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Qi X, Wang Y, Liu C, Liu Q. The Challenges and Comprehensive Evolution of Cu-Based Zeolite Catalysts for SCR Systems in Diesel Vehicles: A Review. Catal Surv Asia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10563-022-09384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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2
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Gui R, Yan Q, Xue T, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhu T, Wang Q. The promoting/inhibiting effect of water vapor on the selective catalytic reduction of NO x. J Hazard Mater 2022; 439:129665. [PMID: 35907283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nitrogen oxides (NOx) abatement, developing selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts that can operate stably in the practical conditions remains a big challenge because of the complexity and uncertainty of actual flue gas emissions. As water vapor is unavoidable in the actual flue gas, it is indispensable to explore its effect on the performance of SCR catalysts. Many studies have proved that the effects of H2O on de-NOx activity of SCR catalysts were indeed observed during SCR reactions operated under wet conditions. Whether the effect is promotive or inhibitory depends on the reaction conditions, catalyst types and reducing agents used in SCR reaction. This review focuses on the effect of H2O on SCR catalysts and SCR reaction, including promoting effect, inhibiting effect, as well as the effecting mechanism. Besides, various strategies for developing a water-resistant SCR catalyst are also included. We hope that this work can give a more comprehensive insight into the effects of H2O on SCR catalysts and help with the rational design of water-resistant SCR catalysts for further practical application in NOx abatement field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gui
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinghua Yan
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tianshan Xue
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanshan Gao
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuran Li
- Research Center for Process Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- Research Center for Process Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Jia L, Liu J, Huang D, Zhao J, Zhang J, Li K, Li Z, Zhu W, Zhao Z, Liu J. Interface Engineering of a Bifunctional Cu-SSZ-13@CZO Core–Shell Catalyst for Boosting Potassium Ion and SO 2 Tolerance. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Jixing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institution for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology, China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, P. R. China
| | - Deqi Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, P. R. China
| | - Jingchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology, China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology, China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institution for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, P. R. China
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4
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Qiu S, Xiao Y, Wu H, Lu S, Zhao Q, He G. One-pot synthesis of bimetallic CeCu-SAPO-34 for high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with NH3 at low temperature. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Yu W, Wu X, Cheng B, Tao T, Min X, Mi R, Huang Z, Fang M, Liu Y. Synthesis and Applications of SAPO-34 Molecular Sieves. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102787. [PMID: 34961998 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Silicoaluminophosphate zeolite (SAPO-34) has been attracting increasing attention due to its excellent form selection and controllability in the chemical industry, as well as being one of the best industrial catalysts for methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction conversion. However, as a microporous molecular sieve, SAPO-34 easily generates carbon deposition and rapidly becomes inactivated. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the crystal size of the zeolite or to introduce secondary macropores into the zeolite crystal to form a hierarchical structure in order to improve the catalytic effect. In this review, the synthesis methods of conventional SAPO-34 molecular sieves, hierarchical SAPO-34 molecular sieves and nanosized SAPO-34 molecular sieves are introduced, and the properties of the synthesized SAPO-34 molecular sieves are described, including the phase, morphology, pore structure, acid source, and catalytic performance, in particular with respect to the synthesis of hierarchical SAPO-34 molecular sieves. We hope that the review can provide guidance to the preparation of the SAPO-34 catalysts, and stimulate the future development of high-performance hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts to meet the growing demands of the material and chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bohao Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Min
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyu Mi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yangai Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
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6
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Liu J, Cheng H, Zheng H, Zhang L, Liu B, Song W, Liu J, Zhu W, Li H, Zhao Z. Insight into the Potassium Poisoning Effect for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over Fe/Beta. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenshuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou X, Chen Z, Guo Z, Yang H, Shao J, Zhang X, Zhang S. One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of dual metal incorporated CuCe-SAPO-34 zeolite for enhancing ammonia selective catalytic reduction. J Hazard Mater 2021; 405:124177. [PMID: 33082022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of dual metal incorporated CuCex-SAPO-34(x = 0-0.04) samples were synthesized using one-pot hydrothermal method with diethylamine as organic structure-directing agent for selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3. The catalytic properties were elucidated in detail with physicochemical properties being analyzed using various instruments. All the catalysts exhibited typical SAPO-34 crystal structures with high specific surface areas. With the dual-metal incorporation, the surface acidity and amount of isolated Cu2+, which may be active sites for NH3-SCR, were significantly enhanced. However, excessive Ce restrained the formation of isolated Cu2+ due to its occupation of cationic sites. Therefore, the 0.05CuCe0.02-SAPO-34 exhibited high NO conversion (≥80%) at 168°C-500°C. Furthermore, the NH3-SCR mechanism over different catalysts was investigated in-situ DRIFTS experiments. For the 0.05Cu-SAPO-34, the adsorbed NH3 species react with gaseous NO and following the E-R mechanism throughout the reaction temperature range. Meanwhile, adsorbed NO2 was detected and reacted with the adsorbed NH3 species according to the L-H mechanism in low-temperature region. In contrast, the NH3-SCR reaction over the 0.05CuCe0.02-SAPO-34 primarily followed the E-R mechanism throughout the temperature range. The L-H mechanism was cut off due to the loss of the adsorption ability of nitrous species at high temperatures., resulting in NO conversion decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Jingai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
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8
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Yang G, Ran J, Du X, Wang X, Ran Z, Chen Y, Zhang L, Crittenden J. Understanding the nature of NH 3-coordinated active sites and the complete reaction schemes for NH 3-SCR using Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4700-4710. [PMID: 33595551 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cu-SAPO-34 zeolite catalysts show excellent NH3-SCR performance at low temperature, which is due to the catalytic capacity of copper species. Isolated CuII ions and CuIIOH are active sites, but their nature and role are not fully understood. This paper reports the DFT calculations in combination with ab initio thermodynamics to investigate NH3 and H2O coordination to copper species under typical NH3-SCR reaction conditions. In the reduction part of the NH3-SCR reaction, NH2NO and NH4NO2 intermediates will form on CuII-2NH3/3NH3 and CuIIOH-2NH3 complexes, respectively. The Brønsted acid sites are crucial for the decomposition of these intermediates, rather than copper species. Furthermore, the decomposition of NH2NO is more energetically favorable than NH4NO2 which are formed on the Brønsted acid sites. In the re-oxidation part of the NH3-SCR reaction, O2 dissociation and NO2 formation occur on CuI-2NH3 complexes in the presence of NO, and the regeneration of CuIIOH-2NH3 requires the participation of H2O. The proposed complete mechanisms highlight the importance of ligand coordinated copper species for intermediate formation and O2 activation in NH3-SCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Jingyu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Xuesen Du
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Xiangmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Zhilin Ran
- School of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Yanrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - John Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Zhu X, Dou L, Wu J, Yue Y, Zhang J, Qian G. Carbon deposition enhanced selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by a new catalytic process as well as increasing reducibility of catalyst. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:143834. [PMID: 33280880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon deposition usually hinders catalytic activity in one catalysis. In this work, carbon-deposition influence was investigated on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by a theoretical-experimental method. Density-functional-theory calculations showed that carbon deposition increased adsorption energy of NO on oxide. For example, adsorption energy on Fe2O3 increased from 1.70 to 5.27 eV. Carbon deposition increased activity by following processes: NO adsorption, NO dissociation, oxygen transmittance, CO-group formation, and N2/CO2 evolutions. Among these stages, CO-group formation was a key step. Based on these computational predictions, an experimental SCR was carried out for the verification. As a result, a carbon-deposited catalyst had a better SCR activity (20% higher) than the corresponding oxide catalyst. Characterizations showed that carbon deposition increased the amounts of medium/strong acidic sites as well as the reducibility of the catalytic center. The main result of this article helps to understand the interface behavior of carbon on a catalyst during SCR. Above results are also in favor of designing a more effective SCR reactor to ensure a more stable running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhu
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Li Dou
- China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co., Ltd, Sinotruk Tower, No. 777 Hua'ao Road, Innovation Zone, Jinan, Shandong Province 25010, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi 337022, PR China.
| | - Yang Yue
- MGI of Shanghai University, Xiapu Town, Xiangdong District, Pingxiang City, Jiangxi 337022, PR China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Guangren Qian
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Xue Z, Du X, Rac V, Rakic V, Wang X, Chen Y, Xiang J, Song L. Partial Oxidation of NO by H2O2 and afterward Reduction by NH3-Selective Catalytic Reduction: An Efficient Method for NO Removal. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongguo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education of PRC, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xuesen Du
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education of PRC, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Vladislav Rac
- Department Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Vesna Rakic
- Department Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Xiangmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education of PRC, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yanrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education of PRC, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jinyao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education of PRC, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Leqian Song
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education of PRC, College of Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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