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Karuppiah K, Nelson M, Alam MM, Selvaraj M, Sepperumal M, Ayyanar S. A new 5-bromoindolehydrazone anchored diiodosalicylaldehyde derivative as efficient fluoro and chromophore for selective and sensitive detection of tryptamine and F - ions: Applications in live cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120777. [PMID: 34954479 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel indole hydrazone tagged moiety, 2-((5-bromo-1H-indol-2-yl) methylene) hydrazono) methyl)-4, 6-diiodophenol (BHDL) has been developed for the selective and sensitive detection of biogenic tryptamine and F- ions. The binding dexterity of probe BHDL towards F-/tryptamine (TryptA) has been investigated by UV-visible/fluorescence spectroscopy. In the presence of TryptA, probe exhibits strong enhancement in the emission band at 433 nm and the band at 555 nm underwent a blue shift accompanied by a decrease in intensity by the inhibition of Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) on BHDL. Excitingly, complexation with F- ions as well triggers an enhancement in a fluorescence band at 430 nm with the concomitant disappearance of the emission band at 555 nm due to the inhibition of ESIPT and deprotonation process initiated by the hydrogen bonding complex formation. Further, Density Functional Theoretical (DFT) calculations have been performed to support the mechanism functioned on the probe BHDL in the presence of TryptA/F-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Karuppiah
- Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malini Nelson
- Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Mujahid Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manickam Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murugesan Sepperumal
- Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva Ayyanar
- Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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N-(2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound was obtained in high yield in the reaction between tryptamine and naproxen. The newly synthesized naproxen derivative was fully analyzed and characterized via 1H, 13C-NMR, UV, IR, and mass spectral data.
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Liu W, Mo F, Jiang G, Liang H, Ma C, Li T, Zhang L, Xiong L, Mariottini GL, Zhang J, Xiao L. Stress-Induced Mucus Secretion and Its Composition by a Combination of Proteomics and Metabolomics of the Jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E341. [PMID: 30231483 PMCID: PMC6165293 DOI: 10.3390/md16090341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jellyfish respond quickly to external stress that stimulates mucus secretion as a defense. Neither the composition of secreted mucus nor the process of secretion are well understood. METHODS Aurelia coerulea jellyfish were stimulated by removing them from environmental seawater. Secreted mucus and tissue samples were then collected within 60 min, and analyzed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), respectively. RESULTS Two phases of sample collection displayed a quick decrease in volume, followed by a gradual increase. A total of 2421 and 1208 proteins were identified in tissue homogenate and secreted mucus, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the mucus-enriched proteins are mainly located in extracellular or membrane-associated regions, while the tissue-enriched proteins are distributed throughout intracellular compartments. Tryptamine, among 16 different metabolites, increased with the largest-fold change value of 7.8 in mucus, which is consistent with its involvement in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway 'tryptophan metabolism'. We identified 11 metalloproteinases, four serpins, three superoxide dismutases and three complements, and their presence was speculated to be related to self-protective defense. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a composition profile of proteins and metabolites in stress-induced mucus and tissue homogenate of A. coerulea. This provides insight for the ongoing endeavors to discover novel bioactive compounds. The large increase of tryptamine in mucus may indicate a strong stress response when jellyfish were taken out of seawater and the active self-protective components such as enzymes, serpins and complements potentially play a key role in innate immunity of jellyfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guixian Jiang
- Clinical Medicine, Grade 2015, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongyu Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Identification, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Liang Xiao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Grafinger KE, Hädener M, König S, Weinmann W. Study of the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the tryptamine 5-MeO-MiPT using human liver microsomes and real case samples. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:562-574. [PMID: 28677880 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic tryptamine 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT) has recently been abused as a hallucinogenic drug in Germany and Switzerland. This study presents a case of 5-MeO-MiPT intoxication and the structural elucidation of metabolites in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM), blood, and urine. Microsomal incubation experiments were performed using pHLM to detect and identify in vitro metabolites. In August 2016, the police encountered a naked man, agitated and with aggressive behavior on the street. Blood and urine samples were taken at the hospital and his premises were searched. The obtained blood and urine samples were analyzed for in vivo metabolites of 5-MeO-MiPT using liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). The confiscated pills and powder samples were qualitatively analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), LC-HRMS/MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). 5-MeO-MiPT was identified in 2 of the seized powder samples. General unknown screening detected cocaine, cocaethylene, methylphenidate, ritalinic acid, and 5-MeO-MiPT in urine. Seven different in vitro phase I metabolites of 5-MeO-MiPT were identified. In the forensic case samples, 4 phase I metabolites could be identified in blood and 7 in urine. The 5 most abundant metabolites were formed by demethylation and hydroxylation of the parent compound. 5-MeO-MiPT concentrations in the blood and urine sample were found to be 160 ng/mL and 3380 ng/mL, respectively. Based on the results of this study we recommend metabolites 5-methoxy-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-NiPT), 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-OH-MiPT), 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine-N-oxide (5-MeO-MiPT-N-oxide), and hydroxy-5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (OH-5-MeO-MiPT) as biomarkers for the development of new methods for the detection of 5-MeO-MiPT consumption, as they have been present in both blood and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Hädener
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan König
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Weinmann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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In vitro monoamine oxidase inhibition potential of alpha-methyltryptamine analog new psychoactive substances for assessing possible toxic risks. Toxicol Lett 2017; 272:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1151-73. [PMID: 25877327 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Pantano F, Romolo FS. Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:26-46. [PMID: 26074742 PMCID: PMC4462041 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210222409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The definition New psychoactive substances (NPS) refers to emerging drugs whose chemical structures are similar to other psychoactive compounds but not identical, representing a "legal" alternative to internationally controlled drugs. There are many categories of NPS, such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenylethylamines, piperazines, ketamine derivatives and tryptamines. Tryptamines are naturally occurring compounds, which can derive from the amino acid tryptophan by several biosynthetic pathways: their structure is a combination of a benzene ring and a pyrrole ring, with the addition of a 2-carbon side chain. Tryptamines include serotonin and melatonin as well as other compounds known for their hallucinogenic properties, such as psilocybin in 'Magic mushrooms' and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Ayahuasca brews. AIM To review the scientific literature regarding tryptamines and their derivatives, providing a summary of all the available information about the structure of these compounds, their effects in relationship with the routes of administration, their pharmacology and toxicity, including articles reporting cases of death related to intake of these substances. METHODS A comprehensive review of the published scientific literature was performed, using also non peer-reviewed information sources, such as books, government publications and drug user web fora. CONCLUSIONS Information from Internet and from published scientific literature, organized in the way we proposed in this review, provides an effective tool for specialists facing the emerging NPS threat to public health and public security, including the personnel working in Emergency Department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tittarelli
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Mannocchi
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Pantano
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Romolo
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institut de Police Scientifique, Université de Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Katselou M, Papoutsis I, Nikolaou P, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S. 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole: A new player in the drama of ‘legal highs’ alerts the community. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014; 34:51-7. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katselou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Ioannis Papoutsis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Panagiota Nikolaou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Chara Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Sotiris Athanaselis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
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9
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Zuba D. Identification of cathinones and other active components of ‘legal highs’ by mass spectrometric methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shen HW, Jiang XL, Yu AM. Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1227-34. [PMID: 21464174 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.039107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N,-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), an abused serotonergic indolealkylamine drug, was placed into Schedule I controlled substance status in the United States as of January 19, 2011. In previous studies, we have shown the impact of monoamine oxidase A and cytochrome P450 2D6 enzymes on 5-MeO-DMT metabolism and pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to investigate 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetic properties after intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of three different doses (2, 10, and 20 mg/kg) to CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) and wild-type control mice. Systemic exposure [area under the curve (AUC)] to 5-MeO-DMT was increased nonproportionally with the increase in dose. The existence of nonlinearity in serum 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetics was clearly manifested by dose-normalized AUC values, which were approximately 1.5- to 2.0-fold (intravenous) and 1.8- to 2.7-fold (intraperitoneal) higher in wild-type or Tg-CYP2D6 mice dosed with 10 and 20 mg/kg 5-MeO-DMT, respectively, than those in mice treated with 2 mg/kg 5-MeO-DMT. Furthermore, a two-compartment model including first-order absorption, nonlinear (Michaelis-Menten) elimination, and CYP2D6-dependent linear elimination from the central compartment was developed to characterize the intravenous and intraperitoneal pharmacokinetic data for 5-MeO-DMT in wild-type and Tg-CYP2D6 mice. In addition, 5-MeO-DMT was readily detected in mouse brain after drug treatment, and brain 5-MeO-DMT concentrations were also increased nonproportionally with the increase of dose. The results establish a nonlinear pharmacokinetic property for 5-MeO-DMT in mice, suggesting that the risk of 5-MeO-DMT intoxication may be increased nonproportionally at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 541 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA
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11
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Brandt SD, Moore SA, Freeman S, Kanu AB. Characterization of the synthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine by reductive amination using gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:330-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Martins CPB, Freeman S, Alder JF, Brandt SD. Characterisation of a proposed internet synthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6119-23. [PMID: 19592003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The psychoactive properties of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are known to induce altered states of consciousness in humans. These properties attract great interest from clinical, neuroscientific, clandestine and forensic communities. The Breath of Hope Synthesis was reported on an internet website as a convenient two-step methodology for the preparation of DMT. The analytical characterisation of the first stage was the subject of previous publications by the authors and involved the thermal decarboxylation of tryptophan and the formation of tryptamine. The present study reports on the characterisation of the second step of this procedure which was based on the methylation of tryptamine. This employed methyl iodide and benzyltriethylammonium chloride/sodium hydroxide as a phase transfer catalyst. The reaction product was characterised by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry and orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Quantitative evaluation was carried out in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), which included synthesis of the identified reaction products. MRM screening of the product did not lead to the detection of DMT. Instead, 11.1% tryptamine starting material, 21.0% N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium iodide (TMT) and 47.4% 1-N-methyl-TMT were detected. A 0.5% trace of the monomethylated N-methyltryptamine was also detected. This study demonstrated the impact on product purity of doubtful synthetic methodologies discussed on the internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P B Martins
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester, UK
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Martins CP, Awan MA, Freeman S, Herraiz T, Alder JF, Brandt SD. Fingerprint analysis of thermolytic decarboxylation of tryptophan to tryptamine catalyzed by natural oils. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1210:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Brandt SD, Martins CP, Freeman S, Dempster N, Riby PG, Gartz J, Alder JF. Halogenated solvent interactions with N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Formation of quaternary ammonium salts and their artificially induced rearrangements during analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 178:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brandt SD, Martins CP, Freeman S, Dempster N, Wainwright M, Riby PG, Alder JF. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and dichloromethane: Rearrangement of quaternary ammonium salt product during GC–EI and CI-MS–MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:207-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaiser HM, Zenz I, Lo WF, Spannenberg A, Schröder K, Jiao H, Gördes D, Beller M, Tse MK. Preparation of Novel Unsymmetrical Bisindoles under Solvent-Free Conditions: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Mechanistic Aspects. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8847-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7016026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Martin Kaiser
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Ivo Zenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Wei Fun Lo
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Kristin Schröder
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Dirk Gördes
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Man Kin Tse
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strsse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, and Universität Rostock, Center for Life Science Automation (CELISCA), Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 8, D-18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
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Brandt SD, Mansell D, Freeman S, Fleet IA, Alder JF. Analytical characterisation of the routes by thermolytic decarboxylation from tryptophan to tryptamine using ketone catalysts, resulting in tetrahydro-β-carboline formation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:872-82. [PMID: 16569488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Alkylated tryptamines have complex psychoactive properties. Routes for clandestine synthesis are described on Internet websites one of which involves the thermolytic decarboxylation of tryptophan to tryptamine as a precursor to psychoactive compounds. High boiling solvents and ketone catalysts have been employed to facilitate the decarboxylation of tryptophan. The present study has revealed that there is formation of tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) derivatives which may originate from reaction with both the solvent and the ketone catalyst. The application of gas chromatography electron- and chemical-ionisation ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS-MS), in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), led to the isolation and identification of 1,1-disubstituted-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines formed as major impurities in the tryptamine. Confirmation was by synthesis of the THBC derivatives from tryptamine using Pictet-Spengler cyclisation. Under EI-conditions, mass spectral characterisation of the THBCs suggests predominance of alkyl cleavage. These impurities will yield a useful profile for identification of the synthetic pathway and likely reagents employed, particularly a "fingerprint" of the ketone catalyst and an insight into the influence of solvents and catalysts on the formation of by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Office of Forensic Sciences, New Jersey State Police, New Jersey Forensic Science and Technology Complex, 1200 Negron Road, Horizon Center, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691, USA
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