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Shi S, Xiong C, Bie D, Li Y, Wang J. Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 2024:10.1007/s00246-023-03392-7. [PMID: 38217691 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and associated with adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study is to construct a nomogram to predict the probability of postoperative AKI in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of 1137 children having cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. We randomly divided the included patients into development and validation cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used for feature selection. We constructed a multivariable logistic regression model to select predictors and develop a nomogram to predict AKI risk. Discrimination, calibration and clinical benefit of the final prediction model were evaluated in the development and validation cohorts. A simple nomogram was developed to predict risk of postoperative AKI using six predictors including age at operation, cyanosis, CPB duration longer than 120 min, cross-clamp time, baseline albumin and baseline creatinine levels. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of the nomogram was 0.739 (95% CI 0.693-0.786) and 0.755 (95% CI 0.694-0.816) for the development and validation cohort, respectively. The calibration curve showed a good correlation between predicted and observed risk of postoperative AKI. Decision curve analysis presented great clinical benefit of the nomogram. This novel nomogram for predicting AKI after pediatric cardiac surgery showed good discrimination, calibration and clinical practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyun Bie
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Raina R, Nada A, Shah R, Aly H, Kadatane S, Abitbol C, Aggarwal M, Koyner J, Neyra J, Sethi SK. Artificial intelligence in early detection and prediction of pediatric/neonatal acute kidney injury: current status and future directions. Pediatr Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s00467-023-06191-7. [PMID: 37889281 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has a significant impact on the short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of pediatric and neonatal patients, and it is imperative in these populations to mitigate the pathways leading to AKI and be prepared for early diagnosis and treatment intervention of established AKI. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has provided more advent predictive models for early detection/prediction of AKI utilizing machine learning (ML). By providing strong detail and evidence from risk scores and electronic alerts, this review outlines a comprehensive and holistic insight into the current state of AI in AKI in pediatric/neonatal patients. In the pediatric population, AI models including XGBoost, logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, naïve Bayes, and risk stratification scores (Renal Angina Index (RAI), Nephrotoxic Injury Negated by Just-in-time Action (NINJA)) have shown success in predicting AKI using variables like serum creatinine, urine output, and electronic health record (EHR) alerts. Similarly, in the neonatal population, using the "Baby NINJA" model showed a decrease in nephrotoxic medication exposure by 42%, the rate of AKI by 78%, and the number of days with AKI by 68%. Furthermore, the "STARZ" risk stratification AI model showed a predictive ability of AKI within 7 days of NICU admission of AUC 0.93 and AUC of 0.96 in the validation and derivation cohorts, respectively. Many studies have reported the superiority of using biomarkers to predict AKI in pediatric patients and neonates as well. Future directions include the application of AI along with biomarkers (NGAL, CysC, OPN, IL-18, B2M, etc.) in a Labelbox configuration to create a more robust and accurate model for predicting and detecting pediatric/neonatal AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Raina
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA.
- Department of Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
| | - Arwa Nada
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital & St. Jude Research Hospital, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Raghav Shah
- Akron Nephrology Associates/Cleveland Clinic Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Saurav Kadatane
- Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Carolyn Abitbol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Holtz Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mihika Aggarwal
- Paediatric Nephrology & Paediatric Kidney Transplantation, Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
| | - Jay Koyner
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Javier Neyra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sidharth Kumar Sethi
- Paediatric Nephrology & Paediatric Kidney Transplantation, Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, The Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India
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Dreher M, Min J, Mavroudis C, Ryba D, Ostapenko S, Melchior R, Rosenthal T, Nuri M, Blinder J. Indexed oxygen delivery during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass is a modifiable risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury. J Extra Corpor Technol 2023; 55:112-120. [PMID: 37682209 PMCID: PMC10487348 DOI: 10.1051/ject/2023029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiac surgery is a common complication with few established modifiable risk factors. We sought to characterize whether indexed oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in a large pediatric cohort. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of patients under 1 year old undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2020. Receiver operating characteristic curves across values ranging from 260 to 400 mL/min/m2 were used to identify the indexed oxygen delivery most significantly associated with acute kidney injury risk. RESULTS We included 980 patients with acute kidney injury occurring in 212 (21.2%). After adjusting for covariates associated with acute kidney injury, an indexed oxygen delivery threshold of 340 mL/min/m2 predicted acute kidney injury in STAT 4 and 5 neonates (area under the curve = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.60 - 0.72, sensitivity = 56.1%, specificity = 69.4%). An indexed oxygen delivery threshold of 400 mL/min/m2 predicted acute kidney injury in STAT 1-3 infants (area under the curve = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.58 - 0.72, sensitivity = 52.6%, specificity = 74.6%). CONCLUSION Indexed oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass is a modifiable variable independently associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in specific pediatric populations. Strategies aimed at maintaining oxygen delivery greater than 340 mL/min/m2 in complex neonates and greater than 400 mL/min/m2 in infants may reduce the occurrence of postoperative acute kidney injury in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Dreher
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Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jungwon Min
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Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Constantine Mavroudis
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Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Cardiac Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Douglas Ryba
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Information Services Department, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Svetlana Ostapenko
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Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Richard Melchior
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Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Tami Rosenthal
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Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Muhammad Nuri
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Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Cardiac Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Joshua Blinder
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Stanford University School of Medicine, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Palo Alto CA 94304 USA
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