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Jiang SQ, Xu C, Li XG, Deng CZ, Yan S, Zhu XN. Mixed crushing and competitive leaching of all electrode material components and metal collector fluid in the spent lithium battery. J Environ Manage 2024; 358:120818. [PMID: 38599086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Hydrometallurgy is a primary method for recovering cathode electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Most of the current research materials are pure cathode electrode materials obtained through manual disassembly. However, the spent LIBs are typically broken as a whole during the actual industrial recycling which makes the electrode materials combined with the collector fluid. Therefore, the competitive leaching between metal collector fluid and electrode material was examined. The pyrolysis characteristics of the electrode materials were analyzed to determine the pyrolysis temperature. The electrode sheet was pyrolyzed and then crushed for competitive leaching. The effect of pyrolysis was analyzed by XPS. The competitive leaching behavior was studied based on leaching agent concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature. The composition and morphology of the residue were determined to prove the competitive leaching results by XRD-SEM. TG results showed that 500 °C was the suitable pyrolysis temperature. XPS analysis demonstrated that pyrolysis can completely remove PVDF. Li and Co were preferentially leached during the competitive leaching while the leaching rates were 90.10% and 93.40% with 50 min leaching at 70 °C. The Al and Cu had weak competitive leachability and the leaching rate was 29.10% and 0.00%. XRD-SEM analysis showed that Li and Co can be fully leached with residual Al and Cu remaining. The results showed that the mixed leaching of electrode materials is feasible based on its excellent selective leaching properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Jiang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China; College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
| | - Xi-Guang Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
| | - Chao-Zhu Deng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China
| | - Shuai Yan
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, 315211, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Zhu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China; College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, China.
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Qing J, Wu X, Zeng L, Guan W, Cao Z, Li Q, Wang M, Zhang G, Wu S. High-efficiency recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: Optimization of SO 2 pressure leaching and selective extraction of trace impurities. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120729. [PMID: 38537464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for environmental protection and resource optimization. In the traditional recovery process of spent LIBs, the leaching of high-valence metals has the problems of high cost and limited reagent utilization, and some valuable metals are lost in the subsequent purification process of the leaching solution. To reduce the cost of reagents, this study proposes the use of low-cost SO2 as a reagent combined with pressure leaching to efficiently recover high-valence metals from delithiated materials of spent LIBs, while selective solvent extraction is used to remove trace impurities in the leaching solution to avoid the loss of valuable metals. Experimental results demonstrated that by optimizing the conditions to 0.25 MPa SO2 partial pressure and 60 min reaction time at 70 °C, the leaching efficiencies for Ni, Co, and Mn reached 99.6%, 99.3%, and 99.6%, respectively. The kinetic study indicated that the leaching process was diffusion-controlled. Furthermore, the delithiated materials were used to completely utilize the residual SO2 in the solution to obtain a high concentration Ni-Co-Mn rich solution. Subsequently, Fe and Al impurities were deeply removed through a synergistic extraction of Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) without loss of valuable metals, achieving a high-purity Ni-Co-Mn solution. The process developed based on this work has the characteristics of environmental friendliness, high valuable metal recovery, and high product purity, providing a reference technical method for the synergistic treatment of waste SO2 flue gas with spent LIBs and the deep purification of impurities in spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Qing
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Li Zeng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; CSIRO Minerals Resources National Research Flagship, Australia
| | - Wenjuan Guan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zuoying Cao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qinggang Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guiqing Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Shengxi Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Laboratory of Metallurgical Separation Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Zhang J, Ding Y, Shi H, Shao P, Yuan X, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Luo D, Wang C, Yang L, Luo X. Selective recycling of lithium from spent LiNi xCo yMn 1-x-yO 2 cathode via constructing a synergistic leaching environment. J Environ Manage 2024; 352:120021. [PMID: 38183916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The global response to lithium scarcity is overstretched, and it is imperative to explore a green process to sustainably and selectively recover lithium from spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes. This work investigates the distinct leaching behaviors between lithium and transition metals in pure formic acid and the auxiliary effect of acetic acid as a solvent in the leaching reaction. A formic acid-acetic acid (FA-AA) synergistic system was constructed to selectively recycle 96.81% of lithium from spent LIB cathodes by regulating the conditions of the reaction environment to inhibit the leaching of non-target metals. Meanwhile, the transition metals generate carboxylate precipitates enriched in the leaching residue. The inhibition mechanism of manganese leaching by acetic acid and the leaching behavior of nickel or cobalt being precipitated after release was revealed by characterizations such as XPS, SEM, and FTIR. After the reaction, 90.50% of the acid can be recycled by distillation, and small amounts of the residual Li-containing concentrated solution are converted to battery-grade lithium carbonate by roasting and washing (91.62% recovery rate). This recycling process possesses four significant advantages: i) no additional chemicals are required, ii) the lithium sinking step is eliminated, iii) no waste liquid is discharged, and iv) there is the potential for profitability. Overall, this study provides a novel approach to the waste management technology of lithium batteries and sustainable recycling of lithium resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
| | - Penghui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xinkai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Delin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Chaoqiang Wang
- Ganfeng Lithium Group Co. LTD, Xinyu 338004, PR China; Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, PR China.
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