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Ju I, Ohs J, Park T, Hinsley A. Examining the Theory of Motivated Information Management (TMIM) in the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Health Commun 2022; 27:326-342. [PMID: 35946513 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to inform understanding of the public's health information management during the COVID-19 pandemic, we applied a modification of TMIM from a serial mediation model to a conditional process model (moderated mediation). In doing so, the current study attempted to refine some of the relational propositions of the original TMIM with a focus on efficacy while addressing the distinction between a mediator and a moderator in a behavioral decision model. Findings from an online survey of U.S. adults (n = 488) demonstrated that anxiety can positively motivate evaluation of information seeking during the COVID-19 pandemic context, a unique context of application for TMIM. Efficacy was found to be qualified as an individual difference variable that moderates the relationships of uncertainty perception and health decision. Our newly proposed conditional process framework of the TMIM opens research directions in health information-seeking and encourages researchers to continuously incorporate updated methodological thought and approach in applying and building communication theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Ju
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jennifer Ohs
- Department of Communication, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Taehwan Park
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Public Health, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Amber Hinsley
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Dietel FA, Möllmann A, Bürkner PC, Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U. Interpretation Bias Across Body Dysmorphic, Social Anxiety and Generalized Anxiety Disorder—A Multilevel, Diffusion Model Account. Cogn Ther Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Interpretation biases are suggested to be transdiagnostic phenomena, but have rarely been compared across different disorders and current concerns.
Methods
We investigated explicit, decision-based, and more implicit, reaction time-based interpretation bias in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD; N = 29), social anxiety disorder (SAD; N = 36), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; N = 22), and non-clinical controls (NC; N = 32), using an adapted Word Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP).
Results
Results indicated that interpretation bias occurred transdiagnostically, while content-specific bias patterns varied meaningfully across groups. BDD and SAD shared explicit and, more inconsistently, implicit interpretation biases for appearance-related and social situations. The GAD group exhibited an explicit and implicit negative interpretation bias for general situations, and an additional implicit lack of positive bias. Mechanistic Wiener diffusion model analyses revealed that interpretation bias patterns were mainly driven by speeded information uptake, potentially mirroring disorder-specific associative memory organization.
Conclusions
These findings have important implications for understanding interpretation biases as both etiological and treatment factors.
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Breithaupt L, Trojanowski P, Fischer S. Implicit and Explicit Anti-Fat Attitude Change Following Brief Cognitive Dissonance Intervention for Weight Stigma. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1853-1859. [PMID: 32845087 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has demonstrated that explicit anti-fat attitudes decrease immediately following a brief cognitive dissonance-based intervention targeting weight stigma. The current study explores changes in explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes immediately following a cognitive dissonance-based weight stigma intervention and 1 week after. METHODS College students (N = 156) were randomly assigned to a control or dissonance weight stigma intervention. Weight stigma attitudes were assessed at three time points, and participants completed a measure of values at baseline. Participants in the dissonance condition were told that they had anti-fat attitudes that were inconsistent with their values, whereas participants in the control group were told that their attitudes aligned with their values. All participants reviewed feedback at a follow-up visit before completing explicit and implicit weight stigma assessments a final time. RESULTS Individuals in the dissonance condition reported statistically significant decreases in explicit attitudes from Visit 1 to Visit 3. In contrast, there was not a significant condition by time interaction on implicit attitudes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for cognitive dissonance-based interventions to reduce explicit, but not implicit, anti-fat attitudes following repeated exposure to dissonance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Breithaupt
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paige Trojanowski
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Fischer
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Beltzer ML, Moulder RG, Starns AL, Teachman BA. EXPLICIT-IMPLICIT DISCREPANCY IN MACRO-LEVEL MENTAL ILLNESS STIGMA IS LINKED TO PREVALENCE AND CARE. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2020.39.8.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This study explores the associations in the United States between each state's stereotypes about the dangerousness of people with mental illness and important outcomes for people with mental illness. Methods: Implicit association test and questionnaire data from 17,312 online participants were aggregated within states and years. Each state's annual average implicit and explicit stereotypes were used to predict state differences in prevalence, and treatment, unemployment, and homelessness among people with mental illness. Results: Implicit and explicit perceived dangerousness interact such that in states with low explicit perceived dangerousness, implicit perceived dangerousness is positively associated with all outcomes. In states with high explicit perceived dangerousness, implicit perceived dangerousness is negatively associated with homelessness. Discussion: Explicit-implicit discrepancy in macro-level perceived dangerousness is generally associated with worse outcomes for people with mental illness, but the effects are small. Macro-level stereotypes might have larger effects in smaller regions, like counties, than in states.
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Briñol P, Petty RE. Changing prejudiced attitudes, promoting egalitarianism, and enhancing diversity through fundamental processes of persuasion. European Review of Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1798102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Briñol
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard E. Petty
- Distinguished University Professor, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Muschalik C, Crutzen R, Elfeddali I, de Vries H. Mindfulness is not associated with dissonant attitudes but enhances the ability to cope with them. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:32. [PMID: 32276667 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-0377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Explicit and implicit attitudes have been studied extensively, but there is less attention to reducing dissonance between them. This is relevant because this dissonance (IED) results in distress and has inconsistent effects on behavior, e.g. less physical activity but more smoking. Mindfulness decreases dissonance between self-related explicit and implicit constructs. This study investigates if, and which, specific mindfulness subskills are associated with decreased dissonance between explicit and implicit attitudes, and whether mindfulness subskills moderate the relationship between IED and intention/behavior. Method At baseline and one and three months thereafter, participants’ (N = 1476) explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes, red meat consumption (RMC), intention to reduce RMC as well as levels of trait mindfulness were assessed. Results Mindfulness subskills were not associated with decreased IED. IED was associated with lower RMC and a higher intention to reduce RMC. The mindfulness subskill acceptance buffered the effect of IED on intention, seemingly offering a skill to deal with dissonant attitudes, which was unidentified until now. Conclusion The mindfulness subskill accepting without judgment functions as a way to deal with dissonance. Future research should use this novel finding and investigate whether mindfulness can be used as a buffer in contexts where dissonance results in maladaptive behaviors.
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Muschalik C, Elfeddali I, Candel MJJM, Crutzen R, de Vries H. Does the discrepancy between implicit and explicit attitudes moderate the relationships between explicit attitude and (intention to) being physically active? BMC Psychol 2019; 7:52. [PMID: 31391101 PMCID: PMC6685264 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Explicit attitudes as well as implicit attitudes have been shown to be associated with physical activity (PA). These two types of attitudes can, however, be discrepant towards the same object or behavior. This study investigated whether there is a discrepancy between explicit and implicit attitudes (IED) regarding physical activity (PA), and whether IED moderates the relationship between explicit attitude and PA, and explicit attitude and PA intention. Methods At baseline (T0) and one (T1) and three months (T2) thereafter, students’ (N = 340) PA levels, intention, explicit attitudes, further PA determinants, e.g. self-efficacy, were assessed. Implicit attitudes towards PA were assessed by means of a tailored Single-Category Implicit Association task. Results IED was present but weak. Multiple hierarchical regressions revealed that IED did not moderate the relationship between explicit attitudes and PA or intention. Yet, IED was negatively associated with T0-PA and T1-PA. Conclusion The study revealed the important insight that IED is detrimental for PA. Interventions targeting attitudes to increase PA, should ensure that implicit and explicit attitudes regarding PA are concordant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Muschalik
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Iman Elfeddali
- GGz Breburg, Academic Department of Specialized Mental Health Care, P.O. Box 770, 5000, AT, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Tranzo - Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 770, 5000, AT, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Math J J M Candel
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Pubic Health Research Institute (Caphri), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Crutzen
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Serenko A, Turel O. A dual-attitude model of system use: The effect of explicit and implicit attitudes. Information & Management 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Braga C, Ribeiro AP, Sousa I, Gonçalves MM. Ambivalence Predicts Symptomatology in Cognitive-Behavioral and Narrative Therapies: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1244. [PMID: 31191417 PMCID: PMC6549469 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The identification of poor outcome predictors is essential if we are to prevent therapeutic failure. Ambivalence - defined as a conflictual relationship between two positions of the self: one favoring change and another one favoring problematic stability - has been consistently associated with poor outcomes. However, the precise relationship between ambivalence and clients' symptomatology remains unclear. Objective: This study aims at assessing ambivalence's power to predict symptomatology, using a longitudinal design. Methods: The complete 305 sessions of 16 narrative and cognitive-behavioral cases have been analyzed with the Ambivalence Coding System and outcome measures have been used for each session. Results: Ambivalence emerged as a significant predictor of subsequent symptomatology suggesting that ambivalence is not only related to treatment outcomes, but that it represents a strong predictor of subsequent symptomatology. Discussion: The implications of ambivalence's power to predict outcomes for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Braga
- Department of Applied Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - António P Ribeiro
- Department of Applied Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Sousa
- Department of Mathematics and Applications, Center of Mathematics University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- Department of Applied Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Weng J, DeMarree KG. An Examination of Whether Mindfulness Can Predict the Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Attitudinal Ambivalence. Front Psychol 2019; 10:854. [PMID: 31068857 PMCID: PMC6491762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambivalence is a mixed reaction toward an attitudinal object. Ambivalence is often viewed as aversive and people are motivated to reduce it. However, the presence of both strong positive and negative attitudes toward an object (objective ambivalence; OA) does not always lead to consciously experienced conflicted and torn feelings (subjective ambivalence; SA) or psychological discomfort. We hypothesized that the way people think about their inner experience can affect whether ambivalent attitudes lead to increased conflicted feelings. In five studies, we examined whether mindfulness predicts the relationship between objective and subjective ambivalence. We predicted that the acceptance aspect of mindfulness would attenuate the relationship between OA and SA, based on the idea that acceptance makes people more tolerant and less judgmental toward their inner states in general (and OA in particular). Although some findings across five studies were consistent with the prediction showing that acceptance attenuated the OA–SA relationship, other findings were not and even showed that acceptance strengthened the OA–SA relationship. A meta-analysis of the interaction effect across all studies failed to find support for predictions (r = -0.036 and 95% CI [-0.087; 0.022]). We discuss possible reasons for these mixed findings, and the implications of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Weng
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth G DeMarree
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Berry TR, Rodgers WM, Divine A, Hall C. The Relationship of Explicit-Implicit Evaluative Discrepancy to Exercise Dropout in Middle-Aged Adults. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2018; 40:92-100. [PMID: 29914279 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Discrepancies between automatically activated associations (i.e., implicit evaluations) and explicit evaluations of motives (measured with a questionnaire) could lead to greater information processing to resolve discrepancies or self-regulatory failures that may affect behavior. This research examined the relationship of health and appearance exercise-related explicit-implicit evaluative discrepancies, the interaction between implicit and explicit evaluations, and the combined value of explicit and implicit evaluations (i.e., the summed scores) to dropout from a yearlong exercise program. Participants (N = 253) completed implicit health and appearance measures and explicit health and appearance motives at baseline, prior to starting the exercise program. The sum of implicit and explicit appearance measures was positively related to weeks in the program, and discrepancy between the implicit and explicit health measures was negatively related to length of time in the program. Implicit exercise evaluations and their relationships to oft-cited motives such as appearance and health may inform exercise dropout.
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Abstract
Associative attitude learning is typically viewed as a low-level process that automatically registers mere co-occurrences between stimuli, independent of their validity and relational meaning. This view invites to critically examine how attitude formation conforms to four operating conditions (i.e., unawareness, efficiency, goal independence, and uncontrollability) and two operating principles (i.e., unqualified registration of mere co-occurrences between stimuli and formation of direct stimulus–response links), which is the main purpose of the present contribution. The general discussion examines how contemporary attitude models endorse these conditions and principles. Overall, this contribution calls for (a) a nuanced understanding of the nature and scope of associative attitude learning, (b) a fine-grained understanding of how contemporary attitude models endorse conditions and principles reviewed here and find them relevant to their theorization of attitude formation, (c) a clarification of how direct and indirect evaluative measures relate to these conditions and principles, and (d) enhanced efforts in specifying contemporary attitude formation models.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to examine differential mediation of long-term effects of discrimination on health behaviour and health status by internalising (anxiety and depression) and externalising (hostility and anger), and to explore moderation of these effects, specifically, by the presence of support networks and coping tendencies. DESIGN The current analyses employed structural equation modelling of five waves of data from Black female participants of the Family and Community Health Study over 11 years (M age 37-48). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The main outcome variables were health status and alcohol use (frequency and problematic consumption). RESULTS Perceived racial discrimination was associated with increases in internalising and externalising. In addition, internalising reactions to discrimination were associated with deterioration in health status and increases in problematic drinking; externalising reactions were associated with increases in frequency of drinking. These relations were attenuated by availability of support networks, and exacerbated by use of avoidance coping. CONCLUSION The current study (a) replicated previous research suggesting that two different types of affective reactions mediate the relations between perceived racial discrimination and physical health status vs. health-impairing behaviours: internalising and externalising, and (b) revealed moderation of these effects by coping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Gerrard
- a Department of Psychological Sciences and Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention and Policy (InChip) , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Frederick X Gibbons
- a Department of Psychological Sciences and Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention and Policy (InChip) , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Mary E Fleischli
- b Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention and Policy (InChip) , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Carolyn E Cutrona
- c Department of Psychology , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Michelle L Stock
- d Department of Psychology , The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heycke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Gehrmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia M. Haaf
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Christoph Stahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Redford
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that affect how managers assess the importance of criminal history for job seekers with criminal records in Ban the Box states.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a phenomenological investigative approach to examine narrative interview data obtained from 18 human resource (HR) professionals in organizations in five Ban the Box states.
Findings
Contrary to previous research, the findings presented in this paper show that managers are inclined to hire applicants with a criminal history. However, study findings indicate that those hiring decisions are positively influenced by: perceived value of criminal history; concerns about safety and cost; characteristics of the offense; motivation to hire; and evidence of applicant growth. Furthermore, a lack of systematic evaluation processes among hiring managers may present a barrier to employment.
Originality/value
This paper explores a poorly understood area of the HR management and employment inclusion literatures – the identification of factors that influence evaluations of applicants with a criminal history.
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Johnson IR, Petty RE, Briñol P, See YHM. Persuasive message scrutiny as a function of implicit-explicit discrepancies in racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
A series of studies examined whether mindfulness is associated with the experience of attitudinal ambivalence. Studies 1A and 1B found that mindful individuals expressed greater comfort holding ambivalent views and reported feeling ambivalent less often. More mindful individuals also responded more positively to feelings of uncertainty (as assessed in Study 1B). Study 2 replicated these effects and demonstrated that mindful individuals had lower objective and subjective ambivalence across a range of attitude objects but did not differ in attitude valence, extremity, positivity/negativity, strength, or the need to evaluate. Study 3 showed that the link between greater ambivalence and negative affect was buffered by mindfulness, such that there was no link between the amount of ambivalence and negative affect among more mindful individuals. The results are discussed with respect to the benefits of mindfulness in relation to ambivalence and affect.
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Nohlen HU, van Harreveld F, Rotteveel M, Barends AJ, Larsen JT. Affective responses to ambivalence are context-dependent: A facial EMG study on the role of inconsistency and evaluative context in shaping affective responses to ambivalence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2016; 65:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Boswell SS. Ratemyprofessors is hogwash (but I care): Effects of Ratemyprofessors and university-administered teaching evaluations on professors. Computers in Human Behavior 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hinojosa AS, Walker HJ, Payne GT. Prerecruitment organizational perceptions and recruitment website information processing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2014.1003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dimaro LV, Roberts NA, Moghaddam NG, Dawson DL, Brown I, Reuber M. Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 46:109-17. [PMID: 25922151 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-esteem (SE), or one's sense of competence and worth, is reduced in many mental and physical disorders. Low SE is associated with perceived stigma and disability and poor treatment outcomes. The present study examined implicit and explicit SE (automatic and deliberate views about the self) in people with epilepsy and people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE have been found to correlate with psychological distress in disorders often associated with PNESs but are relatively unexplored in PNESs. We hypothesized that, compared with epilepsy, PNESs would be associated with lower self-reported SE and greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE. METHODS Thirty adults with PNESs, 25 adults with epilepsy, and 31 controls without a history of seizures were asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale as a measure of explicit SE and an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of implicit SE. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (a somatic symptom inventory) were also administered. RESULTS We found significant group differences in explicit (p<0.001) but not implicit SE. Patients with PNESs reported lower SE than the other groups. No group differences were found in implicit SE. Implicit-explicit SE discrepancies were larger in the group with PNESs than in the other groups (p<0.001). Higher frequency of PNESs (but not epileptic seizures) was associated with lower explicit SE (rs=-.83, p<0.01) and greater SE discrepancies (i.e., lower explicit relative to implicit SE; rs=.65, p<0.01). These relationships remained significant when controlling for anxiety and somatization. CONCLUSION Patients with PNESs had lower explicit SE than those with epilepsy or healthy controls. In keeping with our expectations, there were greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE among patients with PNESs than in the other groups. Our results, including the strong relationship between PNES frequency, anxiety, and explicit-implicit SE discrepancies, support the interpretation that PNESs serve to reduce cognitive dissonance, perhaps protecting patients' implicit SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian V Dimaro
- University of Nottingham, Institute of Work, Health & Organisations, Yang Fujia Building, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK.
| | - Nicole A Roberts
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, MC 3051, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA.
| | - Nima G Moghaddam
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Health, Life and Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - David L Dawson
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Health, Life and Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Ian Brown
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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Abstract
This study used archival data to examine how White, Black, and biracial Black/White people respond to implicit attitude feedback suggesting that they harbor racial bias that does not align with their self-reported attitudes. The results suggested that people are generally defensive in response to feedback indicating that their implicit attitudes differ from their explicit attitudes. Among monoracial White and Black individuals, this effect was particularly strong when they learned that they were implicitly more pro-White than they indicated explicitly. By contrast, biracial Black/White individuals were defensive about large discrepancies in either direction (more pro-Black or more pro-White implicit attitudes). These results pinpoint one distinct difference between monoracial and biracial populations and pave the way for future research to further explore how monoracial majority, minority, and biracial populations compare in other types of attitudes and responses to personal feedback.
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Abstract
Dual-process models of cognitive vulnerability to depression suggest that some individuals possess discrepant implicit and explicit self-views, such as high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (fragile self-esteem) or low explicit and high implicit self-esteem (damaged self-esteem). This study investigated whether individuals with discrepant self-esteem may employ depressive rumination in an effort to reduce discrepancy-related dissonance, and whether the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and future depressive symptoms varies as a function of rumination tendencies. Hierarchical regressions examined whether self-esteem discrepancy was associated with rumination in an Australian undergraduate sample at Time 1 (N = 306; M(age) = 29.9), and whether rumination tendencies moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms assessed 3 months later (n = 160). Damaged self-esteem was associated with rumination at Time 1. As hypothesized, rumination moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms at Time 2, where fragile self-esteem and high rumination tendencies at Time 1 predicted the highest levels of subsequent dysphoria. Results are consistent with dual-process propositions that (a) explicit self-regulation strategies may be triggered when explicit and implicit self-beliefs are incongruent, and (b) rumination may increase the likelihood of depression by expending cognitive resources and/or amplifying negative implicit biases.
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Abstract
Emerging demographic trends signal that White Americans will soon relinquish their majority status. As Whites’ acclimation to an increasingly diverse society is poised to figure prominently in their adjustment, identifying sources of greater comfort with diversity is important. Three studies ( N = 519) revealed evidence that purpose in life bolsters comfort with ethnic diversity among White adults. Specifically, dispositional purpose was positively related to diversity attitudes and attenuated feelings of threat resulting from viewing demographic projections of greater diversity. In addition, when primed experimentally, purpose attenuated participants’ preferences for living in an ethnically homogeneous-White city, relative to a more diverse city when shown maps displaying ethno-demographic information. These effects persisted after controlling for positive affect and perceived connections to ethnic out-groups, suggesting the robust influence of purpose. Potential benefits of situating purpose as a unique resource for navigating an increasingly diverse society are discussed.
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Demarree KG, Christian Wheeler S, Briñol P, Petty RE. Wanting other attitudes: Actual–desired attitude discrepancies predict feelings of ambivalence and ambivalence consequences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2014; 53:5-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Three studies offer novel evidence addressing the consequences of explicit–implicit sexual orientation (SO) ambivalence. In Study 1, self-identified straight females completed explicit and implicit measures of SO. The results revealed that participants with greater SO ambivalence took longer responding to explicit questions about their sexual preferences, an effect moderated by the direction of ambivalence. Study 2 replicated this effect using a different paradigm. Study 3 included self-identified straight and gay female and male participants; participants completed explicit and implicit measures of SO, plus measures of self-esteem and affect regarding their SO. Among straight participants, the response time results replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2. Among gay participants, trends suggested that SO ambivalence influenced time spent deliberating on explicit questions relevant to sexuality, but in a different way. Furthermore, the amount and direction of SO ambivalence was related to self-esteem.
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32
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Dimaro LV, Dawson DL, Roberts NA, Brown I, Moghaddam NG, Reuber M. Anxiety and avoidance in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: the role of implicit and explicit anxiety. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 33:77-86. [PMID: 24632427 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined implicit and explicit anxiety in individuals with epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) and explored whether these constructs were related to experiential avoidance and seizure frequency. Based on recent psychological models of PNESs, it was hypothesized that nonepileptic seizures would be associated with implicit and explicit anxiety and experiential avoidance. Explicit anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; implicit anxiety was measured by an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure; and experiential avoidance was measured with the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. Although both groups with epilepsy and PNESs scored similarly on implicit measures of anxiety, significant implicit-explicit anxiety discrepancies were only identified in patients with PNESs (p<.001). In the group with PNESs (but not in the group with epilepsy), explicit anxiety correlated with experiential avoidance (r=.63, p<.01) and frequency of seizures (r=.67, p<.01); implicit anxiety correlated with frequency of seizures only (r=.56, p<.01). Our findings demonstrate the role of implicit anxiety in PNESs and provide additional support for the contribution of explicit anxiety and experiential avoidance to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian V Dimaro
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Rampton Hospital, Retford, Nottinghamshire DN22 0PD, UK.
| | - David L Dawson
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Health, Life and Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Nicole A Roberts
- School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W, Thunderbird Road, MC 3051, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA.
| | - Ian Brown
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Nima G Moghaddam
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, Health, Life and Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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Shoda TM, McConnell AR, Rydell RJ. Having Explicit-Implicit Evaluation Discrepancies Triggers Race-Based Motivated Reasoning. Social Cognition 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Shoda TM, McConnell AR, Rydell RJ. Implicit Consistency Processes in Social Cognition: Explicit-Implicit Discrepancies Across Systems of Evaluation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J. Rydell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Indiana University
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35
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Jordan CH, Logel C, Spencer SJ, Zanna MP, Wood JV, Holmes JG. Responsive Low Self-Esteem: Low Explicit Self-Esteem, Implicit Self-Esteem, and Reactions to Performance Outcomes. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.7.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Zogmaister C, Roccato M, Borra L. Health Practitioners' Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Drug Addicts Predict Absenteeism and Extra Work. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2013.764300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Bar-Anan Y, Nosek BA. Reporting Intentional Rating of the Primes Predicts Priming Effects in the Affective Misattribution Procedure. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2012; 38:1194-208. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167212446835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the affective misattribution procedure (AMP), pairs of prime and target stimuli appear rapidly in succession. Attitudes toward the prime influence the evaluation of the target despite instructions to avoid this influence. Because this priming effect presumably happens without people’s knowledge, the AMP is used to study automatic evaluation. Participants in four studies performed the AMP and reported their perception of the priming effect. The authors found that the priming reflected reliable and valid attitudes toward the primes mostly among participants who reported that the priming occurred and that they intentionally rated the primes instead of the targets. The authors conclude that the AMP hardly captures attitude effects that escape people’s knowledge. The AMP’s good psychometric qualities as an attitude measure rely mainly on a small subset of participants who believe that they intentionally caused the attitude effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Bar-Anan
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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38
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Goldin-Meadow S, Shield A, Lenzen D, Herzig M, Padden C. The gestures ASL signers use tell us when they are ready to learn math. Cognition 2012; 123:448-53. [PMID: 22421166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The manual gestures that hearing children produce when explaining their answers to math problems predict whether they will profit from instruction in those problems. We ask here whether gesture plays a similar role in deaf children, whose primary communication system is in the manual modality. Forty ASL-signing deaf children explained their solutions to math problems and were then given instruction in those problems. Children who produced many gestures conveying different information from their signs (gesture-sign mismatches) were more likely to succeed after instruction than children who produced few, suggesting that mismatch can occur within-modality, and paving the way for using gesture-based teaching strategies with deaf learners.
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Abstract
People often show a preference for information that confirms their attitudes and beliefs, and this tendency is reduced for opinions that are not held with conviction. The present study shows that both decided and undecided individuals show a tendency to selectively expose themselves to confirmatory information, albeit with different antecedents and consequences. Whereas selective exposure in decided participants was predicted by conscious beliefs and not by automatic associations, selective exposure in undecided participants was predicted by automatic associations and not by conscious beliefs. Moreover, selective exposure led undecided participants to adopt conscious beliefs that were in line with their preexisting automatic associations. Conversely, for decided participants, selective exposure shifted automatic associations in a direction that was in line with their preexisting conscious beliefs. Implications for decision making and mutual influences of automatic associations and conscious beliefs in attitude change are discussed.
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Rydell RJ, Durso GR. Can I borrow a feeling? Spillover of negative arousal from inconsistent information during attitude formation diminishes perceptions of well-being. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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41
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42
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McConnell AR, Dunn EW, Austin SN, Rawn CD. Blind spots in the search for happiness: Implicit attitudes and nonverbal leakage predict affective forecasting errors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Vater A, Schröder-Abé M, Schütz A, Lammers CH, Roepke S. Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are linked to symptom severity in borderline personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2010; 41:357-64. [PMID: 20435296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are associated with symptom severity in a sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We hypothesized that implicit-explicit self-esteem discrepancies foster autoaggressive behavior and dysphoria, and impair self-perception. We found that the two forms of self-esteem discrepancies, damaged and fragile self-esteem were related to the severity of overall borderline symptoms, autoaggression, dysphoria, and deficits in self-perception. In contrast, more general psychopathological impairment, such as depression, was not related to self-esteem discrepancies. Taken together our results indicate that discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are associated with certain borderline symptoms that may be based on internal tension. The findings can be interpreted within the framework of self-discrepancies and dichotomous attitudes in patients with BPD.
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Rydell RJ, Hamilton DL, Devos T. Now They are American, Now They are Not: Valence as a Determinant of the Inclusion of African Americans in the American Identity. Social Cognition 2010. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2010.28.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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45
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McConnell AR, Brown CM. Dissonance averted: Self-concept organization moderates the effect of hypocrisy on attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Koole SL, Govorun O, Cheng CM, Gallucci M. Pulling yourself together: Meditation promotes congruence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Loughnan S, Haslam N, Kashima Y. Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-Based and Metaphor-Based Dehumanization. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430209347726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has adopted two distinct approaches to the study of dehumanization. One has focused on the denial of human attributes to groups (attribute-based dehumanization) and the other on the likening of group members to nonhumans (metaphor-based dehumanization). The relationship between these two approaches has yet to be examined. The current studies seek to clarify this relationship by integrating the two approaches. Using Haslam and colleagues’ (Haslam, 2006; Haslam, Loughnan, Kashima & Bain, 2008) model of dehumanization, we examined whether attribute-based dehumanization leads to metaphor-based dehumanization, and vice versa. In Study 1 participants read about a novel group that was described either as lacking one type of humanness or as being like a nonhuman. In Study 2 a concrete learning task taught participants that a novel group lacked a specific type of humanness. In both studies, participants explicitly learned to dehumanize the group and inferred the corresponding type of attribute- or metaphor-based perception (e.g. perceived a group as animal-like after learning that it lacked uniquely human attributes, and vice versa). Implicitly, however, participants were able to directly learn but not robustly infer the corresponding type of dehumanization. We suggest that the relationship between the two types of dehumanization can be understood using cognitive models of metaphor-making.
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48
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Sritharan R, Heilpern K, Wilbur CJ, Gawronski B. I think I like you: Spontaneous and deliberate evaluations of potential romantic partners in an online dating context. Eur J Soc Psychol 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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