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Quiroz-Arturo H, Reinoso C, Scherf U, Palma-Cando A. Microporous Polymer-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes for the Electrochemical Detection of Metronidazole: Experimental and Theoretical Insights. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:180. [PMID: 38251144 PMCID: PMC10819510 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The persistence and potential toxicity of emergent pollutants pose significant threats to biodiversity and human health, emphasizing the need for sensors capable of detecting these pollutants at extremely low concentrations before treatment. This study focuses on the development of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified by films of poly-tris(4-(4-(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)silanol (PTPTCzSiOH), poly-4,4'-Di(carbazol-9-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl (PCBP), and poly-1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (PTCB) for the detection of metronidazole (MNZ) in aqueous media. The films were characterized using electrochemical, microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Monomers were electropolymerized through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. Computational methods at the B3LYP/def2-TZVP level were employed to investigate the structural and electrochemical properties of the monomers. The electrochemical detection of MNZ utilized the linear sweep voltammetry technique. Surface characterization through SEM and XPS confirmed the proper electrodeposition of polymer films. Notably, MPN-GCEs exhibited higher detection signals compared to bare GCEs up to 3.6 times in the case of PTPTCzSiOH-GCEs. This theoretical study provides insights into the structural, chemical, and electronic properties of the polymers. The findings suggest that polymer-modified GCEs hold promise as candidates for the development of electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Quiroz-Arturo
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100115, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Reinoso
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100115, Ecuador
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials @ Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alex Palma-Cando
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100115, Ecuador
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Kazsoki A, Domján A, Süvegh K, Zelkó R. Microstructural characterization of papaverine-loaded HPC/PVA gels, films and nanofibers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhou R, Li T, Su Y, Ma T, Zhang L, Ren H. Oxidative removal of metronidazole from aqueous solution by thermally activated persulfate process: kinetics and mechanisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:2466-2475. [PMID: 29127632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metronidazole (MNZ) is widely used in clinical applications and animal feed as an antibiotic agent and additive, respectively. Widespread occurrence of MNZ in wastewater treatment and hospital effluents has been reported. In this study, the mechanism of MNZ degradation in aqueous solutions via thermally activated persulfate (TAP) process was established under different conditions. The kinetic model was derived for MNZ degradation and followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and was consistent with the model fitted by experimental data (R 2 > 98.8%). The rate constant increased with the initial dosage of persulfate, as well as the temperature, and the yielding apparent activation energy was 23.9 kcal mol-1. The pH of the solutions did not have significant effect on MNZ degradation. The degradation efficiency of MNZ reached 96.6% within 180 min for an initial MNZ concentration of 100 mg L-1 under the optional condition of [PS]0 = 20 mM, T = 60 °C, and unadjusted pH. [Formula: see text] and HO · were confirmed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra during TAP process. Radical quenching study revealed that [Formula: see text] was mainly responsible for MNZ degradation at an unadjusted pH. MNZ mineralization evaluation showed that the removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) reached more than 97.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Su
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Taigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hejun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Başaran E. Ocular Application of Dirithromycin Incorporated Polymeric Nanoparticles: an In Vitro Evaluation. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:191-200. [PMID: 32454613 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.69855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Ocular drug delivery is a difficult challenge especially with topical intillation which results in rapid drainage and non-productive drug absorption. For the improvement of the pre-corneal retention time and enhancing the corneal permeability, colloidal drug delivery systems play an important role in enhancement of the ocular bioavailability. In this study, dirithromycin incorporated Kollidon® SR-based polymeric nanoparticles, an antibacterial agent, were formulated for the efficient treatment of severe ocular bacterial infections. Materials and Methods In this study, dirithromycin was incorporated into the Kollidon® SR-based nanoparticles by spray drying method. In vitro characteristic properties were evaluated in detail during the storage period of three months at three different conditions. Results The results of in vitro analyses revealed that characteristic properties of the particles were remained unchanged during the storage period of three months. Conclusion Kollidon® SR-based polymeric nanoparticles are good candidates for drug delivery systems in the treatment of severe ocular bacterial infections with dirithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Başaran
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Iurian S, Turdean L, Tomuta I. Risk assessment and experimental design in the development of a prolonged release drug delivery system with paliperidone. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:733-746. [PMID: 28331293 PMCID: PMC5357073 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s125323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of a drug product based on a risk assessment-based approach, within the quality by design paradigm. A prolonged release system was proposed for paliperidone (Pal) delivery, containing Kollidon® SR as an insoluble matrix agent and hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a hydrophilic polymer. The experimental part was preceded by the identification of potential sources of variability through Ishikawa diagrams, and failure mode and effects analysis was used to deliver the critical process parameters that were further optimized by design of experiments. A D-optimal design was used to investigate the effects of Kollidon SR ratio (X1), the type of hydrophilic polymer (X2), and the percentage of hydrophilic polymer (X3) on the percentages of dissolved Pal over 24 h (Y1–Y9). Effects expressed as regression coefficients and response surfaces were generated, along with a design space for the preparation of a target formulation in an experimental area with low error risk. The optimal formulation contained 27.62% Kollidon SR and 8.73% HPMC and achieved the prolonged release of Pal, with low burst effect, at ratios that were very close to the ones predicted by the model. Thus, the parameters with the highest impact on the final product quality were studied, and safe ranges were established for their variations. Finally, a risk mitigation and control strategy was proposed to assure the quality of the system, by constant process monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Luana Turdean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Haţieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Rehman IU. Effect of pH, polymer concentration and molecular weight on the physical state properties of tolfenamic acid. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:352-60. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.871027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hegyesi D, Sovány T, Berkesi O, Pintye-hódi K, Regdon G. Study of the effect of plasticizer on the structure and surface characteristics of ethylcellulose free films with FT-IR spectroscopy. Microchem J 2013; 110:36-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ionov M, Gordiyenko NV, Zukowska I, Tokhtaeva E, Mareninova OA, Baram N, Ziyaev K, Rezhepov K, Zamaraeva M. Stability and antioxidant activity of gossypol derivative immobilized on N-polyvinylpyrrolidone. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:908-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Szakonyi G, Zelkó R. The effect of water on the solid state characteristics of pharmaceutical excipients: Molecular mechanisms, measurement techniques, and quality aspects of final dosage form. Int J Pharm Investig 2012; 2:18-25. [PMID: 23071956 PMCID: PMC3465153 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.96922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we give an overview about the interaction of water molecules with pharmaceutical excipients. Most of these excipients are amorphous or partially amorphous polymers and their characteristics are very sensitive to the water content. In the course of the manufacturing processes water sorption is possible, therefore in some cases it is important to strictly control the residual moisture content of a dosage form. There are several mechanisms of water sorption, like water is able to bind to polar groups of hygroscopic excipients and could also exist in the capillary system of amorphous excipients. Several techniques are available to characterise the states of water inside the materials and the effects of residual water on polymers. For this purpose water sorption measurements, differential scanning calorimetry and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy are reviewed. The importance of water content and storage conditions of pharmaceuticals on the properties of the final dosage forms are also demonstrated with practical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Szakonyi
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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