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Tallini LR, Machado das Neves G, Vendruscolo MH, Rezende-Teixeira P, Borges W, Bastida J, Costa-Lotufo LV, Eifler-Lima VL, Zuanazzi JAS. Antitumoral activity of different Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: In vitro and in silico assays. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 329:118154. [PMID: 38614259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE The plants of Amaryllidaceae family, such as Amaryllis belladonna L., have been used as herbal remedies for thousands of years to address various disorders, including diseases that might today be identified as cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of three Amaryllidaceae alkaloids against four cancer cell lines. MATERIAL AND METHODS The alkaloids lycorine, 1-O-acetylcaranine, and montanine were evaluated in vitro against colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-116) and breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7, MDAMB231, and Hs578T). Computational experiments (target prediction and molecular docking) were conducted to gain a deeper comprehension of possible interactions between these alkaloids and potential targets associated with these tumor cells. RESULTS Montanine presented the best results against HCT-116, MDAMB231, and Hs578T cell lines, while lycorine was the most active against MCF-7. In alignment with the target prediction outcomes and existing literature, four potential targets were chosen for the molecular docking analysis: CDK8, EGFR, ER-alpha, and dCK. The docking scores revealed two potential targets for the alkaloids with scores similar to co-crystallized inhibitors and substrates: CDK8 and dCK. A visual analysis of the optimal docked configurations indicates that the alkaloids may interact with some key residues in contrast to the other docked compounds. This observation implies their potential to bind effectively to both targets. CONCLUSIONS In vitro and in silico results corroborate with data literature suggesting the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids as interesting molecules with antitumoral properties, especially montanine, which showed the best in vitro results against colorectal and breast carcinoma. More studies are necessary to confirm the targets and pharmaceutical potential of montanine against these cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R Tallini
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, LRTJB, Spain; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, GMNMHVVLEL, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Machado das Neves
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, GMNMHVVLEL, Brazil.
| | - Maria Helena Vendruscolo
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, GMNMHVVLEL, Brazil.
| | | | - Warley Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 29075-910, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, LRTJB, Spain.
| | | | - Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, GMNMHVVLEL, Brazil.
| | - José Angelo S Zuanazzi
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, GMNMHVVLEL, Brazil.
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Mouro C, Gomes AP, Costa RV, Moghtader F, Gouveia IC. The Sustainable Bioactive Dyeing of Textiles: A Novel Strategy Using Bacterial Pigments, Natural Antibacterial Ingredients, and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Gels 2023; 9:800. [PMID: 37888373 PMCID: PMC10606059 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The textile industry stands as a prominent contributor to global environmental pollution, primarily attributable to its extensive reliance on synthetic dyes, hazardous components, and solvents throughout the textile dyeing and treatment processes. Consequently, the pursuit of sustainable textile solutions becomes imperative, aimed at replacing these environmentally unfriendly constituents with biobased and bioactive pigments, antibacterial agents, and, notably, natural solvents. Achieving this goal is a formidable yet indispensable challenge. In this study, the dyeing ability of the crude gel prodigiosin, produced by non-pathogenic bacteria Serratia plymuthica, was investigated on various multifiber fabrics at different conditions (temperature and pH) and by using salts and alternative mordants (the conventional Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4) and a new bio-mordant, L-Cysteine (L-Cys)). Additionally, a novel gel-based Choline chloride (ChCl)/Lactic acid (LA) (1:2) deep eutectic solvent (DES) dyeing medium was studied to replace the organic solvents. Nylon fabrics dyed with 3.0% over the weight of the fiber (owf) L-Cys at pH = 8.3 had improved color fastness to washing, while the gel-based ChCl/LA (1:2) DES dyebath provided a better color fastness to light. Moreover, nylon fabrics under these conditions exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In conclusion, the utilization of the crude gel-based prodigiosin pigment demonstrates a distinct advantage in dyeing textile materials, aligning with the growing consumer demand for more eco-friendly and sustainable products. Additionally, the application of the natural reducing agent L-Cys, previously untested as a bio-mordant, in conjunction with the use of gel-based DES as a dyeing medium, has showcased improved colorimetric and antibacterial properties when applied to nylon that is dyed with the crude gel prodigiosin pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel C. Gouveia
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (C.M.); (R.V.C.)
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Popović BM, Gligorijević N, Aranđelović S, Macedo AC, Jurić T, Uka D, Mocko-Blažek K, Serra AT. Cytotoxicity profiling of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3520-3527. [PMID: 36756554 PMCID: PMC9891074 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine in detail for the first time the cytotoxic profile of twelve choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (NADES) against HT-29, Caco-2, MCF-7, and MRC-5 cell lines. All NADES systems were synthesized by microwave synthesis using choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and selected sugars, alcohols, organic acids, and urea as hydrogen bond donors (HBD) with the addition of 20% water (w/w) to all systems. It was observed that the cytotoxic effect predominantly depended on the structure of HBD. Acidic systems, where HBDs were organic acids showed the highest cytotoxic effects in all investigated cell lines. The cytotoxicity depended mostly on the concentration of the NADES system in the cell medium as well as on the chemical constitution of the investigated systems. The highest cytotoxic effects showed acidic systems, especially to the HT-29 cell line. The EC50 value for the citric acid-based system was 3.91 mg mL-1 for the HT-29 cell line which was the most vulnerable to acidic NADES systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris M. Popović
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 821000 Novi SadSerbia+381 21 450 857+381 21 485 3424
| | - Nevenka Gligorijević
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of SerbiaPasterova 1411000 BelgradeSerbia
| | - Sandra Aranđelović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of SerbiaPasterova 1411000 BelgradeSerbia
| | - Ana Catarina Macedo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaAvenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 OeirasPortugal,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA)Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 OeirasPortugal
| | - Tatjana Jurić
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8 21000 Novi Sad Serbia +381 21 450 857 +381 21 485 3424
| | - Denis Uka
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8 21000 Novi Sad Serbia +381 21 450 857 +381 21 485 3424
| | - Karolina Mocko-Blažek
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8 21000 Novi Sad Serbia +381 21 450 857 +381 21 485 3424
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e TecnológicaAvenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 OeirasPortugal,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA)Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 OeirasPortugal
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Syarifah AN, Suryadi H, Hayun H, Simamora A, Mun’im A. Detoxification of comfrey ( Symphytum officinale L.) extract using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1012716. [PMID: 36937831 PMCID: PMC10020234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1012716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) contains rosmarinic acid which has different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the medicinal use of comfrey is limited by the hepatotoxic effect of lycopsamine in comfrey, which overshadows the health benefits of rosmarinic acid. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have a wide range of extraction properties, that provides a new approach to the detoxification of comfrey. In the present study, betaine-based and choline chloride-based NADES were screened for selective extraction of rosmarinic acid over lycopsamine. Ultrasonication was used in conjunction with NADES extraction. The chemical profile of the NADES extracts on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatotoxic activities were investigated using some chemical reagents. Betaine-urea (1:2 molar ratio, 50% water) obtained the highest content of rosmarinic acid and a low level of lycopsamine (1.934 and 0.018 mg/g, respectively). Betaine-urea was also shown to be more effective to extract rosmarinic acid compared to methanol-UAE under the same conditions, which gave lower rosmarinic acid and higher lycopsamine levels (0.007 and 0.031 mg/g, respectively). Betaine-urea extracts showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as compared with other NADES extracts, however, had lower hepatotoxic profile. This study recommends the use of betaine-urea to detroxify comfrey to open wider opportunities for the development of comfrey for medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andiri Niza Syarifah
- Graduate Program, Universitas Indonesia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Depok, Indonesia
- Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herman Suryadi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Hayun Hayun
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical, Medicinal and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Adelina Simamora
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jakarta, Indonesia
- National Metabolomic Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Mun’im
- National Metabolomic Collaborative Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- *Correspondence: Abdul Mun’im,
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Lv F, Li X, Wang Y. Lycorine inhibits angiogenesis by docking to PDGFRα. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:873. [PMID: 35948939 PMCID: PMC9364594 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycorine (Lyc) is a natural alkaloid derived from medicinal plants of the Amaryllidaceae family. Lyc has been reported to inhibit the recurrence and metastasis of different kinds of tumors. However, Lyc’s effect on angiogenesis and its specific mechanism are still not clear. This study was designed to test the antiangiogenesis effect of Lyc and to explore the possible mechanisms. We performed cell experiments to confirm Lyc’s inhibitory effect on angiogenesis and employed sunitinib as a positive control. Moreover, the synergistic effect of Lyc and sunitinib was also explored. Next, we conducted bioinformatics analyses to predict the potential targets of Lyc and verified them by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Molecular docking, kinase activity assays, Biacore assays and cellular thermal shift assays (CETSAs) were applied to elucidate the mechanism by which Lyc inhibited target activity. Lyc inhibited angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Employing bioinformatics, we found that Lyc’s target was PDGFRα and that Lyc attenuated PDGFRα phosphorylation. We also found that Lyc inhibited PDGFRα activation by docking to it to restrain its activity. Additionally, Lyc significantly inhibited PDGF-AA-induced angiogenesis. This study provides new insights into the molecular functions of Lyc and indicates its potential as a therapeutic agent for tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lv
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - XiaoQi Li
- Department of Oncology III, People's Hospital of Liaoning Provinve, Shenyang, , Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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da Silva RF, Carneiro CN, do C. de Sousa CB, J. V. Gomez F, Espino M, Boiteux J, de los Á. Fernández M, Silva MF, de S. Dias F. Sustainable extraction bioactive compounds procedures in medicinal plants based on the principles of green analytical chemistry: A review. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhao Y, Wan H, Yang J, Huang Y, He Y, Wan H, Li C. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of 'Ready-to-use' extracts from Radix Paeoniae Rubra with natural deep eutectic solvents and neuroprotectivity evaluation of the extracts against cerebral ischemic/ reperfusion injury. Ultrason Sonochem 2022; 84:105968. [PMID: 35272238 PMCID: PMC8908277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) is widely applied in the extraction of nutrients from natural resources as a greener alternative for fossil solvent. In the present work, 27 different NaDESs were screened for the extraction of paeoniflorin (PF) and galloyl paeoniflorin (GPF) from Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR). After screening and extraction parameter optimization, the extraction yields of PF and GPF reached up to 182.8 mg/g and 77.4 mg/g with the selected NaDES, ChCl-Sor. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity in vitro and neuroprotectivity in vivo of the 'ready-to-use' extracts were evaluated comprehensively. Especially in vivo, the cerebral ischemic/ reperfusion injury model was established in rats and the protective effects of the RPR extracts were determined. The results not only proved that NaDES is a valuable green extraction media, but also indicated the safety and potential pharmaceutical application of NaDES based 'ready-to-use' extracts from medical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China.
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310057, PR China.
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Chen H, Sha X, Luo Y, Chen J, Li X, Wang J, Cao G, Peng X. Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of Houttuynia cordata ethanol extract and plasma metabolic profiling analysis in both male and female rats. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:2068-2082. [PMID: 34057207 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata has been used as a traditional medicine for more than 1500 years. It has aroused wide public concern about its safety in the past few years, for it contains various aristolactams. However, the safety of H. cordata extract remains unclear. In the present study, single dose (2000 mg/kg) and subacute (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days) oral toxicity studies of the 95% ethanol extract of H. cordata (HCE) were performed in both male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Hematological, biochemical, histopathological parameters, and plasma metabolic profiling were assessed. The single-dose toxicity of HCE was more than 2000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity results showed that no significant adverse effect of HCE was observed at 250 mg/kg/day. However, five rats died in 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day groups and exhibited toxicities to liver and kidney. Plasma metabolic profiling analysis suggested that a number of metabolic disturbances were induced by oral administration of HCE, focusing on energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipids metabolism. Moreover, it appeared that male rats were more susceptible to the toxic effects of HCE than female rats. Therefore, in this preliminary study, oral administration of HCE 250 mg/kg/day can be regarded as the no observed adverse effect level in rats over 28 days. However, long-term use of HCE with large doses exhibited some hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sha
- College of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiyuan Luo
- College of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Gang Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Peng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
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Naseem Z, Zahid M, Hanif MA, Shahid M. Green extraction of ethnomedicinal compounds from Cymbopogon citratus Stapf using hydrogen-bonded supramolecular network. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1781894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zubera Naseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Torres-Vega J, Gómez-Alonso S, Pérez-Navarro J, Pastene-Navarrete E. Green Extraction of Alkaloids and Polyphenols from Peumus boldus Leaves with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Profiling by HPLC-PDA-IT-MS/MS and HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9020242. [PMID: 32069868 PMCID: PMC7076633 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peumus boldus Mol., is a Chilean medicinal tree used for gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Such medicinal properties are associated with the presence of bioactive flavonoids and aporphine alkaloids. In this study, a new green and efficient extraction method used seven natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as extraction media. The extraction efficiency of these NADES was assessed, determining the contents of boldine and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Chemical profiling of P. boldus was done by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photo diode array detector and electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-IT/MS) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Among the NADES tested, NADES4 (choline chloride-lactic acid) and NADES6 (proline-oxalic acid) enable better extraction of boldine with 0.427 ± 0.018 and 2.362 ± 0.055 mg of boldine g-1 of plant, respectively. Extraction of boldine with NADES4 and NADES6 was more efficient than extractions performed with methanol and water. On the other hand, the highest TPC were obtained using NADES6, 179.442 ± 3.79 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE g-1). Moreover, TPC in extracts obtained with methanol does not show significant differences with NADES6. The HPLC-PAD-MS/MS analysis enable the tentative identification of 9 alkaloids and 22 phenolic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that NADES are a promising green extraction media to extract P. boldus bioactive compounds and could be a valuable alternative to classic organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer Torres-Vega
- Pharmacognosy laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), University of Concepción, Concepción 4191996, Chile;
| | - Sergio Gómez-Alonso
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla-La Mancha, 10, 1307 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.G.-A.); (J.P.-N.)
| | - José Pérez-Navarro
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla-La Mancha, 10, 1307 Ciudad Real, Spain; (S.G.-A.); (J.P.-N.)
| | - Edgar Pastene-Navarrete
- Pharmacognosy laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), University of Concepción, Concepción 4191996, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Síntesis y Biotransformación de Productos Naturales, Dpto. Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chillan 3780000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-422463156
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