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Teckemeyer K, Ißleib U, Tan CK, Radischat N, Prüß S, Paßvogel L, Steinhauer K. Use of the pour plate technique in tuberculocidal efficacy testing according to EN 14348 - a comparative study. J Hosp Infect 2023; 132:78-81. [PMID: 36435309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective disinfection strategies are essential to prevent the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculocidal efficacy of disinfectants can be demonstrated by testing disinfectants in in-vitro tests, such as the well-established quantitative suspension test EN 14348 using Mycobacterium terrae as a surrogate organism in European disinfectant testing. In other European standard tests, such as EN 13727 and EN 13624, use of the pour plate technique is well established; however, in EN 14348, the spread plate technique alone is considered. Comparative experiments according to EN 14348 with M. terrae were conducted using a peracetic-acid-based disinfectant. Either the pour plate technique or the spread plate technique was used for cultivation. Differences in colony size and morphology were observed when comparing the growth of M. terrae on pour plates compared with spread plates. However, no significant differences in biocidal efficacy data were obtained when applying either spread plates or pour plates in the quantitative suspension test described in EN 14348 under both clean and dirty conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - U Ißleib
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - C K Tan
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | | | - S Prüß
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - L Paßvogel
- Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - K Steinhauer
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kiel University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany.
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Soni A, Parlane NA, Khan F, Derraik JGB, Wild CEK, Anderson YC, Brightwell G. Efficacy of Dry Heat Treatment against Clostridioides difficile Spores and Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Filtering Facepiece Respirators. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080871. [PMID: 36014991 PMCID: PMC9415841 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has required novel solutions, including heat disinfection of personal protective equipment (PPE) for potential reuse to ensure availability for healthcare and other frontline workers. Understanding the efficacy of such methods on pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 that may be present on PPE in healthcare settings is key to worker safety, as some pathogenic bacteria are more heat resistant than SARS-CoV-2. We assessed the efficacy of dry heat treatment against Clostridioides difficile spores and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) on filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) coupons in two inoculums. Soil load (mimicking respiratory secretions) and deionized water was used for C. difficile, whereas, soil load and PBS and Tween mixture was used for M. tb. Dry heat treatment at 85 °C for 240 min resulted in a reduction equivalent to 6.0-log10 CFU and 7.3-log10 CFU in C. difficile spores inoculated in soil load and deionized water, respectively. Conversely, treatment at 75 °C for 240 min led to 4.6-log10 CFU reductions in both soil load and deionized water. C. difficile inactivation was higher by >1.5-log10 CFU in deionized water as compared to soil load (p < 0.0001), indicating the latter has a protective effect on bacterial spore inactivation at 85 °C. For M. tb, heat treatment at 75 °C for 90 min and 85 °C for 30 min led to 8-log10 reduction with or without soil load. Heat treatment near the estimated maximal operating temperatures of FFR materials (which would readily eliminate SARS-CoV-2) did not achieve complete inactivation of C. difficile spores but was successful against M. tb. The clinical relevance of surviving C. difficile spores when subjected to heat treatment remains unclear. Given this, any disinfection method of PPE for potential reuse must ensure the discarding of any PPE, potentially contaminated with C. difficile spores, to ensure the safety of healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Soni
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Natalie A. Parlane
- Animal Health Solutions, Grasslands Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (N.A.P.); (F.K.)
| | - Farina Khan
- Animal Health Solutions, Grasslands Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (N.A.P.); (F.K.)
| | - José G. B. Derraik
- Department of Pediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92109, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.G.B.D.); (C.E.K.W.)
| | - Cervantée E. K. Wild
- Department of Pediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92109, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.G.B.D.); (C.E.K.W.)
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Yvonne C. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92109, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.G.B.D.); (C.E.K.W.)
- enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Community Health, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Food Safety Science Research Centre, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (Y.C.A.); (G.B.)
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Tyski S, Bocian E, Laudy AE. The application of normative documents for determination of biocidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics dedicated for medical area: a narrative review. J Hosp Infect 2022; 125:75-91. [PMID: 35460800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectants and antiseptics are important weapons to reduce the number of microorganisms and thus to limit the number of infections. Different methods of antimicrobial activity testing, often not standardised, without appropriate controls and not validated are applied. To address these issues, several European Standards (EN) have been developed, describing the test methods to determine whether chemical disinfectants or antiseptic products have appropriate bactericidal, sporicidal, mycobactericidal or tuberculocidal activity; fungicidal or yeasticidal activity; or virucidal activity. In this narrative review, the 17 EN concerning evaluation of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of preparations dedicated to the medical area are briefly reviewed, together with recent publications on this topic. Suspension and carrier tests have been performed in clean and dirty conditions simulating the medical area. In addition, a wide range of applications of these standards has been presented in the research of biocides for hand antisepsis, surfaces disinfection, including airborne disinfection as well as medical device and medical textile disinfection. The role of normative documents in the investigation of antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to limit infections has been underestimated. This narrative review aims to persuade researchers to conduct antimicrobial activity testing in line with validated EN and highlights an existing gap in ongoing research. It also aims to raise awareness of the wide range of biocidal activity tests with standardised methods in medical area. We also pay attention to the recently developed European Pharmacopoeia monography concerning the testing of bactericidal and fungicidal activity of antiseptics classified as medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tyski
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Chełmska str. 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki str. 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bocian
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Chełmska str. 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka E Laudy
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki str. 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
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Tarashi S, Siadat SD, Fateh A, Tsai F. Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Resistance to Antibiotics and Disinfectants: Challenges Still Ahead. BioMed Research International 2022; 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35257011 PMCID: PMC8898113 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8168750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mortality incidence from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections has been steadily developing globally. These bacterial agents were once thought to be innocent environmental saprophytic that are only dangerous to patients with defective lungs or the immunosuppressed. Nevertheless, the emergence of highly resistant NTM to different antibiotics and disinfectants increased the importance of these agents in the health system. Currently, NTM frequently infect seemingly immunocompetent individuals at rising rates. This is of concern as the resistant NTM are difficult to control and treat. The details behind this NTM development are only beginning to be clarified. The current study will provide an overview of the most important NTM resistance mechanisms to not only antibiotics but also the most commonly used disinfectants. Such evaluations can open new doors to improving control strategies and reducing the risk of NTM infection. Moreover, further studies are crucial to uncover this association.
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