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Huang D, Sun X, Ghani MU, Li B, Yang J, Chen Z, Kong T, Xiao E, Liu H, Wang Q, Sun W. Bacteria associated with Comamonadaceae are key arsenite oxidizer associated with Pteris vittata root. Environ Pollut 2024; 349:123909. [PMID: 38582183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Pteris vittata (P. vittata), an arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator commonly used in the phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils, contains root-associated bacteria (RAB) including those that colonize the root rhizosphere and endosphere, which can adapt to As contamination and improve plant health. As(III)-oxidizing RAB can convert the more toxic arsenite (As(III)) to less toxic arsenate (As(V)) under As-rich conditions, which may promote plant survial. Previous studies have shown that microbial As(III) oxidation occurs in the rhizospheres and endospheres of P. vittata. However, knowledge of RAB of P. vittata responsible for As(III) oxidation remained limited. In this study, members of the Comamonadaceae family were identified as putative As(III) oxidizers, and the core microbiome associated with P. vittata roots using DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP), amplicon sequencing and metagenomic analysis. Metagenomic binning revealed that metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with Comamonadaceae contained several functional genes related to carbon fixation, arsenic resistance, plant growth promotion and bacterial colonization. As(III) oxidation and plant growth promotion may be key features of RAB in promoting P. vittata growth. These results extend the current knowledge of the diversity of As(III)-oxidizing RAB and provide new insights into improving the efficiency of arsenic phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanyi Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghani
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Baoqin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jinchan Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tianle Kong
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Enzong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Budzyńska S, Izdebska A, Bierła K, Budka A, Niedzielski P, Mocek-Płóciniak A, Starzyk J, Mleczek M. Temporal arsenic form changes dynamics and accumulation patterns in Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings: Insights into metalloid transformation and tolerance mechanisms in trees. Chemosphere 2024; 356:141925. [PMID: 38588898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) remediation is challenging due to the complex nature and the persistence of these metalloid compounds. While it may seem that differences between As forms influence have been extensively described, new findings challenge the previously accepted knowledge, particularly for woody plants. Therefore, this study focused on 2-year-old Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings early (0, 2, 4, 12, 24 h) and late (3, 7, 12, 18, 25, 33 days) responses during growth under: As(III), As(V) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) (0.3 mM). Time-dependent transformations of As forms, distribution in plants, and microbiological characteristics (actinobacteria, bacteria, fungi, enzyme activity) were investigated. The highest increase in total As content was observed in plants exposed to As(V) and As(III). Dynamic metalloid form changes in the solution and tree organs were indicated. The most phytotoxic was DMA. This form was the main factor limiting the growth and effective accumulation of As. Despite experimenting in hydroponics, microorganisms played an important role in As form transformations, suggesting the potential for microbial-assisted dendroremediation strategies. The study confirmed that trees can convert more toxic forms into less toxic ones (e.g. As(III) to phytochelatins - As(III)-(PC3)), whose presence in roots seedlings exposed to As(III) and As(V) has been identified. The formation of hydrophobic forms (e.g. dimethylarsinoyl lipid) in the roots of seedlings grown under As(V) was confirmed. It is the first discovery for trees, previously observed only in bacteria and algae. The dynamics of metalloid form changes indicated that T. cordata transforms As forms according to their needs, which may give tree species an advantage in phytoremediation techniques. It holds great promise for the potential of dendroremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Budzyńska
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Izdebska
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Katarzyna Bierła
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Anna Budka
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Niedzielski
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mocek-Płóciniak
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Szydłowska 50, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Starzyk
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Szydłowska 50, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Chemistry, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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Sun X, Huang D, Huang Y, Häggblom M, Soleimani M, Li J, Chen Z, Chen Z, Gao P, Li B, Sun W. Microbial-mediated oxidative dissolution of orpiment and realgar in circumneutral aquatic environments. Water Res 2024; 251:121163. [PMID: 38266438 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that causes severe environmental contamination worldwide. Upon exposure to aqueous phases, the As-bearing minerals, such as orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (As4S4), undergo oxidative dissolution, in which biotic and abiotic activities both contributed significant roles. Consequently, the dissolved As and S are rapidly discharged through water transportation to broader regions and contaminate surrounding areas, especially in aquatic environments. Despite both orpiment and realgar are frequently encountered in carbonate-hosted neutral environments, the microbial-mediated oxidative dissolution of these minerals, however, have been primarily investigated under acidic conditions. Therefore, the current study aimed to elucidate microbial-mediated oxidative dissolution under neutral aquatic conditions. The current study demonstrated that the dissolution of orpiment and realgar is synergistically regulated by abiotic (i.e., specific surface area (SSA) of the mineral) and biotic (i.e., microbial oxidation) factors. The initial dissolution of As(III) and S2- from minerals is abiotically impacted by SSA, while the microbial oxidation of As(III) and S2- accelerated the overall dissolution rates of orpiment and realgar. In As-contaminated environments, members of Thiobacillus and Rhizobium were identified as the major populations that mediated oxidative dissolution of orpiment and realgar by DNA-stable isotope probing. This study provides novel insights regarding the microbial-mediated oxidative dissolution process of orpiment and realgar under neutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Duanyi Huang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Max Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mohsen Soleimani
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Jiayi Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pin Gao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Baoqin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Zhang M, Xiong Y, Sun H, Xiao T, Xiao E, Sun X, Li B, Sun W. Selective pressure of arsenic and antimony co-contamination on microbial community in alkaline sediments. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132948. [PMID: 37984136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Although response of microbial community to arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) co-contamination has been investigated in neutral and acidic environments, little is known in alkaline environment. Herein, the microbial response and survival strategies under the stress of As and Sb co-contamination were determined in the alkaline sediments. Elevated concentrations of As (13700 ± 5012 mg/kg) and Sb (10222 ± 1619 mg/kg) were introduced into the alkaline sediments by the mine drainage, which was partially adopted in the aquatic environment and resulted in a relatively lower contamination (As, 6633 ± 1707 mg/kg; Sb, 6108 ± 1095 mg/kg) in the downstream sediments. The microbial richness was significantly damaged and the microbial compositions were dramatically shifted by the As and Sb co-contamination. Metagenomic analysis shed light on the survival strategies of the microbes under the pressure of As and Sb co-contamination including metal oxidation coupled with denitrification, metal reduction, and metal resistance. The representative microbes were revealed in the sediments with higher (Halomonas) and lower (Thiobacillus, Hydrogenophaga and Flavihumibacter) As and Sb concentration, respectively. In addition, antibiotic resistance genes were found to co-occur with metal resistance genes in the assembled bins. These findings might provide theoretical guidance for bioremediation of As and Sb co-contamination in alkaline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiqun Xiong
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Huicai Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Enzong Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, China
| | - Baoqin Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Wang X, Pu L, Sun Z, Fang G, Wang Y, Gu C, Gao J. Comparative study of the photooxidation of arsenite mediated by dissolved and mineral-associated humic acid under light irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2024; 462:132759. [PMID: 37832435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical processes of dissolved humic acid and its potential contribution to As(III) oxidation in natural water has received considerable attention. However, the role of mineral-humic complexes in As(III) conversion is rarely studied. Herein, two simulated mineral-humic complexes were prepared by coating humic acid on hydrous aluminum oxide, HA@HAO, or montmorillonite, HA@SWy, respectively, and batch experiments at circumneutral pH were performed under light irradiation. Our findings showed that the light-assisted oxidation of As(III) increased with increasing fractions of organic carbon in mineral-humic complexes, and As(III) photooxidation with HA@HAO or HA@SWy was up to 18.2 or 3.5-fold higher compared to that measured in the presence of equivalent amount of free HA, respectively. The reactive triplet state of HA and hydroxyl radicals in HA@HAO and HA@SWy system made a primary contribution to As(III) oxidation under irradiation. The results indicated that mineral-humic complexes have dual roles, an adsorbent and a photosensitizer, to promote As(III) access to reactive intermediates at the particle surfaces. This process was important for As(III) conversion in paddy water as colloidal particles, composed of both minerals and HA, could greatly promote As(III) oxidation and As(V) immobilization. This study provides a previously overlooked, important mechanism of As(III) phototransformation mediated by mineral-associated humic acid in natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lirong Pu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Li S, Liu H, Xu H. Enhanced cadmium phytoextraction efficiency of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by porous media immobilized Enterobacter sp. TY-1. Chemosphere 2023; 337:139409. [PMID: 37406938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Although studies on immobilized microorganisms have been conducted, their performance remains unclear for enhancing plants to remediate cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. In this study, a Cd-resistant strain TY-1 with good plant growth promotion traits was immobilized by biochar (BC) or oyster shell (OS) power to strengthen ryegrass to remediate Cd-contaminated soil. SEM-EDS combined with FTIR showed that TY-1 could tolerate Cd toxicity by surface precipitation, and functional groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups might be involved. In the biocomposite treatments, soil pH increased, and the activity of fertility-related enzymes such as dehydrogenase increased by 109.01%-128.01%. The relative abundance of genus Saccharimonadales decreased from 7.97% to 3.35% in BS-TY and 2.61% in OS-TY, respectively. Thus, a suitable environment for ryegrass growth was created. The fresh weight, dry weight, plant height and Cd accumulation of ryegrass in TY treatment increased by 122.92%, 114.81%, 42.08% and 8.05%, respectively, compared to the control. Cd concentration in ryegrass was further increased in BC-TY and OS-TY by 24.14% and 40.23%, respectively. The improvement in soil microcosm and plant biomass forms an ongoing virtuous cycle, demonstrating that using carrier materials to improve the efficiency of microbial-assisted phytoremediation is realistic and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xianghan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Huakang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Protection, Soil Ecological Protection and Pollution Control, Sichuan University & Department of Ecology and Environment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Heng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Protection, Soil Ecological Protection and Pollution Control, Sichuan University & Department of Ecology and Environment of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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