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Burgio V, Casari S, Milizia M, Sanna F, Spezia G, Civera M, Rodriguez Reinoso M, Bertuglia A, Surace C. Mechanical properties of animal ligaments: a review and comparative study for the identification of the most suitable human ligament surrogates. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1645-1683. [PMID: 37169958 PMCID: PMC10511400 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the properties of animal soft tissues is often related to the desire to find an animal model to replace human counterparts due to the unsteady availability of human tissues for experimental purposes. Once the most appropriate animal model is identified, it is possible to carry out ex-vivo and in-vivo studies for the repair of ligamentous tissues and performance testing of replacement and support healing devices. This work aims to present a systematic review of the mechanical properties of ligaments reported in the scientific literature by considering different anatomical regions in humans and several animal species. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Moreover, considering the lack of a standard protocol for preconditioning of tissues, this aspect is also addressed. Ninety-six studies were selected for the systematic review and analysed. The mechanical properties of different animal species are reported and summarised in tables. Only results from studies reporting the strain rate parameter were considered for comparison with human ligaments, as they were deemed more reliable. Elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and ultimate strain properties are graphically reported identifying the range of values for each animal species and to facilitate comparison between values reported in the scientific literature in animal and human ligaments. Useful similarities between the mechanical properties of swine, cow, and rat and human ligaments have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Burgio
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - S. Casari
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Milizia
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - F. Sanna
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - G. Spezia
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Civera
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - M. Rodriguez Reinoso
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - A. Bertuglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2-5, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C. Surace
- Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Nanomechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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