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Doan TQ, Pham AD, Brouhon JM, Lundqvist J, Scippo ML. Profile occurrences and in vitro effects of toxic organic pollutants in metal shredding facilities in Wallonia (Belgium). J Hazard Mater 2022; 423:127009. [PMID: 34481394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life vehicles and e-waste contain several hazardous substances that can contaminate the environment during treatment processes. Occurrences and adverse effects of toxic organic pollutants emitted from 3 shredder plants located in Wallonia, Belgium, were investigated by chemical and biological analyses of fluff, dust, and scrubbing sludge sampled in 2019. Site 1 showed the highest concentrations of chlorinated compounds in sludge with 7.5 ng/g polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans and 84.5 µg/g estimated total polychlorinated biphenyls, while site 3 led the brominated flame retardant levels in dust (53.4 µg/g). The level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was highest in the sludge samples, 78 and 71 µg/g for sites 2 and 3, respectively. The samples induced significant dioxin-like activities in murine and human cells at concentrations of around 0.01-0.1 and 0.5-1 ng (sample) per ml (medium), respectively, with the efficacy similar to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and EC50 values of around 1 and 10 ng/ml. The samples also displayed high estrogenic activities, already at 1 ng/ml, and several induced a response as efficient as 17β-estradiol, albeit a low androgenic activity. Shredder workers were estimated to be highly exposed to dioxin-like compounds through dust ingestion and dermal absorption, which is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Que Doan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Anh Duc Pham
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Brouhon
- Walloon Agency for Air and Climate, Public Service of Wallonia, Jambes, Belgium
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
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Coppola L, Bellezze T, Belli A, Bignozzi MC, Bolzoni F, Brenna A, Cabrini M, Candamano S, Cappai M, Caputo D, Carsana M, Casnedi L, Cioffi R, Cocco O, Coffetti D, Colangelo F, Coppola B, Corinaldesi V, Crea F, Crotti E, Daniele V, De Gisi S, Delogu F, Diamanti MV, Di Maio L, Di Mundo R, Di Palma L, Donnini J, Farina I, Ferone C, Frontera P, Gastaldi M, Giosuè C, Incarnato L, Liguori B, Lollini F, Lorenzi S, Manzi S, Marino O, Marroccoli M, Mascolo MC, Mavilia L, Mazzoli A, Medici F, Meloni P, Merlonetti G, Mobili A, Notarnicola M, Ormellese M, Pastore T, Pedeferri MP, Petrella A, Pia G, Redaelli E, Roviello G, Scarfato P, Scoccia G, Taglieri G, Telesca A, Tittarelli F, Todaro F, Vilardi G, Yang F. Binders alternative to Portland cement and waste management for sustainable construction - Part 2. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2018; 16:207-221. [PMID: 29991308 DOI: 10.1177/2280800018782852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper represents the "state of the art" on sustainability in construction materials. In Part 1 of the paper, issues related to production, microstructures, chemical nature, engineering properties, and durability of mixtures based on binders alternative to Portland cement were presented. This second part of the paper concerns the use of traditional and innovative Portland-free lime-based mortars in the conservation of cultural heritage, and the recycling and management of wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources in the production of construction materials. The latter is one of the main concerns in terms of sustainability since nowadays more than 75% of wastes are disposed of in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alberto Belli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria C Bignozzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Bolzoni
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenna
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cabrini
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Candamano
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marta Cappai
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Carsana
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Casnedi
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cioffi
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Ombretta Cocco
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Denny Coffetti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Bartolomeo Coppola
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fortunato Crea
- 5 Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valeria Daniele
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria V Diamanti
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Rosa Di Mundo
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Di Palma
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Donnini
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Farina
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferone
- 8 Department of Engineering, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Frontera
- 13 Department of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environment and Materials, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Giosuè
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Barbara Liguori
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Lollini
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Lorenzi
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefania Manzi
- 3 Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ottavio Marino
- 7 Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Milena Marroccoli
- 14 School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza and Matera, Italy
| | - Maria C Mascolo
- 15 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Letterio Mavilia
- 16 Department of Heritage, Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Alida Mazzoli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Medici
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Meloni
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Glauco Merlonetti
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mobili
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ormellese
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- 1 Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Pedeferri
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrella
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pia
- 6 Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Redaelli
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Scarfato
- 9 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Scoccia
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuliana Taglieri
- 10 Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Telesca
- 14 School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza and Matera, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- 2 Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Todaro
- 11 Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vilardi
- 12 Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fan Yang
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenfeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials; Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd; Beijing China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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4
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Anzano M, Collina E, Piccinelli E, Lasagni M. Lab-scale pyrolysis of the Automotive Shredder Residue light fraction and characterization of tar and solid products. Waste Manag 2017; 64:263-271. [PMID: 28318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The general aim of this study is the recovery of Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR). The ASR light fraction, or car fluff, that was collected at an Italian shredding plant was pyrolysed at various temperatures (500-800°C) in a lab-scale reactor. The condensable gases (tar) and solid residue yields increased with decreasing temperature, and these products were characterized to suggest a potential use to reclaim them. The higher heating value (HHV) of tar was 34-37MJ/kg, which is comparable with those of fossil fuels. Furthermore, the ash content was low (0.06-4.98%). Thus, tar can be used as an alternative fuel. With this prospect, the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in tar were determined. The toxicity of tar changes with temperature (1-5ng I-TEQ/g), and the PCDFs significantly contribute to tar toxicity, which was 75-100% with a maximum of 99.6% at 700°C. Regarding the characterization of the solid residue, the low HHV (2.4-3.3MJ/kg) does not make it suitable for energy recovery. Regarding material recovery, we considered its use as a filler in construction materials or a secondary source for metals. It shows a high metal concentration (280,000-395,000mg/kg), which is similar at different pyrolysis temperatures. At 500°C, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were not detected in the solid residue, whereas the maximum total PAH concentration (19.41ng/g, 700°C) was lower than that in fly ash from MSWI. In conclusion, 500°C is a suitable pyrolysis temperature to obtain valuable tar and solid residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Anzano
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
| | - Elena Collina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
| | - Elsa Piccinelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
| | - Marina Lasagni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
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5
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Mayyas M, Pahlevani F, Maroufi S, Liu Z, Sahajwalla V. Waste conversion into high-value ceramics: Carbothermal nitridation synthesis of titanium nitride nanoparticles using automotive shredder waste. J Environ Manage 2017; 188:32-42. [PMID: 27923163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental concern about automotive shredder residue (ASR) has increased in recent years due to its harmful content of heavy metals. Although several approaches of ASR management have been suggested, these approaches remain commercially unproven. This study presents an alternative approach for ASR management where advanced materials can be generated as a by-product. In this approach, titanium nitride (TiN) has been thermally synthesized by nitriding pressed mixture of automotive shredder residue (ASR) and titanium oxide (TiO2). Interactions between TiO2 and ASR at non-isothermal conditions were primarily investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry. Results indicated that TiO2 influences and catalyses degradation reactions of ASR, and the temperature, at which reduction starts, was determined around 980 °C. The interaction between TiO2 and ASR at isothermal conditions in the temperature range between 1200 and 1550 °C was also studied. The pressed mixture of both materials resulted in titanium nitride (TiN) ceramic at all given temperatures. Formation kinetics were extracted using several models for product layer diffusion-controlled solid-solid and solid-fluid reactions. The effect of reactants ratio and temperature on the degree of conversion and morphology was investigated. The effect of reactants ratio was found to have considerable effect on the morphology of the resulting material, while temperature had a lesser impact. Several unique structures of TiN (porous nanostructured, polycrystalline, micro-spherical and nano-sized structures) were obtained by simply tuning the ratio of TiO2 to ASR, and a product with appreciable TiN content of around 85% was achieved after only one hour nitridation at 1550 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Mayyas
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Farshid Pahlevani
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Samane Maroufi
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Zhao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Rey L, Conesa JA, Aracil I, Garrido MA, Ortuño N. Pollutant formation in the pyrolysis and combustion of Automotive Shredder Residue. Waste Manag 2016; 56:376-383. [PMID: 27497585 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work has been carried out to verify the feasibility of thermal valorization of an automobile shredder residue (ASR). With this aim, the thermal decomposition of this waste has been studied in a laboratory scale reactor, analyzing the pollutants emitted under different operating conditions. The emission factors of carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCPhs, PCBzs, PBPhs, PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDD/Fs were determined at two temperatures, 600 and 850°C, and under different oxygen ratios ranging from 0 (pure pyrolysis) to 1.5 (over-stoichiometric oxidation). After analyzing all these compounds, we conclude that thermal valorization of ASR is a clean way to treat this waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A Conesa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Aracil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria A Garrido
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Nuria Ortuño
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Mayyas M, Pahlevani F, Handoko W, Sahajwalla V. Preliminary investigation on the thermal conversion of automotive shredder residue into value-added products: Graphitic carbon and nano-ceramics. Waste Manag 2016; 50:173-183. [PMID: 26876777 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Large increasing production volumes of automotive shredder residue (ASR) and its hazardous content have raised concerns worldwide. ASR has a desirable calorific value, making its pyrolysis a possible, environmentally friendly and economically viable solution. The present work focuses on the pyrolysis of ASR at temperatures between 950 and 1550°C. Despite the high temperatures, the energy consumption can be minimized as the decomposition of ASR can be completed within a short time. In this study, the composition of ASR was investigated. ASR was found to contain about 3% Ti and plastics of high calorific value such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate and polyurethane. Based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of ASR, the non-isothermal degradation kinetic parameters were determined using Coats-Redfern's and Freeman and Carroll methods. The evolved gas analysis indicated that the CH4 was consumed by the reduction of some oxides in ASR. The reduction reactions and the presence of Ti, silicates, C and N in ASR at 1550°C favor the formation of specific ceramics such as TiN and SiC. The presence of nano-ceramics along with a highly-crystalline graphitic carbon in the pyrolysis residues obtained at 1550°C was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman imaging microscope (RIM) analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Mayyas
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Farshid Pahlevani
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Wilson Handoko
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Dong H, Jiang X, Lv G, Chi Y, Yan J. Co-combustion of tannery sludge in a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler. Waste Manag 2015; 46:227-233. [PMID: 26278370 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Co-combusting hazardous wastes in existing fluidized bed combustors is an alternative to hazardous waste treatment facilities, in shortage in China. Tannery sludge is a kind of hazardous waste, considered fit for co-combusting with coal in fluidized bedboilers. In this work, co-combustion tests of tannery sludge and bituminous coal were conducted in a power plant in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province. Before that, the combustion behavior of tannery sludge and bituminous were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Tannery sludge presented higher reactivity than bituminous coal. During the co-combustion tests, the emissions of harmful gases were monitored. The results showed that the pollutant emissions met the Chinese standard except for NOx. The Concentrations of seven trace elements (As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Mn) in three exit ash flows (bottom ash in bed, fly ash in filter, and submicrometer aerosol in flue gas) were analyzed. The results of mono-combustion of bituminous coal were compared with those of co-combustion with tannery sludge. It was found that chromium enriched in fly ash. At last, the leachability of fly ash and bottom ash was analyzed. The results showed that most species were almost equal to or below the limits except for As in bottom ashes and Cr in the fly ash of co-combustion test. The concentrations of Cr in leachates of co-combustion ashes are markedly higher than that of coal mono-combustion ashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guojun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Cossu R, Lai T. Automotive shredder residue (ASR) management: An overview. Waste Manag 2015; 45:143-151. [PMID: 26294011 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of statistical data, approximately 6.5 million tons of ELVs were produced in Europe in 2011. ELVs are processed according to a treatment scheme comprising three main phases: depollution, dismantling and shredding. The ferrous fraction represents about 70-75% of the total shredded output, while nonferrous metals represent about 5%. The remaining 20-25% is referred to as automotive shredder residue (ASR). ASR is largely landfilled due to its heterogeneous and complex matrix. With a start date of January 1st 2015, the European Directive 2000/53/EC establishes the reuse and recovery of a minimum of 95% ELV total weight. To reach these targets various post-shredder technologies have been developed with the aim of improving recovery of materials and energy from ASR. In order to evaluate the environmental impacts of different management options of ELVs, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has been applied taking into account the potential implication of sustainable design of vehicles and treatment of residues after shredding of ELVs. Findings obtained reveal that a combination of recycling and energy recovery is required to achieve European targets, with landfilling being viewed as the least preferred option. The aim of this work is to provide a general overview of the recent development of management of ELVs and treatment of ASR with a view to minimizing the amount of residues disposed of in landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cossu
- DII Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T Lai
- DII Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Yaghmaeian K, Jaafarzadeh N, Nabizadeh R, Dastforoushan G, Jaafari J. CFD modeling of incinerator to increase PCBs removal from outlet gas. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2015; 13:60. [PMID: 26269746 PMCID: PMC4534144 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Incineration of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an important alternative way for disposal of this type of hazardous waste. PCBs are very stable compounds and do not decompose readily. Individuals can be exposed to PCBs through several ways and damaged by their effects. A well design of a waste incinerator will convert these components to unharmfull materials. In this paper we have studied the design parameters of an incinerator with numerical approaches. The CFD software Fluent 6.3 is used for modelling of an incinerator. The effects of several baffles inside the incinerator on flow distribution and heat is investigated. The results show that baffles can reduce eddy flows, increase retaining times, and efficiencies. The baffles reduced cool areas and increased efficiencies of heat as maximum temperature in two and three baffle embedded incinerator were 100 and 200 °C higher than the non-baffle case, respectively. Also the gas emission leaves the incinerator with a lower speed across a longer path and the turbulent flow in the incinerator is stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- />Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nematallah Jaafarzadeh
- />Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- />Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jalil Jaafari
- />Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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11
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Van Caneghem J, Vandecasteele C. Characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flue gas and residues of a full scale fluidized bed combustor combusting non-hazardous industrial waste. Waste Manag 2014; 34:2407-2413. [PMID: 25002370 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the fate of PAHs in full scale incinerators by analysing the concentration of the 16 EPA-PAHs in both the input waste and all the outputs of a full scale Fluidized Bed Combustor (FBC). Of the analysed waste inputs i.e. Waste Water Treatment (WWT) sludge, Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR), RDF and ASR were the main PAH sources, with phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene being the most important PAHs. In the flue gas sampled at the stack, naphthalene was the only predominant PAH, indicating that the PAHs in FBC's combustion gas were newly formed and did not remain from the input waste. Of the other outputs, the boiler and fly ash contained no detectable levels of PAHs, whereas the flue gas cleaning residue contained only low concentrations of naphthalene, probably adsorbed from the flue gas. The PAH fingerprint of the bottom ash corresponded rather well to the PAH fingerprint of the RDF and ASR, indicating that the PAHs in this output, in contrast to the other outputs, were mainly remainders from the PAHs in the waste inputs. A PAH mass balance showed that the total PAH input/output ratio of the FBC ranged from about 100 to about 2600 depending on the waste input composition and the obtained combustion conditions. In all cases, the FBC was clearly a net PAH sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Caneghem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Group T Leuven Engineering College, Association of the University of Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - C Vandecasteele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Cossu R, Fiore S, Lai T, Luciano A, Mancini G, Ruffino B, Viotti P, Zanetti MC. Review of Italian experience on automotive shredder residue characterization and management. Waste Manag 2014; 34:1752-1762. [PMID: 24373677 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) is a special waste that can be classified as either hazardous or non hazardous depending on the amount of hazardous substances and on the features of leachate gathered from EN12457/2 test. However both the strict regulation concerning landfills and the EU targets related to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) recovery and recycling rate to achieve by 2015 (Directive 2000/53/EC), will limit current landfilling practice and will impose an increased efficiency of ELVs valorization. The present paper considers ELVs context in Italy, taking into account ASRs physical-chemical features and current processing practice, focusing on the enhancement of secondary materials recovery. The application in waste-to-energy plants, cement kilns or metallurgical processes is also analyzed, with a particular attention to the possible connected environmental impacts. Pyrolysis and gasification are considered as emerging technologies although the only use of ASR is debatable; its mixing with other waste streams is gradually being applied in commercial processes. The environmental impacts of the processes are acceptable, but more supporting data are needed and the advantage over (co-)incineration remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cossu
- Dept. of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), University of Padova, Lungargine Rovetta 8, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - S Fiore
- Dept of Land, Environment and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - T Lai
- Dept. of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), University of Padova, Lungargine Rovetta 8, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - A Luciano
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, RC Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - G Mancini
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - B Ruffino
- Dept of Land, Environment and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - P Viotti
- Dept. of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - M C Zanetti
- Dept of Land, Environment and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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13
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Van Caneghem J, Block C, Vandecasteele C. Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in dedicated full scale waste incinerators. Chemosphere 2014; 94:42-47. [PMID: 24120013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in full scale waste incinerators is studied by analysing input waste streams and boiler and fly ash of a grate furnace incinerator (GFI) incinerating MSW, of a Fluidised Bed Combustor (FBC) incinerating a mix of 50% sludge, 25% refuse derived fuel (RDF) and 25% automotive shredder residue (ASR) and of a rotary kiln incinerator (RKI) incinerating hazardous waste. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs show that PCB oils Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254 late are the major dioxin-like PCB contamination source of sludge, RDF and ASR. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs are clearly different from the fingerprints of the outputs, i.e. boiler and fly ash, indicating that in full scale waste incinerators dioxin-like PCBs in the input waste are destroyed and other dioxin-like PCBs are newly formed in the post combustion zone. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of all three incinerators corresponds well to the fly ash fingerprint obtained in lab scale de novo synthesis experiments, indicating that dioxin-like PCBs are mainly formed through this mechanism. The high PCB concentration in the input waste mix of the RKI does not promote the formation of dioxin-like PCBs through precursor condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Van Caneghem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, De Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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14
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Cossu R, Lai T. Washing treatment of automotive shredder residue (ASR). Waste Manag 2013; 33:1770-1775. [PMID: 23706987 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the amount of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) reaches 50 million units per year. Once the ELV has been processed, it may then be shredded and sorted to recover valuable metals that are recycled in iron and steelmaking processes. The residual fraction, called automotive shredder residue (ASR), represents 25% of the ELV and is usually landfilled. In order to deal with the leachable fraction of ASR that poses a potential threat to the environment, a washing treatment before landfilling was applied. To assess the potential for full-scale application of washing treatment, tests were carried out in different conditions (L/S = 3 and 5L/kgTS; t = 3 and 6 h). Moreover, to understand whether the grain size of waste could affect the washing efficiency, the treatment was applied to ground (<4 mm) and not-ground samples. The findings obtained revealed that, on average, washing treatment achieved removal rates of more than 60% for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). With regard to metals and chlorides, sulphates and fluoride leachable fraction, a removal efficiency of approximately 60% was obtained, as confirmed also by EC values. The comparison between the results for ground and not-ground samples did not highlight significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Cossu
- University of Padua, ICEA Department, Lungargine Rovetta, 8, I 35127 Padova, Italy.
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15
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Vermeulen I, Van Caneghem J, Block C, Dewulf W, Vandecasteele C. Environmental impact of incineration of calorific industrial waste: rotary kiln vs. cement kiln. Waste Manag 2012; 32:1853-1863. [PMID: 22739430 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rotary kiln incinerators and cement kilns are two energy intensive processes, requiring high temperatures that can be obtained by the combustion of fossil fuel. In both processes, fossil fuel is often substituted by high or medium calorific waste to avoid resource depletion and to save costs. Two types of industrial calorific waste streams are considered: automotive shredder residue (ASR) and meat and bone meal (MBM). These waste streams are of current high interest: ASR must be diverted from landfill, while MBM can no longer be used for cattle feeding. The environmental impact of the incineration of these waste streams is assessed and compared for both a rotary kiln and a cement kiln. For this purpose, data from an extensive emission inventory is applied for assessing the environmental impact using two different modeling approaches: one focusing on the impact of the relevant flows to and from the process and its subsystems, the other describing the change of environmental impact in response to these physical flows. Both ways of assessing emphasize different aspects of the considered processes. Attention is paid to assumptions in the methodology that can influence the outcome and conclusions of the assessment. It is concluded that for the incineration of calorific wastes, rotary kilns are generally preferred. Nevertheless, cement kilns show opportunities in improving their environmental impact when substituting their currently used fuels by more clean calorific waste streams, if this improvement is not at the expense of the actual environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vermeulen
- University of Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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16
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Fiore S, Ruffino B, Zanetti MC. Automobile Shredder Residues in Italy: characterization and valorization opportunities. Waste Manag 2012; 32:1548-1559. [PMID: 22525092 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
At the moment Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) is usually landfilled worldwide, but European draft Directive 2000/53/CE forces the development of alternative solutions, stating the 95%-wt recovery of an End of Life Vehicle (ELV) weight to be fulfilled by 2015. This work describes two industrial tests, each involving 250-300 t of ELVs, in which different pre-shredding operations were performed. The produced ASR materials underwent an extended characterization and some post-shredding processes, consisting of dimensional, magnetic, electrostatic and densimetric separation phases, were tested on laboratory scale, having as main purpose the enhancement of ASR recovery/recycling and the minimization of the landfilled fraction. The gathered results show that accurate depollution and dismantling operations are mandatory to obtain a high quality ASR material which may be recycled/recovered and partially landfilled according to the actual European Union regulations, with particular concern for Lower Heating Value (LHV), heavy metals content and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) as critical parameters. Moreover post-shredding technical solutions foreseeing minimum economic and engineering efforts, therefore realizable in common European ELVs shredding plants, may lead to multi-purposed (material recovery and thermal valorization) opportunities for ASR reuse/recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fiore
- DIATI, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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17
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Van Caneghem J, Vermeulen I, Block C, Van Brecht A, Van Royen P, Jaspers M, Wauters G, Vandecasteele C. Destruction and formation of PCDD/Fs in a fluidised bed combustor co-incinerating automotive shredder residue with refuse derived fuel and wastewater treatment sludge. J Hazard Mater 2012; 207-208:152-158. [PMID: 21621915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During an eight day trial automotive shredder residue (ASR) was added to the usual waste feed of a Fluidized Bed Combustor (FBC) for waste-to-energy conversion; the input waste mix consisted of 25% ASR, 25% refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and 50% wastewater treatment (WWT) sludge. All inputs and outputs were sampled and the concentration of the 17 PCDD/Fs with TEF-values was determined in order to obtain "PCDD/F fingerprints". The ASR contained approximately 9000 ng PCDD/Fs/kg(DW), six times more than the RDF and 10 times more than the WWT sludge. The fingerprint of ASR and RDF was dominated by HpCDD and OCDD, which accounted for 90% of the total PDDD/F content, whereas the WWT sludge contained relatively more HpCDFs and OCDF (together 70%). The flue gas cleaning residue (FGCR) and fly and boiler ash contained approximately 30,000 and 2500 ng PCDD/Fs/kg(DW), respectively. The fingerprints of these outputs were also dominated by HpCDFs and OCDF. The bottom ash contained only OCDD and OCDF, in total 8 ng PCDD/Fs/kg (DW). From the comparison of the bottom ash fingerprints with the fingerprints of the other output fractions and of the inputs, it could be concluded that the PCDD/Fs in the waste were destroyed and new PCDD/Fs were formed in the post combustion process by de novo synthesis. During the ASR-co-incineration, the PCDD/F congener concentrations in the fly and boiler ash, FGCR and flue gas were 1.25-10 times higher compared to the same output fractions generated during incineration of the usual waste mix (70% RDF and 30% WWT sludge). The concentration of the higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs increased most. As these congeners have the lowest TEF-factors, the total PCDD/F output, expressed in kg TEQ/year, of the FBC did not increase significantly when ASR was co-incinerated. Due to the relatively high copper levels in the ASR, the copper concentrations in the FBCs outputs increased. As copper catalysis the de novo syntheses, this could explain the increase in PCDD/F concentrations in these outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Caneghem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, W. De Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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18
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Grosso M, Biganzoli L, Rigamonti L, Cernuschi S, Giugliano M, Poluzzi V, Biancolini V. Experimental evaluation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs release and mass balance of a WTE plant. Chemosphere 2012; 86:293-299. [PMID: 22094053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of waste incineration plants with respect to organic toxic trace contaminants such as PCDDs, PCDFs and, to a minor extent, PCBs, is still a matter of concern for the public opinion and the decision makers. It is therefore very important, first, to evaluate the release of these organic toxic trace contaminants in the environment during waste incineration, not only through the stack gas emission but also with the solid and liquid residues, and then to compare the total release with the input through the treated waste in order to assess the plant behaviour as a "sink" rather than a "source" of organic toxic trace contaminants. The experimental investigation carried out on an Italian full scale incineration plant has shown a total 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs release of 5.5-27 μg WHO-TEQ per tonne of treated waste and an input flux of 1.6-44 μg WHO-TEQ per tonne of waste, with the difference between the input and the output fluxes rather small and the plant behaviour toward organic trace toxic contaminants in average neutral. Results are compared with similar evaluations conducted in the last decade on a number of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants operating in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grosso
- Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Vermeulen I, Van Caneghem J, Block C, Baeyens J, Vandecasteele C. Automotive shredder residue (ASR): reviewing its production from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and its recycling, energy or chemicals' valorisation. J Hazard Mater 2011; 190:8-27. [PMID: 21440364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ASR is in Europe classified as hazardous waste. Both the stringent landfill legislation and the objectives/legislation related to ELV treatment of various countries, will limit current landfilling practice and impose an increased efficiency of the recovery and recycling of ELVs. The present paper situates ASR within the ELV context. Primary recovery techniques recycle up to 75% of the ELV components; the remaining 25% is called ASR. Characteristics of ASR and possible upgrading by secondary recovery techniques are reviewed. The latter techniques can produce a fuel- or fillergrade ASR, however with limitations as discussed. A further reduction of ASR to be disposed of calls upon (co-)incineration or the use of thermo-chemical processes, such as pyrolysis or gasification. The application in waste-to-energy plants, in cement kilns or in metallurgical processes is possible, with attention to the possible environmental impact: research into these impacts is discussed in detail. Pyrolysis and gasification are emerging technologies: although the sole use of ASR is debatable, its mixing with other waste streams is gradually being applied in commercial processes. The environmental impacts of the processes are acceptable, but more supporting data are needed and the advantage over (co-)incineration remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vermeulen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, W. De Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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