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Sun P, Chen H, Fan X, Wang J, Lu L, Yang G, Liu J, Yao W, Ding F, Ding J, Liu J, Lu T, Chen L. Exploring the effective components of honey-processed licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) in attenuating Doxorubicin-induced myocardial cytotoxicity by combining network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 329:118178. [PMID: 38604511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice is widely used clinically as one of the most famous traditional Chinese herbs. Its herb roasted with honey is called honey-processed licorice (HPL). Modern studies have shown that HPL has a stronger cardioprotective ability compared to raw licorice (RL), however the material basis and mechanism of action of the potential cardioprotection have not been fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To screen and validate the material basis of cardioprotection exerted by HPL and to preliminarily predict the potential mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was used to analyze HPL samples with different processing levels, and differential compounds were screened out through principal component analysis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to explore the association between differential compounds and doxorubicin cardiomyopathy and their mechanisms of action were predicted. An in vitro model was established to verify the cardioprotective effects of differential compounds. RESULTS Six differential compounds were screened as key components of HPL for potential cardioprotection. Based on network pharmacology, 113 potential important targets for the treatment of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity were screened. KEGG enrichment analysis predicted that the PI3K-Akt pathway was closely related to the mechanism of action of active ingredients. Molecular docking results showed that the six differential compounds all had good binding activity with Nrf2 protein. In addition, in vitro experiments had shown that five of the active ingredients (liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and licochalcone A) can significantly increase Dox-induced H9c2 cell viability, SOD activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential, significantly reduces MDA levels and inhibits ROS generation. CONCLUSION Liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and licochalcone A are key components of HPL with potential cardioprotective capabilities. Five active ingredients can alleviate Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huixian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lujie Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guangchao Yang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Jining Liu
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Jiangsu Yaxin Tech. Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Jiangsu Yaxin Tech. Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Jiangsu Yaxin Tech. Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tulin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Lihong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Li X, Sun J, Wu Y, Li C, Peng G, Zheng Y. Enhancement of immunomodulatory effect of licorice after honey-roasting based on gut microbiota and fecal metabolomics. CyTA - Journal of Food 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2023.2193605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Li H, Zhang Y, Dai G, Zhaxi C, Wang Y, Wang S. Identification and quantification of compounds with Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in licorice by UPLC-MS. Food Chem 2023; 429:136962. [PMID: 37517229 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Licorice is a famous medicine-food herb for treating cardiovascular diseases in many compound prescriptions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key target of cardiovascular diseases. Despite its significance, there is limited scientific investigation regarding the ACE inhibitory effects of licorice. In this study, we used an activity-guided approach with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe to identify compounds with ACE-inhibitory activity in licorice. Nine components of licorice were found to have ACE inhibitory activity, in which 46 compounds were identified by using UPLC-QTOF-MS. Seven active compounds were found in this study. Among them, licochalcone B had best ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.24 μM). Finally, an UPLC-Q-MS method was established to quantify the five major active compounds in three batches of licorice. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the potential of licorice as a source of ACE inhibitors and its relevance in the development of related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ciren Zhaxi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321016, China.
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Takla SS, Shawky E, Mahgoub YA, Darwish RS. Tracking the effect of roasting and fermentation on the metabolites of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using UPLC-MS analysis combined with multivariate statistical analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:419. [PMID: 37986059 PMCID: PMC10662527 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roasting, honey-roasting and fermentation are the most common pre-processing procedures of licorice roots. They were shown to noticeably change the composition of extracts. In this work, the common alterations in licorice secondary metabolites by processing were interpreted. Comprehensive metabolic profiling of different studied samples was undergone. METHODS UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis coupled to various chemometric analysis models was implemented to unravel the effect of different pre-processing procedures on the chemical profile of licorice samples. RESULTS UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis designated 133 chromatographic peaks with saponins, flavonoids, chalcones and pterocarpans being the most abundant groups. Triterpene saponins dominated the secondary metabolites in the aqueous extracts, with fermented samples showing the highest relative amounts. Meanwhile the ethanol extracts showed significant amounts of chalcones. Melanoidins were only detected in roasted and honey roasted samples. Multivariate models indicated that roasting of samples induced a greater effect on the polar metabolites rather than nonpolar ones. Variable of importance (VIP) plot indicated that glycyrrhizin and its hydrolysis product glycyrrhetinic acid, trihdroxychalcone diglycoside, glabrone and glabridin are the main chemical features responsible for the discrimination of samples. CONCLUSION Coupling UPLC-MS/MS to multivariate analysis was a successful tool that unveiled the significant effect of different pre-processing methods on the chemical profile of processed and unprocessed licorice samples. Moreover, such coupling unraveled the discriminatory chemical compounds among tested samples that can be employed as markers for the processing procedure of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Takla
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Yasmin A Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Reham S Darwish
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alkhartoom square, Egypt, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Song L, Wang J, Gong M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu X, Qin L, Duan Y. Detoxification technology and mechanism of processing with Angelicae sinensis radix in reducing the hepatotoxicity induced by rhizoma Dioscoreae bulbiferae in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:984858. [PMID: 36249801 PMCID: PMC9554241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.984858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae (RDB) was effective on relieving cough and expectorant but accompanied by severe toxicity, especially in hepatotoxicity. A previous study found that processing with Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) reduced RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. However, up to now, the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB has not been explored or optimized, and the detoxification mechanism is still unknown. This study evaluated the detoxification technology and possible mechanism of processing with ASR on RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. The optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB was optimized by the content of diosbulbin B (DB), the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and histopathological analysis. The processing detoxification mechanism was evaluated by detecting the antioxidant levels of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLM), and the levels of downstream antioxidant factors of Nrf2. Besides, the antitussive and expectorant efficacy of RDB was also investigated. This work found that processing with ASR attenuated RDB-induced hepatotoxicity, which can be verified by reducing the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP, and reversing the pathological changes of liver histomorphology. And the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB is “processing at a mass ratio of 100:20 (RDB:ASR) and a temperature of 140°C for 10 min.” Further results corroborated that the intervention of processed products of ASR-processed RDB remarkably upregulated the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1/GCLM protein expression levels in liver, and conserved antitussive and expectorant efficacy of RDB. The above findings comprehensively indicated that the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB was “processing at a mass ratio of 100:20 (RDB:ASR) and a temperature of 140°C for 10 min,” and the processing detoxification mechanism involved enhancing the level of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense in liver as a key target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Song
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junming Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan and Education Ministry of P. R. China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junming Wang,
| | - Mingzhu Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yamin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Li H, Guo L, Ding X, An Q, Wang L, Hao S, Li W, Wang T, Gao Z, Zheng Y, Zhang D. Molecular Networking, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking Approaches Employed to Investigate the Changes in Ephedrae Herba before and after Honey-Processing. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134057. [PMID: 35807303 PMCID: PMC9268138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw Ephedrae herba (REH) and honey-processed Ephedrae herba (HEH) were the different decoction pieces of Ephedrae herba (EH). Honey-processing that changes REH into HEH has been shown to relieve cough and asthma to a synergistic extent. However, the chemical markers and the synergistic mechanism of HEH need to be further studied. In this study, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and molecular networking (MN) were used to investigate the chemical composition of REH and HEH, which led to the identification of 92 compounds. A total of 38 differential chemical markers for REH and HEH were identified using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Network pharmacology suggests that the synergistic effect of HEH in relieving cough and asthma may be due to 31 differential chemical markers acting through 111 biological targets. Among them, four compounds and two targets probably played an important role based on the results of molecular docking. This study enriched our knowledge about the chemical composition of REH and HEH, as well as the synergistic mechanism of HEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyang Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Long Guo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Xiaoying Ding
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Qi An
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Shenghui Hao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zetong Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Yuguang Zheng
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical and Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-311-8511-0166 (Y.Z.); +86-311-8992-6466 (D.Z.)
| | - Dan Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China; (H.L.); (L.G.); (X.D.); (Q.A.); (L.W.); (S.H.); (W.L.); (T.W.); (Z.G.)
- International Joint Research Center on Resource Utilization and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-311-8511-0166 (Y.Z.); +86-311-8992-6466 (D.Z.)
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Prokisch J, El-ramady H, Daróczi L, Nagy É, Badgar K, Kiss A, Shaikh AM, Gilányi I, Oláh C. Functional Yogurt Fortified with Honey Produced by Feeding Bees Natural Plant Extracts for Controlling Human Blood Sugar Level. Plants 2022; 11:1391. [PMID: 35684164 PMCID: PMC9182764 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human blood sugar level is important and should be controlled to avoid any damage to nerves and blood vessels which could lead to heart disease and many other problems. Several market-available treatments for diabetes could be used, such as insulin therapy, synthetic drugs, herbal drugs, and transdermal patches, to help control blood sugar. In a double-blind human study, four kinds of honey from bees fed on acacia, sea buckthorn, chlorella alga, and green walnut extracts were used in fortifying yogurt for controlling human blood sugar. The impact of a previously fortified honey was investigated on blood levels and other parameters of healthy individuals in a human study with 60 participants. The participants received 150 mL of yogurt mixed with 30 g of honey every morning for 21 days. Before and after the study period, the basic blood parameters were tested, and the participants filled out standardized self-report questionnaires. Acacia honey was the traditional honey used as a control; the special honey products were produced by the patented technology. The consumption of green walnut honey had a significant effect on the morning blood sugar level, which decreased for every participant in the group (15 people). The average blood sugar level at the beginning in the walnut group was 4.81 mmol L−1, whereas the value after 21 days was 3.73 mmol L−1. The total decrease level of the individuals was about 22.45% (1.08 mmol L−1). Concerning the sea buckthorn and chlorella alga-based honey product groups, there was no significant change in the blood sugar level, which were recorded at 4.91 and 5.28 mmol L−1 before treatment and 5.28 and 5.07 mmol L−1 after, respectively. In the case of the acacia honey group, there was a slight significant decrease as well, it was 4.77 mmol L−1 at the beginning and 4.27 mmol L−1 at the end with a total decrease rate of 10.48%. It could thus be concluded that the active ingredients of green walnut can significantly decrease the blood sugar level in humans. This study, as a first report, is not only a new innovative process to add herbs or healthy active ingredients to honey but also shows how these beneficial ingredients aid the honey in controlling the human blood sugar level.
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Ain NU, Wu S, Li X, Li D, Zhang Z. Isolation, Characterization, Pharmacology and Biopolymer Applications of Licorice Polysaccharides: Review. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15103654. [PMID: 35629680 PMCID: PMC9147829 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Licorice is known as "Gan-Cao" in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), belonging to the genus Glycyrrhiza (Family: Fabaceae/Leguminosae). It has a long medicinal history and wide applications in China. Polysaccharides of licorice (LPs) are one of the key bioactive components. As herbal polysaccharides attracted increasing interest in the past several decades, their extraction, isolation, structural characterization, pharmacological activities, and medicinal application have been explored extensively. It is worth heeding that the method of extraction and purification effects LPs, apart from specie and origin specificity. This review evaluates the method of extraction and purification and demonstrates its performance in gaining specific composition and its structure-activity relationship, which might lead the readers to a fresh horizon for developing advanced treatment strategies. It is recently reported that the conformation of LPs plays a vital role as biopolymers, such as selenized modification, microencapsulation, nanocomposite, liposome formulation, drug/hydrogel combinations, biosensor device, and synergistic effect with a vaccine. In addition, LPs showed a good thermodynamics profile, as these properties enable them to interact with additional supramolecular interaction by chemical modifications or copolymerization. Functional polymers that are responsive to various external stimuli, such as physical, chemical, and biological signals, are a promising study topic. Thus, LPs are emerging as a new biomaterial that can enhance intended formulation along exerting its inherent medicinal effects. It is hoped that this review will provide a basis for the utilization and further developments of licorice polysaccharides in the vast medium.
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