotics. Therefore, diet should be considered when testing vaccines in mice and developing vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Kihl
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Skov
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dennis S. Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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