Development and validation of a high throughput UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of esomeprazole, rabeprazole and levosulpiride in human plasma

Greenness-sustainability metrics for assessment smart-chemometric spectrophotometric strategy for evaluation of the combination of six gastric proton-pump inhibitors with two selected impurities

Green analytical approaches are employed for the determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients, in conjunction with their impurities. Smart chemometric spectrophotometric techniques, including orthogonal partial least square (OPLS), variable selection such as genetic algorithm (GA-OPLS), and interval selection (i-OPLS), were utilized. These chemometric models were implemented for assessing six proton-pump inhibitors Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, and Dexlansoprazole along with two selected official impurities, namely 4-Desmethoxy omeprazole impurity and Rabeprazole-impurity B. Experimental design was implemented to separate impurities, in the process of multivariate calibration, a five-level eight-factor calibration design consisting of 25 samples was selected. This design was deliberately selected to guarantee that the components were mutually orthogonal to assess the model's performance and reliability, a separate validation set of 15 samples was constructed. The best-performing of the proposed techniques were identified by considering the least favorable values of the Correlation Coefficient (R ≥ 0.9995), the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) values between (0.0102-0.5622), and the Relative Error of Prediction (REP) values between (0.2961-1.1917). The proposed and reported methods' greenness-sustainability was quantitatively evaluated, and a comparative study of the greenness profile was established through a spider chart, the National Environmental Method Index tool, advanced and modified NEMI along with the Hexagon tool, and the whiteness qualities of the presented approaches were assessed by implementing the recently adopted Red-Green-Blue paradigm and White Analytical Chemistry tool. These approaches are well-suited for use in quality control laboratories due to their observed acceptance, long-term sustainability, simplicity, and affordability.

Progress of Pretreatment and Analytical Methods of Proton Pump Inhibitors: An Update since 2010

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most commonly used medication for stomach secretion disorders. However, when it comes to safe, discreet pharmaceutical practice, widely recognized preparational and analytical method(s) for PPIs with sensitivity, selectivity, speed and high accuracy still remains underdeveloped. For this reason, this paper sets out to make a comprehensive review of the preparation and determination methods for PPIs based on multiple matrices since 2010. We have integrated newly-developed techniques (such as solid phase extraction, liquid phase micro-extraction, and solid phase micro-extraction) into conventional sample preparational methods. On the other hand, our analytical techniques include liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and employment of sensors. In addition, we have identified the pros and cons of each technique and have forecast their future developmental trends.

Application of Analytical Tools and Techniques for Estimation of a Proton Pump Inhibitor (Esomeprazole Magnesium Trihydrate): A Comprehensive Review

Objective:

The application of various sophisticated analytical tools and techniques is essential for estimating an active pharmaceutical ingredient present in either biofluids or pharmaceutical dosage forms. Reporting the multiple analytical methods used to quantify esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate, a proton pump inhibitor, is the ultimate goal of this review article.

Evidence acquisition:

This article deals with a detailed discussion of different reported analytical procedures along with their pros and cons and their relevant criteria for quantifying the drug. Various analytical techniques like UV-Visible spectrophotometry, HPLC, HPTLC, hyphenated techniques, etc., are developed to assess the esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate in bulk materials, different pharmaceutical formulations, and biological matrices.

Conclusion:

Literature survey confirmed that the hyphenated techniques and chromatographic techniques are best tools for biological matrices. Spectroscopic methods like UV and visible techniques are widely used for pharmaceutical matrices. All of the reported methods are accurate, precise, cost-effective, and sensitive.

Esomeprazole During Pregnancy and Lactation: Esomeprazole Levels in Maternal Serum, Cord Blood, Breast Milk, and the Infant's Serum

Background: Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole and is used to treat stomach acid-related diseases. Most data regarding the safety of esomeprazole during pregnancy are derived from studies on omeprazole, and the data characterizing esomeprazole transfer across the placenta and excretion into breast milk are limited. In this report, we discuss the safety of esomeprazole with reference to drug concentrations in maternal and neonatal blood and breast milk. Materials and Methods: After the patient provided informed consent, esomeprazole concentrations in maternal serum, breast milk, cord blood, and infant's serum were measured after 10 mg of maternal oral esomeprazole administration. Case Report: A 34-year-old female diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis received esomeprazole before and during pregnancy and lactation. The esomeprazole concentration in cord blood was 40% of the level in maternal serum. At 12 hours after delivery (23.2 hours after dose), omeprazole was not detected in the infant's serum. In breast milk, esomeprazole concentrations at 0.7, 4.0, and 8.2 hours after the last dose were 10.5, 19.6, and 3.0 ng/mL, respectively, and esomeprazole was not detected at 10 hours after maternal administration. The calculated daily infant dose of esomeprazole through breast milk was 0.003 mg/[kg·day]. The infant demonstrated normal developmental progress and no detectable drug-related adverse effects. Discussion and Conclusions: Exposure to esomeprazole through placenta and breast milk was not clinically relevant in the infant. Further studies are needed to evaluate any harmful effects after exposure to esomeprazole in utero or during breastfeeding after esomeprazole treatment.

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) in practice: analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations

Background

UHPLC-MS/MS is connected in various research facilities for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of a pharmaceutical substance, pharmaceutical items, and biological specimen.

Main body

The commence review article is an endeavor to offer pervasive awareness around assorted aspects and details about the UHPLC-MS/MS and related techniques with the aim on practice to an estimation of medicinal active agents in the last 10 years. The article also focused on isolation, separation, and characterization of present impurity in drug and biological samples.

Conclusion

Review article compiles a general overview of medicinally important drugs and their analysis with UHPLC-MS/MS. It gives fundamental thought regarding applications of UHPLC-MS/MS for the study on safety limit. The summary of developed UHPLC-MS/MS methods gives a contribution to the future trend and limitations in this area of research.

Recent Advances on Drug Analyses Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic Techniques and their Application to the Biological Samples

Introduction:

Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) method enables analyst to establish an analysis at higher pressure than High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method towards liquid chromatographic methods. UPLC method provides the opportunity to study a higher pressure compared to HPLC, and therefore smaller column in terms of particle size and internal diameter are generally used in drug analysis. The UPLC method has attracted gradually due to its advantages such as short analysis time, the small amount of waste reagents and the significant savings in the cost of their destruction process. In this review, the recent selected studies related to the UPLC method and its method validation are summarized. The drug analyses and the results of the studies which were investigated by UPLC method, with certain parameters from literature are presented.

Background:

Quantitative determination of drug active substances by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) from Liquid Chromatography (LC) methods has been carried out since the 1970's with the use of standard analytical LC methods. In today's conditions, rapid and very fast even ultra-fast, flow rates are achieved compared to conventional HPLC due to shortening analysis times, increasing method efficiency and resolution, reducing sample volume (and hence injection volume), reducing waste mobile phase. Using smaller particles, the speed and peak capacity are expanding to new limit and this technology is named as Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography. In recent years, as a general trend in liquid chromatography, ultra-performance liquid chromatography has taken the place of HPLC methods. The time of analysis was for several minutes, now with a total analysis time of around 1-2 minutes. The benefits of transferring HPLC to UPLC are much better understood when considering the thousands of analyzes performed for each active substance, in order to reduce the cost of analytical laboratories where relevant analysis of drug active substances are performed without lowering the cost of research and development activities.

Methods:

The German Chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, proposed the use of reactive impregnated filter paper for the identification of dyestuffs in 1855 and at that time the first chromatographic method in which a liquid mobile phase was used, was reviewed. Christian Friedrich Chönbein, who reported that the substances were dragged at different speeds in the filter paper due to capillary effect, was followed by the Russian botanist Mikhail S. Tswet, who planted studies on color pigment in 1906. Tswet observes the color separations of many plant pigments, such as chlorophyll and xanthophyll when he passes the plant pigment extract isolated from plant through the powder CaCO3 that he filled in the glass column. This method based on color separation gives the name of "chromatographie" chromatography by using the words "chroma" meaning "Latin" and "graphein" meaning writing.

Results and Conclusion:

Because the UPLC method can be run smoothly at higher pressures than the HPLC method, it offers the possibility of analyzing using much smaller column sizes and column diameters. Moreover, UPLC method has advantages, such as short analysis time, the small amount of waste reagents and the significant savings in the cost of their destruction process. The use of the UPLC method especially analyses in biological samples such as human plasma, brain sample, rat plasma, etc. increasingly time-consuming due to the fact that the analysis time is very short compared to the HPLC, because of the small amount of waste analytes and the considerable savings in their cost.

Simultaneous Quantification of Pantoprazole and Levosulpiride in Spiked Human Plasma Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Background:

Pantoprazole (PTZ) and Levosulpiride (LS) were proven as effective agents for the treatment of Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). It is a complex motor disorder that results in regurgitation of the gastric contents into the lower esophagus with consequent symptoms such as heart burn, retrosternal pain, dysphagia and belching.

Methods:

A rapid, sensitive, selective and specific liquid chromatography- electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of Pantoprazole (PTZ) and Levosulpiride (LS) in spiked Human Plasma. The method utilized SPE as sample preparation technique and the analysis was carried out on a HPLC system utilizing electro spray ionization as interface and triple quadrupole mass analyzer for quantification in MRM possitive mode. Iloperidone was used as internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex C-18 Column (4.6 mm x 50 mm, 5µ) with an isocratic elution mode utilizing a mobile phase composition of Solution containing a mixture of 70 volumes of acetonitrile: 30 volumes of methanol and 10mM ammonium formate (pH 4.0) at the ratio of 80:20 % v/v. The flow rate was maintained at 0.3 mL/min.

Results:

PTZ, LS and IS were detected and quantified with proton adducts at m/z 383.37→200.00, m/z 341.42→112.15 and 426.48→261.00 respectively. The linearity and range was established by fortifying blank plasma samples in the concentration range of 3.5-2000 ng/mL for PTZ and 3.0-2400 ng/mL for LS. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be ≥ 0.993 for PTZ and (r2) ≥ 0.990 for LS. The lower limit of quantification for PTZ was 3.5 ng/mL and LS was 3.0 ng/mL. The intra and inter day precision and accuracy for PTZ and LS were within the limits fulfilling the international acceptance criteria. PTZ and LS were found to be stable throughout three freeze-thaw cycles, bench top and short term stability studies.

Conclusion:

The proposed validated LC-MS/MS method offers a sensitive quantification of PTZ and LS in spiked human plasma and can be utilized for the quantification of PTZ and LS in real-time samples.

Esomeprazole to treat women with preterm preeclampsia: a randomized placebo controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Preterm preeclampsia has a high rate of fetal death or disability. There is no treatment to slow the disease, except delivery. Preclinical studies have identified proton pump inhibitors as a possible treatment.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine whether esomeprazole could prolong pregnancy in women who have received a diagnosis of preterm preeclampsia.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial at Tygerberg Hospital in South Africa. Women with preterm preeclampsia (gestational age 26 weeks+0 days to 31 weeks+6 days) were assigned randomly to 40-mg daily esomeprazole or placebo. The primary outcome was a prolongation of gestation of 5 days. Secondary outcomes were maternal and neonatal outcomes. We compared circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction that was associated with preeclampsia and performed pharmacokinetic studies.

RESULTS

Between January 2016 and April 2017, we recruited 120 participants. One participant was excluded because of incorrect randomization, which left 59 participants in the esomeprazole and 60 participants in the placebo group. Median gestational age at enrolment was 29+4 weeks gestation. There were no between-group differences in median time from randomization to delivery: 11.4 days (interquartile range, 3.6-19.7 days) in the esomeprazole group and 8.3 days (interquartile range, 3.8-19.6 days) in the placebo group (3 days longer in the esomeprazole arm; 95% confidence interval, -2.9-8.8; P=.31). There were no placental abruptions in the esomeprazole group and 6 (10%) in the placebo group (P=.01, P=.14 adjusted). There were no differences in other maternal or neonatal outcomes or markers of endothelial dysfunction. Esomeprazole and its metabolites were detected in maternal blood among those treated with esomeprazole, but only trace amounts in the umbilical cord blood.

CONCLUSION

Daily esomeprazole (40 mg) did not prolong gestation in pregnancies with preterm preeclampsia or decrease circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 concentrations. Higher levels in the maternal circulation may be needed for clinical effect.

Study on screening potential allergenic proteins from infant milk powders based on human mast cell membrane chromatography and histamine release assays

Cow's milk allergy is mainly observed in infants and young children. Most allergic reactions affect the skin, followed by the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Conventional diagnosis is based on positive allergy studies and evaluation of parameters including IgE and IgG1 levels, acute allergic skin response and anaphylactic shock reactions. We developed a cell membrane chromatographic (CMC) method based on human mast cells (HMC-1) for screening potential allergens in infant formula milk powders (IFMP). HMC-1 cell membranes were extracted and mixed with silica to prepare cell membrane chromatography columns (10 mm × 2 mm i.d., 5 µm). Under the conditions of 0.2 mL/min flow rate and 214 nm detection wavelength, human breast milk showed no retention. However, IFMP showed clear retention. The retained fractions were collected and analyzed through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Four major milk proteins, i.e., α-casein, β-casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin A, were identified. Furthermore, these proteins and β-lactoglobulin B showed clear retention on HMC-1/CMC columns. To test the degranulation effects of the five proteins, histamine and β-hexosaminidase release assays were carried out. All five proteins induced HMC-1 cells to release histamine and β-hexosaminidase. Also, we established a reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) method for the determination of the five proteins in IFMP and the results showed that 90% proteins in IFMP were α-casein and β-casein. We concluded that cow's milk proteins may be potential allergens and caseins cause more β-casein allergic risk than other proteins. This conclusion was consistent with other studies.

Determination of voriconazole and co-administered drugs in plasma of pediatric cancer patients using UPLC-MS/MS: A key step towards personalized therapeutics

Untreated invasive aspergillosis results in high mortality rate in pediatric cancer patients. Voriconazole (VORI), the first line of treatment, requires strict dose monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic index and individual variation in plasma concentration levels. Commonly co-administered drugs; either Esomeprazole (ESO) or Ondansetron (OND) have reported drug-drug interaction with VORI that should adversely alter therapeutic outcomes of the latter. Although VORI, ESO and OND are co-administered to pediatric cancer patients, the combined effect of ESO and OND on the plasma concentration levels of VORI has not been fully explored. In this study, an accurate, reliable and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of VORI, ESO, and OND in ultra-low sample volumes (25 μL) of plasma of pediatric cancer patients. Based on the physicochemical properties of the studied drugs and internal standard, liquid-liquid extraction was successfully adopted with methyl t-butyl ether. Consistent and reproducible recovery of the three drugs and the internal standard were calculated using plasma and matrix matched samples (RE% > 72.97%, RSD < 8.29%). Chromatographic separation was carried out using UPLC with C18 column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water:methanol (70:25:5 V/V/V) at 0.3 mL/min. Mass spectrometric determination at positive electrospray ionization in the MRM mode was employed. The analysis was achieved within 4 min over a linear concentration range of 1.00-200.00 ng/mL for the three drugs. The assay validity was assessed as per the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for bioanalytical method validation, and satisfactory results were obtained. The accuracy and precision were within the acceptable limits for the three drugs in both quality control and incurred plasma samples. Matrix effect and process efficiency were investigated in neat solvent, post-extraction matrix, and plasma. Correlation of the plasma concentration levels of the three drugs revealed differences from the reported drug-drug interactions. This confirmed the need for simultaneous determination of VORI and co-administered drugs in order to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. To achieve this, analysis results of this study, genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 and clinical data will be used to establish one model incorporating all possible factors that might lead to variation in therapeutic outcomes.

Therapeutic evolution of benzimidazole derivatives in the last quinquennial period

Benzimidazole, a fused heterocycle bearing benzene and imidazole has gained considerable attention in the field of contemporary medicinal chemistry. The moiety is of substantial importance because of its wide array of pharmacological activities. This nitrogen containing heterocycle is a part of a number of therapeutically used agents. Moreover, a number of patents concerning this moiety in the last few years further highlight its worth. The present review covers the recent work published by scientists across the globe during last five years.