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Smart K, Zheng MQ, Holden D, Felchner Z, Zhang L, Han Y, Ropchan J, Carson RE, Vasdev N, Huang Y. In Vivo Imaging and Kinetic Modeling of Novel Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Radiotracers [ 11C]OCM-44 and [ 18F]OCM-50 in Non-Human Primates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:194. [PMID: 37259346 PMCID: PMC9959234 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a potential therapeutic target for a range of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The goal of this work was to evaluate two leading GSK-3 positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands, [11C]OCM-44 and [18F]OCM-50, in non-human primates to assess their potential for clinical translation. A total of nine PET scans were performed with the two radiotracers using arterial blood sampling in adult rhesus macaques. Brain regional time-activity curves were extracted and fitted with one- and two-tissue compartment models using metabolite-corrected arterial input functions. Target selectivity was assessed after pre-administration of the GSK-3 inhibitor PF-04802367 (PF-367, 0.03-0.25 mg/kg). Both radiotracers showed good brain uptake and distribution throughout grey matter. [11C]OCM-44 had a free fraction in the plasma of 3% at baseline and was metabolized quickly. The [11C]OCM-44 volume of distribution (VT) values in the brain increased with time; VT values from models fitted to truncated 60-min scan data were 1.4-2.9 mL/cm3 across brain regions. The plasma free fraction was 0.6% for [18F]OCM-50 and VT values (120-min) were 0.39-0.87 mL/cm3 in grey matter regions. After correcting for plasma free fraction increases during blocking scans, reductions in regional VT indicated >80% target occupancy by 0.1 mg/kg of PF-367 for both radiotracers, supporting target selectivity in vivo. [11C]OCM-44 and [18F]OCM-50 warrant further evaluation as radioligands for imaging GSK-3 in the brain, though radio-metabolite accumulation may confound image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smart
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Zachary Felchner
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yanjiang Han
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Blvd North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Richard E. Carson
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Boyle AJ, Narvaez A, Chassé M, Vasdev N. PET imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse models. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 12:1-14. [PMID: 35295885 PMCID: PMC8918402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) contributes to tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer by modulating cell proliferation and survival. This study evaluated the lead GSK-3 targeted PET radiotracers for neuro-PET imaging, [11C]PF-367 and [11C]OCM-44, in pancreatic cancer xenograft mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that GSK-3α and GSK-3β were overexpressed in PANC-1 xenografts. In autoradiography studies, higher specific binding was observed for [3H]PF-367 compared to [3H]OCM-44 when co-incubated with unlabeled PF-367 (59.2±1.8% vs 22.6±3.75%, respectively). Co-incubation of [11C]OCM-44 with OCM-44 did not improve the specific binding (25.5±30.2%). In dynamic PET imaging of PANC-1 xenograft mouse models, tumors were not visualized with [11C]PF-367 but were well visualized with [11C]OCM-44. Time-activity curves revealed no difference in accumulation in PANC-1 tumor tissue compared to muscle tissue in [11C]PF-367 baseline studies, while a significant difference was observed for [11C]OCM-44 with a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 1.6. Tumor radioactivity accumulation following injection with [11C]OCM-44 was not displaced by pre-treatment with unlabeled PF-367. Radiometabolite analysis showed that intact [11C]PF-367 accounted for 7.5% of tumor radioactivity, with >30% in plasma, at 40 min post-injection of the radiotracer, and that intact [11C]OCM-44 accounted for 20% of tumor radioactivity, with >60% in plasma. [11C]OCM-44 is superior to [11C]PF-367 for detecting lesions in preclinical mouse models of pancreatic cancer, however, both radiotracers undergo rapid metabolism in vivo. GSK-3 PET radiotracers with improved in vivo stability are needed for clinical translation. To our knowledge this work represents the first PET imaging study of GSK-3 in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Boyle
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthToronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Andrea Narvaez
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthToronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Melissa Chassé
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthToronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthToronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Arciniegas Ruiz SM, Eldar-Finkelman H. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS-A Decade Onward. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:792364. [PMID: 35126052 PMCID: PMC8813766 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.792364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase, GSK-3, participates in diverse biological processes and is now recognized a promising drug discovery target in treating multiple pathological conditions. Over the last decade, a range of newly developed GSK-3 inhibitors of diverse chemotypes and inhibition modes has been developed. Even more conspicuous is the dramatic increase in the indications that were tested from mood and behavior disorders, autism and cognitive disabilities, to neurodegeneration, brain injury and pain. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical studies were largely expanded uncovering new mechanisms and novel insights into the contribution of GSK-3 to neurodegeneration and central nerve system (CNS)-related disorders. In this review we summarize new developments in the field and describe the use of GSK-3 inhibitors in the variety of CNS disorders. This remarkable volume of information being generated undoubtedly reflects the great interest, as well as the intense hope, in developing potent and safe GSK-3 inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Cao L, Kong Y, Ji B, Ren Y, Guan Y, Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Tauopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:761913. [PMID: 35082657 PMCID: PMC8784812 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.761913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease and primary tauopathy diseases. The abnormal accumulation of tau contributes to the development of neurotoxicity, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive deficits in tauopathy diseases. Tau synergically interacts with amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease leading to detrimental consequence. Thus, tau has been an important target for therapeutics development for Alzheimer's disease and primary tauopathy diseases. Tauopathy animal models recapitulating the tauopathy such as transgenic, knock-in mouse and rat models have been developed and greatly facilitated the understanding of disease mechanisms. The advance in PET and imaging tracers have enabled non-invasive detection of the accumulation and spread of tau, the associated microglia activation, metabolic, and neurotransmitter receptor alterations in disease animal models. In vivo microPET studies on mouse or rat models of tauopathy have provided significant insights into the phenotypes and time course of pathophysiology of these models and allowed the monitoring of treatment targeting at tau. In this study, we discuss the utilities of PET and recently developed tracers for evaluating the pathophysiology in tauopathy animal models. We point out the outstanding challenges and propose future outlook in visualizing tau-related pathophysiological changes in brain of tauopathy disease animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Changes Technology Corporation Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Ren
- Guangdong Robotics Association, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Knight AC, Varlow C, Tong J, Vasdev N. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of GSK-3 Radioligands in Alzheimer's Disease: Preliminary Evidence of Sex Differences. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1287-1294. [PMID: 34423266 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging target with implications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This preliminary study evaluates human AD and transgenic P301L mouse brain tissues using the GSK-3-targeting radiotracers [3H]PF-367 and [3H]OCM-44 in radioligand binding assays. A saturation analysis showed decreased GSK-3 density in female human AD compared to a normal healthy brain. Equivalence in density (B max), affinity (K d), and apparent affinity (K i) of both radiotracers was demonstrated to enable their interchangeability for in vitro evaluations of GSK-3 expression. An evaluation of P301L mouse brain by [3H]/[11C]OCM-44 delineated differences in the B max of GSK-3 between the control and transgenic mice within male subjects. PET imaging showed similar trends to those observed in vitro. Sex differences are revealed as a potential parameter to consider in the development of GSK-3-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics and could guide recruitment for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Knight
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Cassis Varlow
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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