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Yuan X, Ruan W, Bobrow B, Carmeliet P, Eltzschig HK. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:175-200. [PMID: 38123660 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are highly conserved transcription factors that are crucial for adaptation of metazoans to limited oxygen availability. Recently, HIF activation and inhibition have emerged as therapeutic targets in various human diseases. Pharmacologically desirable effects of HIF activation include erythropoiesis stimulation, cellular metabolism optimization during hypoxia and adaptive responses during ischaemia and inflammation. By contrast, HIF inhibition has been explored as a therapy for various cancers, retinal neovascularization and pulmonary hypertension. This Review discusses the biochemical mechanisms that control HIF stabilization and the molecular strategies that can be exploited pharmacologically to activate or inhibit HIFs. In addition, we examine medical conditions that benefit from targeting HIFs, the potential side effects of HIF activation or inhibition and future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wei Ruan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bentley Bobrow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Salo AM, Rappu P, Koski MK, Karjalainen E, Izzi V, Drushinin K, Miinalainen I, Käpylä J, Heino J, Myllyharju J. Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase isoenzymes I and II have sequence specificity towards different X-Pro-Gly triplets. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:73-87. [PMID: 38081527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Collagen biosynthesis requires several co- and post-translational modifications of lysine and proline residues to form structurally and functionally competent collagen molecules. Formation of 4-hydroxyproline (4Hyp) in Y-position prolines of the repetitive -X-Y-Gly- sequences provides thermal stability for the triple-helical collagen molecules. 4Hyp formation is catalyzed by a collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase (C-P4H) family consisting of three isoenzymes. Here we identify specific roles for the two main C-P4H isoenzymes in collagen hydroxylation by a detailed 4Hyp analysis of type I and IV collagens derived from cell and tissue samples. Loss of C-P4H-I results in underhydroxylation of collagen where the affected prolines are not uniformly distributed, but mainly present in sites where the adjacent X-position amino acid has a positively charged or a polar uncharged side chain. In contrast, loss of C-P4H-II results in underhydroxylation of triplets where the X-position is occupied by a negatively charged amino acid glutamate or aspartate. Hydroxylation of these triplets was found to be important as loss of C-P4H-II alone resulted in reduced collagen melting temperature and altered assembly of collagen fibrils and basement membrane. The observed C-P4H isoenzyme differences in substrate specificity were explained by selective binding of the substrate to the active site resulting in distinct differences in Km and Vmax values. Furthermore, our results clearly show that the substrate proline selection is not dependent on the collagen type, but the main determinant is the X-position amino acid of the -X-Pro-Gly- triplet. Although our data clearly shows the necessity of both C-P4H-I and II for normal prolyl 4-hydroxylation and function of collagens, the mRNA expression of the isoenzymes with various procollagens was, surprisingly, not tightly coordinated, suggesting additional levels of control. In conclusion, this study provides a molecular level explanation for the need of multiple C-P4H isoenzymes to generate collagen molecules capable to assemble into intact extracellular matrix structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti M Salo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Pekka Rappu
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Kristian Koski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Emma Karjalainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, BioIM Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kati Drushinin
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jarmo Käpylä
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Heino
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Sayaf AM, Ullah Khalid S, Hameed JA, Alshammari A, Khan A, Mohammad A, Alghamdi S, Wei DQ, Yeoh K. Exploring the natural products chemical space through a molecular search to discover potential inhibitors that target the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1202128. [PMID: 37670941 PMCID: PMC10475833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1202128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes are major therapeutic targets of anemia and ischemic/hypoxia diseases. To overcome safety issues, liver failure, and problems associated with on-/off-targets, natural products due to their novel and unique structures offer promising alternatives as drug targets. Methods: In the current study, the Marine Natural Products, North African, South African, East African, and North-East African chemical space was explored for HIF-PHD inhibitors discovery through molecular search, and the final hits were validated using molecular simulation and free energy calculation approaches. Results: Our results revealed that CMNPD13808 with a docking score of -8.690 kcal/mol, CID15081178 with a docking score of -8.027 kcal/mol, CID71496944 with a docking score of -8.48 kcal/mol and CID11821407 with a docking score of -7.78 kcal/mol possess stronger activity than the control N-[(4-hydroxy-8-iodoisoquinolin-3-yl)carbonyl]glycine, 4HG (-6.87 kcal/mol). Interaction analysis revealed that the target compounds interact with Gln239, Tyr310, Tyr329, Arg383 and Trp389 residues, and chelate the active site iron in a bidentate manner in PHD2. Molecular simulation revealed that these target hits robustly block the PHD2 active site by demonstrating stable dynamics. Furthermore, the half-life of the Arg383 hydrogen bond with the target ligands, which is an important factor for PHD2 inhibition, remained almost constant in all the complexes during the simulation. Finally, the total binding free energy of each complex was calculated as CMNPD13808-PHD2 -72.91 kcal/mol, CID15081178-PHD2 -65.55 kcal/mol, CID71496944-PHD2 -68.47 kcal/mol, and CID11821407-PHD2 -62.06 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: The results show the compounds possess good activity in contrast to the control drug (4HG) and need further in vitro and in vivo validation for possible usage as potential drugs against HIF-PHD2-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Mohammad Sayaf
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Nayang, Henan, China
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Saeed Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacy, Riyadh Security Forces Hospital, Ministry of Interior, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Nayang, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint Laboratory of International Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - KarKheng Yeoh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Isono T, Matsumoto T, Suzaki M, Kubota S, Kageyama S, Kawauchi A, Wada A. Transcriptome analysis of a dog model of congestive heart failure shows that collagen-related 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases contribute to heart failure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22569. [PMID: 36581661 PMCID: PMC9800379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is an important pathological mechanism in heart failure (HF) and is associated with poor prognosis. We analyzed fibrosis in HF patients using transcriptomic data. Genes differentially expressed between normal control and congestive HF (CHF) dogs included P3H1, P3H2, P3H4, P4HA2, PLOD1 and PLOD3, which belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGD) superfamily that stabilizes collagen during fibrosis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated 2OGD gene expression was increased in CHF samples compared with normal left ventricle (LV) samples. 2OGD gene expression was repressed in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-treated samples. These genes, activated the hydroxylation of proline or lysin residues of procollagen mediated by 2-oxoglutaric acid and O2, produce succinic acid and CO2. Metabolic analysis demonstrated the concentration of succinic acid was significantly increased in CHF samples compared with normal LV samples. Fibrosis was induced in human cardiac fibroblasts by TGF-ß1 treatment. After treatment, the gene and protein expressions of 2OGD, the concentration of succinic acid, and the oxygen consumption rate were increased compared with no treatment. This is the first study to show that collagen-related 2OGD genes contribute to HF during the induction of fibrosis and might be potential therapeutic targets for fibrosis and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Isono
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan ,grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Central Research Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Takehiro Matsumoto
- Center of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure, Omi Medical Center, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8585 Japan
| | - Masafumi Suzaki
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Central Research Laboratory, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kubota
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Susumu Kageyama
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawauchi
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Atuyuki Wada
- Center of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure, Omi Medical Center, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8585 Japan
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Abstract
Significance: The disturbance of the hypoxia response system is closely related to human diseases, because it is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. Given the significant role of the hypoxia response system in human health, therapeutic applications targeting prolyl hydroxylase-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling have been attempted. Thus, systemically reviewing the hypoxia response-based therapeutic strategies is of great significance. Recent Advances: Disturbance of the hypoxia response is a characteristic feature of various diseases. Targeting the hypoxia response system is, thus, a promising therapeutic strategy. Interestingly, several compounds and drugs are currently under clinical trials, and some have already been approved for use in the treatment of certain human diseases. Critical Issues: We summarize the molecular mechanisms of the hypoxia response system and address the potential therapeutic implications in kidney diseases. Given that the effects of hypoxia response in kidney diseases are likely to depend on the pathological context, specific cell types, and the differences in the activation pattern of HIF isoforms, the precise application is critical for the treatment of kidney diseases. Although HIF-PHIs (HIF-PHD inhibitors) have been proven to be effective and well tolerated in chronic kidney disease patients with anemia, the potential on-target consequence of HIF activation and some outstanding questions warrant further consideration. Future Direction: The mechanism of the hypoxia response system disturbance remains unclear. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of hypoxia response and its precise effects on kidney diseases warrants clarification. Considering the complexity of the hypoxia response system and multiple biological processes controlled by HIF signaling, the development of more specific inhibitors is highly warranted. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 936-955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Lin Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Roxadustat is a recently approved hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that has demonstrated favorable safety and efficacy in the treatment of renal anemia. Recent studies found it also has potential for the treatment of other hypoxia-related diseases. Although clinical studies have not yet found significant adverse or off-target effects of roxadustat, clinicians must be vigilant about these possible effects. Hypoxia-inducible factor regulates the expression of many genes and physiological processes in response to a decreased level of oxygen, but its role in the pathogenesis of different diseases is complex and controversial. In addition to increasing the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor, roxadustat also has some effects that may be HIF-independent, indicating some potential off-target effects. This article reviews the pharmacological characteristics of roxadustat, its current status in the treatment of renal anemia, and its possible effects on other pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengtuan Long
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yujun Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Yujun Du,
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Tolonen J, Salo AM, Finnilä M, Aro E, Karjalainen E, Ronkainen V, Drushinin K, Merceron C, Izzi V, Schipani E, Myllyharju J. Reduced bone mass in collagen prolyl 4‐hydroxylase
P4ha1
+/‐
;
P4ha2
‐/‐
compound mutant mice. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10630. [PMID: 35720665 PMCID: PMC9189910 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper deposition of the extracellular matrix and its major components, the collagens, is essential for endochondral ossification and bone mass accrual. Collagen prolyl 4‐hydroxylases (C‐P4Hs) hydroxylate proline residues in the ‐X‐Pro‐Gly‐ repeats of all known collagen types. Their product, 4‐hydroxyproline, is essential for correct folding and thermal stability of the triple‐helical collagen molecules in physiological body temperatures. We have previously shown that inactivation of the mouse P4ha1 gene, which codes for the catalytic α subunit of the major C‐P4H isoform, is embryonic lethal, whereas inactivation of the P4ha2 gene produced only a minor phenotype. Instead, mice with a haploinsufficiency of the P4ha1 gene combined with a homozygous deletion of the P4ha2 gene present with a moderate chondrodysplasia due to transient cell death of the growth plate chondrocytes. Here, to further characterize the bone phenotype of the P4ha1+/−; P4ha2−/− mice, we have carried out gene expression analyses at whole‐tissue and single‐cell levels, biochemical analyses, microcomputed tomography, histomorphometric analyses, and second harmonic generation microscopy to show that C‐P4H α subunit expression peaks early and that the C‐P4H deficiency leads to reduced collagen amount, a reduced rate of bone formation, and a loss of trabecular and cortical bone volume in the long bones. The total osteoblast number in the proximal P4ha1+/−; P4ha2−/− tibia and the C‐P4H activity in primary P4ha1+/−; P4ha2−/− osteoblasts were reduced, whereas the population of osteoprogenitor colony‐forming unit fibroblasts was increased in the P4ha1+/−; P4ha2−/− marrow. Thus, the P4ha1+/−; P4ha2−/− mouse model recapitulates key aspects of a recently recognized congenital connective tissue disorder with short stature and bone dysplasia caused by biallelic variants of the human P4HA1 gene. Altogether, the data demonstrate the allele dose‐dependent importance of the C‐P4Hs to the developing organism and a threshold effect of C‐P4H activity in the proper production of bone matrix. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi‐Pekka Tolonen
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Biocenter Oulu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Antti M. Salo
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Biocenter Oulu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Mikko Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Ellinoora Aro
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Biocenter Oulu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Emma Karjalainen
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Biocenter Oulu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | | | - Kati Drushinin
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Biocenter Oulu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Christophe Merceron
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor USA
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute Helsinki Finland
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor USA
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell‐Matrix Research
- Biocenter Oulu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine University of Oulu Oulu Finland
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Byts N, Sharma S, Malm T, Kaakinen M, Korhonen P, Jaakkonen L, Keuters M, Huuskonen M, Pietilä I, Koistinaho J, Koivunen P, Myllyharju J. Inactivation of mouse transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase increases blood brain barrier permeability and ischemia-induced cerebral neuroinflammation. J Biol Chem 2022. [PMID: 35151685 PMCID: PMC8914383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs) regulate the hypoxic induction of >300 genes required for survival and adaptation under oxygen deprivation. Inhibition of HIF-P4H-2 has been shown to be protective in focal cerebral ischemia rodent models, while that of HIF-P4H-1 has no effects and inactivation of HIF-P4H-3 has adverse effects. A transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H-TM) is highly expressed in the brain and contributes to the regulation of HIF, but the outcome of its inhibition on stroke is yet unknown. To study this, we subjected WT and P4htm−/− mice to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Lack of P4H-TM had no effect on lesion size following pMCAO, but increased inflammatory microgliosis and neutrophil infiltration was observed in the P4htm−/− cortex. Furthermore, both the permeability of blood brain barrier and ultrastructure of cerebral tight junctions were compromised in P4htm−/− mice. At the molecular level, P4H-TM deficiency led to increased expression of proinflammatory genes and robust activation of protein kinases in the cortex, while expression of tight junction proteins and the neuroprotective growth factors erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor was reduced. Our data provide the first evidence that P4H-TM inactivation has no protective effect on infarct size and increases inflammatory microgliosis and neutrophil infiltration in the cortex at early stage after pMCAO. When considering HIF-P4H inhibitors as potential therapeutics in stroke, the current data support that isoenzyme-selective inhibitors that do not target P4H-TM or HIF-P4H-3 would be preferred.
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Jian CB, Yu XE, Gao HD, Chen HA, Jheng RH, Chen CY, Lee HM. Liposomal PHD2 Inhibitors and the Enhanced Efficacy in Stabilizing HIF-1α. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12010163. [PMID: 35010112 PMCID: PMC8746909 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) inhibition, which stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and thus triggers adaptation responses to hypoxia in cells, has become an important therapeutic target. Despite the proven high potency, small-molecule PHD2 inhibitors such as IOX2 may require a nanoformulation for favorable biodistribution to reduce off-target toxicity. A liposome formulation for improving the pharmacokinetics of an encapsulated drug while allowing a targeted delivery is a viable option. This study aimed to develop an efficient loading method that can encapsulate IOX2 and other PHD2 inhibitors with similar pharmacophore features in nanosized liposomes. Driven by a transmembrane calcium acetate gradient, a nearly 100% remote loading efficiency of IOX2 into liposomes was achieved with an optimized extraliposomal solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that IOX2 formed nanoprecipitates inside the liposome’s interior compartments after loading. For drug efficacy, liposomal IOX2 outperformed the free drug in inducing the HIF-1α levels in cell experiments, especially when using a targeting ligand. This method also enabled two clinically used inhibitors—vadadustat and roxadustat—to be loaded into liposomes with a high encapsulation efficiency, indicating its generality to load other heterocyclic glycinamide PHD2 inhibitors. We believe that the liposome formulation of PHD2 inhibitors, particularly in conjunction with active targeting, would have therapeutic potential for treating more specifically localized disease lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Bang Jian
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xu-En Yu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
| | - Hua-De Gao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Huai-An Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Ren-Hua Jheng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Yan Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Hsien-Ming Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-B.J.); (X.-E.Y.); (H.-D.G.); (H.-A.C.); (R.-H.J.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-5572-8620
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Nagano N. Selectivity of HIF-PH inhibitors: concerns regarding possible off-target effects. Clin Exp Nephrol 2021; 25:1047-8. [PMID: 33932164 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-021-02070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dutta D, Rahman S, Bhattacharje G, Bag S, Sing BC, Chatterjee J, Basak A, Das AK. Label-Free Method Development for Hydroxyproline PTM Mapping in Human Plasma Proteome. Protein J 2021; 40:741-755. [PMID: 33840009 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) impart structural heterogeneities that can alter plasma proteins' functions in various pathophysiological processes. However, the identification and mapping of PTMs in untargeted plasma proteomics is still a challenge due to the presence of diverse components in blood. Here, we report a label-free method for identifying and mapping hydroxylated proteins using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the human plasma sample. Our untargeted proteomics approach led us to identify 676 de novo sequenced peptides in human plasma that correspond to 201 proteins, out of which 11 plasma proteins were found to be hydroxylated. Among these hydroxylated proteins, Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) heavy chain was found to be modified at residue 285 (Pro285 to Hyp285), which was further validated by MS/MS study. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis demonstrated that this proline hydroxylation in IgA1 caused both local and global structural changes. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the protein profile containing Hyp PTMs in human plasma and shows the future perspective of identifying and discriminating Hyp PTM in the normal and the diseased proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Gourab Bhattacharje
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Sing
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India. .,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Bhute VJ, Harte J, Houghton JW, Maxwell PH. Mannose Binding Lectin Is Hydroxylated by Collagen Prolyl-4-hydroxylase and Inhibited by Some PHD Inhibitors. Kidney360 2020; 1:447-457. [PMID: 35368589 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000092020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important component of innate immune defense. MBL undergoes oligomerization to generate high mol weight (HMW) forms which act as pattern recognition molecules to detect and opsonize various microorganisms. Several post-translational modifications including prolyl hydroxylation are known to affect the oligomerization of MBL. Yet, the enzyme(s) which hydroxylate proline in the collagen-like domain residues have not been identified and the significance of prolyl hydroxylation is incompletely understood. Methods To investigate post-translational modifications of MBL, we stably expressed Myc-DDK tagged MBL in HEK293S cells. We used pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDD) to identify the enzyme required for prolyl hydroxylation of MBL. We performed mass spectrometry to determine the effects of various inhibitors on MBL modifications. Results Secretion of HMW MBL was impaired by inhibitors of the superfamily of 2OGDD, and was dependent on prolyl-4-hydroxylase subunit α1. Roxadustat and vadadustat, but not molidustat, led to significant suppression of hydroxylation and secretion of HMW forms of MBL. Conclusions These data suggest that prolyl hydroxylation in the collagen-like domain of MBL is mediated by collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase. Reduced MBL activity is likely to be an off-target effect of some, but not all, prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors. There may be advantages in selective PHD inhibitors that would not interfere with MBL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijesh J Bhute
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Harte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jack W Houghton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick H Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Schley G, Klanke B, Kalucka J, Schatz V, Daniel C, Mayer M, Goppelt-Struebe M, Herrmann M, Thorsteinsdottir M, Palsson R, Beneke A, Katschinski DM, Burzlaff N, Eckardt KU, Weidemann A, Jantsch J, Willam C. Mononuclear phagocytes orchestrate prolyl hydroxylase inhibition-mediated renoprotection in chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2019; 96:378-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Grover SP, Saha P, Humphries J, Lyons OT, Patel AS, Serneels J, Modarai B, Mazzone M, Smith A. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins selectively enhances venous thrombus neovascularisation. Thromb Res 2018; 169:105-12. [PMID: 30031289 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia within acute venous thrombi is thought to drive resolution through stabilisation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) isoforms are critical regulators of HIF1α stability. Non-selective inhibition of PHD isoforms with l-mimosine has been shown to increase HIF1α stabilisation and promote thrombus resolution. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of PHD inhibition in venous thrombus resolution. METHODS Thrombosis was induced in the inferior vena cava of mice using a combination of flow restriction and endothelial activation. Gene and protein expression of PHD isoforms in the resolving thrombus was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Thrombus resolution was quantified in mice treated with pan PHD inhibitors AKB-4924 and JNJ-42041935 or inducible all-cell Phd2 knockouts by micro-computed tomography, 3D high frequency ultrasound or endpoint histology. RESULTS Resolving venous thrombi demonstrated significant temporal gene expression profiles for PHD2 and PHD3 (P < 0.05), but not for PHD1. PHD isoform protein expression was localised to early and late inflammatory cell infiltrates. Treatment with selective pan PHD inhibitors, AKB-4924 and JNJ-42041935, enhanced thrombus neovascularisation (P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on overall thrombus resolution. Thrombus resolution or its markers, macrophage accumulation and neovascularisation, did not differ significantly in inducible all-cell homozygous Phd2 knockouts compared with littermate controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that PHD-mediated thrombus neovascularisation has a limited role in the resolution of venous thrombi. Directly targeting angiogenesis alone may not be a viable therapeutic strategy to enhance venous thrombus resolution.
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Bargiela D, Burr SP, Chinnery PF. Mitochondria and Hypoxia: Metabolic Crosstalk in Cell-Fate Decisions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:249-259. [PMID: 29501229 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial metabolism influence cell differentiation and growth. This process is regulated by the activity of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenases (2OGDDs) - a diverse superfamily of oxygen-consuming enzymes - through modulation of the epigenetic landscape and transcriptional responses. Recent reports have described the role of mitochondrial metabolites in directing 2OGDD-driven cell-fate switches in stem cells (SCs), immune cells, and cancer cells. An understanding of the metabolic mechanisms underlying 2OGDD autoregulation is required for therapeutic targeting of this system. We propose a model dependent on oxygen and metabolite availability and discuss how this integrates 2OGDD metabolic signalling, the hypoxic transcriptional response, and fate-determining epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bargiela
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen P Burr
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Wrighton KH. Basic research: PHD inhibitors miss their mark. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:384. [PMID: 28555649 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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