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Saardpun N, Songsaeng R, Tanratana P, Kusamran T, Pinthong D. The Finding of New In Vivo Metabolite Triptorelin (5-10) in Human Urine Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Dimethyl Sulfoxide Additives in the Mobile Phase. Molecules 2023; 28:4572. [PMID: 37375127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptorelin and leuprorelin are synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormones (GnRH) that are on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list of prohibited substances. To investigate the possible in vivo metabolites of triptorelin and leuprorelin in humans compared to previously reported in vitro metabolites, excreted urine from five patients treated with either triptorelin or leuprorelin was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-IT-TOF). The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the mobile phase was found to enhance the detection sensitivity of certain GnRH analogs. The method was validated, and the limit of detection (LOD) was found at 0.02-0.08 ng/mL. Using this method, a novel new metabolite of triptorelin was discovered in the urine of all subjects up to 1 month after triptorelin administration, but it was not observed in the urine of subjects before drug administration. The limit of detection was estimated to be 0.05 ng/mL. The structure of the metabolite, triptorelin (5-10), is proposed from bottom-up mass spectrometry analysis. The discovery of in vivo triptorelin (5-10) can possibly be used as supporting evidence of triptorelin misuse in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaporn Saardpun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Analytical Science and National Doping Test Institute (ASNDTI), Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ruamsiri Songsaeng
- Analytical Science and National Doping Test Institute (ASNDTI), Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pansakorn Tanratana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanit Kusamran
- Analytical Science and National Doping Test Institute (ASNDTI), Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Darawan Pinthong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Gómez-Guerrero N, González-López N, Zapata-Velásquez JD, Martínez-Ramírez JA, Rivera-Monroy ZJ, García-Castañeda JE. Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge. ACS Omega 2022; 7:38193-38206. [PMID: 36340120 PMCID: PMC9631397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are very diverse molecules that can participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In this way, peptides are attractive for doping, since these molecules can activate or trigger biological processes that can improve the sports performance of athletes. Peptide molecules are found in the official World Anti-Doping Agency lists, mainly in sections S2, S4, and S5. In most cases, these molecules have a very short half-life in the body and/or are identical to natural molecules in the body, making it difficult to analyze them as performance-enhancing drugs. This article reviews the role of peptides in doping, with special emphasis on the peptides used as reference materials, the pretreatment of samples in biological matrices, the instrumentation, and the validation of analytical methodologies for the analysis of peptides used in doping. The growing need to characterize and quantify these molecules, especially in complex biological matrices, has generated the need to search for robust strategies that allow for obtaining sensitive and conclusive results. In this sense, strategies such as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), seeking to obtain specific peptides, metabolites, or isotopically labeled analogs, is a key tool for adequate quantification of different peptide molecules in biological matrices. This, together with the use of optimal methodologies for sample pretreatment (e.g., SPE or protein precipitation), and for subsequent analysis by high-resolution techniques (mainly hyphenated LC-HRMS techniques), have become the preferred instrumentation to meet the analytical challenge involved in the analysis of peptides in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor
Alejandro Gómez-Guerrero
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Doping
Control Laboratory, Ministerio del Deporte,
Bogotá, Carrera
68 No 55-65, 111071 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás
Mateo González-López
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Zapata-Velásquez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Ariel Martínez-Ramírez
- Pharmacy
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 450, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zuly Jenny Rivera-Monroy
- Chemistry
Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85,
Building 451, 11321 Bogotá, Colombia
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3
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Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical evaluations that require excluding androgen abuse, a secretive, illicit activity, rely on the drug history, but its veracity for androgen abuse has neither been verified nor has any objective corroborating laboratory test been validated. OBJECTIVE In a high-risk population, to (a) validate the drug history of androgen abuse objectively using state-of-the-art World Anti-Doping Agency-accredited antidoping laboratory urine mass spectrometry tests and (b) to determine what biochemical tests best distinguish androgen abuse from nonuse in this population. METHODS Urine samples from current (n = 41) and past (n = 31) androgen abusers and nonusers (n = 21) were analyzed by comprehensive mass spectrometry-based detection tests for androgens and related drugs (ARD). RESULTS No prohibited ARDs were identified among nonusers. Current users had a median of 5 (range 1-13) drugs detected comprising 176 ARDs among 220 drug identifications. Past users had a median of 1 (range 0-9) drugs detected comprising 21 ARDs among 43 drugs. Negative predictive value was high (>0.8) for those denying drug usage while positive predictive value was good (>0.6) for both those reporting currently using (current) and not using (nonusers plus past users) ARD. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) alone had high, but imperfect, discriminatory power (89%) to distinguish between current and noncurrent androgen use. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrates that a negative drug history in a high-risk group has high reliability and that even a single suppressed serum LH exhibits high discrimination for objectively detecting androgen abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Shankara-Narayana
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - David J Handelsman
- Correspondence: David J. Handelsman, MBBS, PhD, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, NSW 2139, Sydney, Australia.
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Chang W, He G, Yan K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Dong T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Hong L. Doping control analysis of small peptides in human urine using LC-HRMS with parallel reaction monitoring mode: screening and confirmation. Anal Methods 2021; 13:5838-5850. [PMID: 34847571 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study described a reliable analytical method, which combines solid-phase extraction (SPE) with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) employing the parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode, for screening 41 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues in human urine. Additionally 36 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues were also confirmed in the same way. For the whole screening procedure, the PRM mode was applied to the HRMS detection of small peptides, which reduces the background noise from matrix compounds to a large extent and thus improves the selectivity and reliability of the peptide analytes. Meanwhile, competent chromatographic separation was achieved within a total runtime of 14 minutes, indicating an improvement in the detection efficiency. Moreover, the PRM mode could also be applied to the confirmation procedure due to its strong identification power with a low risk of generating false positives or negatives and good selectivity. Validation was performed according to the relevant World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria, including selectivity and reliability, limit of detection (LOD), limit of identification (LOI), recovery, extraction stability and carryover. The LODs of the peptide analytes ranged between 0.20 ng mL-1 and 0.92 ng mL-1 in urine, while their LOIs ranged between 0.20 ng mL-1 and 2.00 ng mL-1, which met the corresponding Minimum Required Performance Levels (MRPLs) as defined by WADA. The developed method furnished the rapid and sensitive detection of small peptides in urine for more than 5000 samples with no false-positive or false-negative, indicating that it is an eligible method for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Genye He
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kuan Yan
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyu Dong
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunxi Liu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lisi Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Hong
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang Xi Road, HaiZhu District, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Savkovic S, Ly LP, Desai R, Howa J, Nair V, Eichner D, Handelsman DJ. Detection of testosterone microdosing in healthy females. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:653-666. [PMID: 34811948 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ready detectability of synthetic androgens by mass spectrometry (MS)-based antidoping tests has reoriented androgen doping to using testosterone (T), which must be distinguished from its endogenous counterpart making detection of exogenous T harder. We investigated urine and serum steroid and hematological profiling individually and combined to determine the optimal detection model for T administration in women. Twelve healthy females provided six paired blood and urine samples over 2 weeks prior to treatment consisting of 12.5-mg T in a topical transdermal gel applied daily for 7 days. Paired blood and urine samples were then obtained at the end of treatment and Days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days later. Compliance with treatment and sampling was high, and no adverse effects were reported. T treatment significantly increased serum and urine T, serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), urine 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) epitestosterone (E), and urine T/E ratio with a brief window of detection (2-4 days) as well as total and immature (medium and high fluorescence) reticulocytes that remained elevated over the full 14 posttreatment days. Carbon isotope ratio MS and the OFF score and Abnormal Blood Profile score (ABPS) were not discriminatory. The optimal multivariate model to identify T exposure combined serum T, urine T/E ratio with three hematological variables (% high fluorescence reticulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and volume) with the five variables providing 93% correct classification (4% false positive, 10% false negatives). Hence, combining select serum and urine steroid MS variables with reticulocyte measures can achieve a high but imperfect detection of T administration to healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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7
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Uçaktürk E, Başaran AA, Demirel AH. Effect of the Mobile Phase Compositions on the Confirmation Analysis of Some Prohibited Substances in Sport by LC–ESI–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Kwok KY, Choi TLS, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Leung EMK, Leung GNW, Wong JKY, Wan TSM, Adrian FF, Prabhu A, Ho ENM. Detection of bioactive peptides including gonadotrophin-releasing factors (GnRHs) in horse urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS). Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1274-1286. [PMID: 32558326 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of bioactive peptides as a doping agent in both human and animal sports has become increasingly popular in recent years. As such, methods to control the misuse of bioactive peptides in equine sports have received attention. This paper describes a sensitive accurate mass method for the detection of 40 bioactive peptides and two non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues (< 2 kDa) at low pg/mL levels in horse urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS). A simple mixed-mode cation exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was employed for the extraction of 42 targets and/or their in vitro metabolites from horse urine. The final extract was analyzed using UHPLC/HRMS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode under both full scan and data independent acquisition (DIA, for MS2 ). The estimated limits of detection (LoD) for most of the targets could reach down to 10 pg/mL in horse urine. This method was validated for qualitative detection purposes. The validation data, including method specificity, method sensitivity, extraction recovery, method precision, and matrix effect were reported. A thorough in vitro study was also performed on four gonadotrophin-releasing factors (GnRHs), namely leuprorelin, buserelin, goserelin, and nafarelin, using the S9 fraction isolated from horse liver. The identified in vitro metabolites have been incorporated into the method for controlling the misuse of GnRHs. The applicability of this method was demonstrated by the identification of leuprorelin and one of its metabolites, Leu M4, in urine obtained after intramuscular administration of leuprorelin to a thoroughbred gelding (castrated horse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Yip Lau
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elvis M K Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Farrington F Adrian
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anil Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary Regulation, Welfare and Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Yüce Ö, Bideci A, Çelik N, Çamurdan O, Cinaz P. Diagnostic value of urinary luteinizing hormone levels in the monitoring of precocious puberty treatment. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2020; 64:121-127. [PMID: 32236310 PMCID: PMC10118943 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether first-voided urinary LH (FV-ULH) - level measurement can adequately assess pubertal suppression as much as standard tests can. Subjects and methods The study group included patients with central precocious puberty and rapidly progressing early puberty who received up to 3 - 4 doses of GnRHa therapy monthly and did not have adequate hormonal suppression after GnRH stimulation (90-minute LH level > 4 IU/L). Design: All of the participants underwent an LHRH test just after admission to the study. According to the stimulated peak LH levels, the patients were divided into 2 groups and followed until the end of the first year of treatment. The concordance between FV-ULH and stimulated LH levels was assessed. Results The FV-ULH levels in patients with inadequate hormonal suppression were significantly high compared to patients with adequate hormonal suppression. FV-ULH levels were very strongly correlated with stimulated LH levels (r = 0.91). Its correlation with basal LH levels was significant (r = 0.65). However, this positive correlation was modestly weakened after the first year of treatment. The cutoff value for FV-ULH of 1.01 mIU/mL had the highest sensitivity (92.3%) and specificity (100%). Conclusion FV-ULH levels, using more reliable and sensitive assay methods, can be used to monitor the adequacy of GnRHa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Yüce
- Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysun Bideci
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Çelik
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
| | - Orhun Çamurdan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Peyami Cinaz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Mäkelä R, Leinonen A, Suominen T. Analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH): Validation of a commercial ELISA kit for LH analysis and quantification in doping control samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:239-246. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riika Mäkelä
- Doping control laboratoryUnited Medix laboratories
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11
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Sim J, Cho B, Park M, Rhee J, In S, Choe S. Monitoring urinary testosterone and epitestosterone levels, and their ratio, in Korean chemical castration subjects using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 44:192-199. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In Europe, chemical castration has been adopted as a treatment for paraphilia since the 1930s. Among the various chemical castration agents, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists are now used widely because of their effectiveness and safety. In South Korea, a legislation of chemical castration to control the sexual impulses of sexual offenders was enforced in July 2011. Most of these subjects are treated with leuprorelin acetate, an LHRH agonist, for chemical castration. Despite this, there are few studies that address the long-term influence of LHRH agonists on testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) levels in chemical castration subjects. In order to analyze the urinary levels of T in chemical castration subjects, whose T levels are extremely low, we developed and validated an analytical method for the detection of both T and E in human urine using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) system. The urine samples were hydrolyzed, extracted, and analyzed by LC–MS/MS with electrospray ionization in the positive-ion mode. The limits of detection were 0.02 ng/mL and the limits of quantitation were 0.05 ng/mL, which provided great sensitivity. The established method was applied to urine samples from chemical castration subjects and healthy male volunteers. The chemical castration subjects showed significantly lower urinary T levels than the control subjects. In addition, the urinary E levels were also lower in the chemical castration subjects; however, the T/E ratios were constant and did not show a notable decrease because of the simultaneous decrease in both urinary T and E. The urinary T levels and T/E ratio did not exceed the doping control criteria for exogenous T ingestion for any subject. This study shows the trend of urinary T and E levels in long-term treated chemical castration subjects by establishing a highly sensitive LC–MS/MS method, that provides useful information for monitoring chemical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Sim
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsuk Cho
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- National Forensic Service Busan institute, 50612, 50, Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwhan In
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Choe
- National Forensic Service Seoul institute, 08036, 139, Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Athanasiadou I, Voss SC, El Saftawy W, Al-jaber H, Dbes N, Al-yazedi S, Samsam W, Mohamed-ali V, Alsayrafi M, Valsami G, Georgakopoulos C. Hyperhydration-Induced Decrease in Urinary Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations of Male Athletes in Doping Control Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Savkovic S, Lim S, Jayadev V, Conway A, Turner L, Curtis D, Goebel C, Handelsman DJ. Urine and Serum Sex Steroid Profile in Testosterone-Treated Transgender and Hypogonadal and Healthy Control Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2277-2283. [PMID: 29584875 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of testosterone (T) treatment on antidoping detection tests in female-to-male (F2M) transgender men is unknown. We investigated urine and serum sex steroid and luteinizing hormone (LH) profiles in T-treated F2M men to determine whether and, if so, how they differed from hypogonadal and healthy control men. METHOD Healthy transgender (n = 23) and hypogonadal (n = 24) men aged 18 to 50 years treated with 1000 mg injectable T undecanoate provided trough urine and blood samples and an additional earlier postinjection sample (n = 21). Healthy control men (n = 20) provided a single blood and urine sample. Steroids were measured by mass spectrometry-based methods in urine and serum, LH by immunoassay, and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 genotype by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Urine LH, human chorionic gonadotropin, T, epitestosterone (EpiT), androsterone (A), etiocholanolone (Etio), A/Etio ratio, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 5α,3α- and 5β,3α-androstanediols did not differ between groups or by time since last T injection. Urine T/EpiT ratio was <4 in all controls and 12/68 (18%) samples from T-treated men, but there was no difference between T-treated groups. Serum estradiol, estrone, and DHEA were higher in transgender men, and serum T and DHT were higher in earlier compared with trough blood samples, but serum LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, and 3α- and 3β,5α-diols did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Urine antidoping detection tests in T-treated transgender men can be interpreted like those of T-treated hypogonadal men and are unaffected by time since last T dose. Serum steroids are more sensitive to detect exogenous T administration early but not later after the last T dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarina Lim
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veena Jayadev
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann Conway
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leo Turner
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas Curtis
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cuervo D, Loli C, Fernández-álvarez M, Muñoz G, Carreras D. Determination of doping peptides via solid-phase microelution and accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight LC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:134-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zvereva I, Dudko G, Dikunets M. Determination of GnRH and its synthetic analogues' abuse in doping control: Small bioactive peptide UPLC-MS/MS method extension by addition of in vitro and in vivo metabolism data; evaluation of LH and steroid profile parameter fluctuations as suitable bi. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:711-722. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Iyer R, Mok SF, Savkovic S, Turner L, Fraser G, Desai R, Jayadev V, Conway AJ, Handelsman DJ. Pharmacokinetics of testosterone cream applied to scrotal skin. Andrology 2017; 5:725-731. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Iyer
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. F. Mok
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. Savkovic
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - L. Turner
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - G. Fraser
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - R. Desai
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - V. Jayadev
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. J. Conway
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - D. J. Handelsman
- Andrology Department; Concord Hospital and ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the doping status of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for female athletes with adrenal insufficiency within the framework of Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) applications for this proandrogen, which is included on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)'s Prohibited List. DATA SOURCES AND MAIN RESULTS Current knowledge of adrenal pathophysiology with a focus on the physiological role and pharmacological effects of DHEA in female athletes including placebo-controlled clinical trials of DHEA and consensus clinical practice and prescribing guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Because there is no convincing clinical evidence to support the use of DHEA replacement therapy in women with adrenal failure, a TUE for DHEA is not justified by definite health benefit for either secondary or primary adrenal failure. This is consistent with the 2014 update of the US Endocrine Society guidelines, meta-analyses of DHEA treatment in women with or without adrenal failure, current WADA TUE guidance document for adrenal insufficiency and recent case law of WADA's Court of Arbitration for Sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Handelsman
- *ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; †Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and ‡Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand Chair, WADA TUE Expert Group, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Athanasiadou I, Voss S, Lyris E, Aljaber A, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C. Analytical progresses of the World Anti-Doping Agency Olympic laboratories: a 2016 update from London to Rio. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2265-79. [PMID: 27665839 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the biggest event in human sports, was held in Rio de Janeiro with more than 10,500 athletes from 206 countries over the world competing for the highest of sports honors, an Olympic medal. With the hope that the Olympic ideal accompanies all aspects of the XXXI Olympiad, WADA accredited antidoping laboratories use the spearhead of analytical technology as a powerful tool in the fight against doping. This review summarizes the main analytical developments applied in antidoping testing methodology combined with the main amendments on the WADA regulations regarding analytical testing starting from the 2012 London Olympics until the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
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Richards SL, Cawley AT, Cavicchioli R, Suann CJ, Pickford R, Raftery MJ. Aptamer based peptide enrichment for quantitative analysis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2016; 150:671-80. [PMID: 26838458 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years threats to racing have expanded to include naturally occurring biological molecules, such as peptides and proteins, and their synthetic analogues. Traditionally, antibodies have been used to enable detection of these compounds as they allow purification and concentration of the analyte of interest. The rapid expansion of peptide-based therapeutics necessitates a similarly rapid development of suitable antibodies or other means of enrichment. Potential alternative enrichment strategies include the use of aptamers, which offer the significant advantage of chemical synthesis once the nucleic acid sequence is known. A method was developed for the enrichment, detection and quantitation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in equine urine using aptamer-based enrichment and LC-MS/MS. The method achieved comparable limits of detection (1 pg/mL) and quantification (2.5 pg/mL) to previously published antibody-based enrichment methods. The intra- and inter-assay precision achieved was less than 10% at both 5 and 20 pg/mL, and displayed a working dynamic range of 2.5-100 pg/mL. Significant matrix enhancement (170 ± 8%) and low analytical recovery (29 ± 15%) was observed, although the use of an isotopically heavy labelled GnRH peptide, GnRH (Pro(13)C5,(15)N), as the internal standard provides compensation for these parameters. Within the current limits of detection GnRH was detectable up to 1h post administration in urine and identification of a urinary catabolite extended this detection window to 4h. Based on the results of this preliminary investigation we propose the use of aptamers as a viable alternative to antibodies in the enrichment of peptide targets from equine urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Richards
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - A T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C J Suann
- Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - R Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - M J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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21
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Esposito S, Deventer K, Geldof L, Van Eenoo P. In vitromodels for metabolic studies of small peptide hormones in sport drug testing. J Pept Sci 2014; 21:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:663-73. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.965159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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