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Luo W, Dai W, Zhang X, Zheng L, Zhao J, Xie X, Xu Y. Effects of Shigella flexneri exposure on development of Xenopus Tropicals embryo and its immune response. J Hazard Mater 2022; 427:128153. [PMID: 34979394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shigella sp. is a highly infectious intestinal pathogen worthy of serious attention that is widely present in aquaculture water and some other polluted water types and might inhibit embryonic development as a biological pollutant. In this study, acute toxicity tests in which Xenopus tropical embryos were exposed to Shigella flexneri at subpathogenic concentrations (106, 107, and 108 CFU·mL-1) for 96 h were carried out to evaluate toxicity indicators such as mortality, hatching rate, malformation rate and enzyme activity. Meanwhile, the expression of related genes was also studied to reveal the toxicity and mechanism of S. flexneri involved in embryonic development. Under S. flexneri exposure, embryo mortality, heart rate and malformation rate increased, but the hatching rate decreased and even led to embryonic gene misexpression, oxidative stress and immune responses. The results showed that S. flexneri might affect the growth and development of embryos by causing differences in the expression of genes related to embryonic development, oxidative stress and immune disorders. Its target organs are the intestine and heart, whose toxic effects are positively correlated with exposure concentration. This result provides a certain theoretical reference for rational evaluation of the influence of Shigella on the early embryos of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wencan Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbin Zhao
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Ouyang H, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Ma Y, Li R, Yang J, Wang X, Jin C. Deficiency of GPI Glycan Modification by Ethanolamine Phosphate Results in Increased Adhesion and Immune Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:780959. [PMID: 34956933 PMCID: PMC8695850 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.780959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins play important roles in maintaining the function of the cell wall and participating in pathogenic processes. The addition and removal of phosphoethanolamine (EtN-P) on the second mannose residue in the GPI anchor are vital for maturation and sorting of GPI-anchored proteins. Previously, we have shown that deletion of the gpi7, the gene that encodes an EtN-P transferase responsible for the addition of EtN-P to the second mannose residue of the GPI anchor, leads to the mislocalization of GPI-anchored proteins, abnormal polarity, reduced conidiation, and fast germination in Aspergillus fumigatus. In this report, the adherence and virulence of the A. fumigatus gpi7 deletion mutant were further investigated. The germinating conidia of the mutant exhibited an increased adhesion and a higher exposure of cell wall polysaccharides. Although the virulence was not affected, an increased adherence and a stronger inflammation response of the mutant were documented in an immunocompromised mouse model. An in vitro assay confirmed that the Δgpi7 mutant induced a stronger immune response and was more resistant to killing. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that in A. fumigatus, GPI anchoring is required for proper organization of the conidial cell wall. The lack of Gpi7 leads to fast germination, stronger immune response, and resistance to macrophage killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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