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Huang FZ, Wang YQ, Gao WY, Cao XQ, Zhang Y, Shang YN, Zhang YZ, Kan YJ. Construction and regulation of high active sites in montmorillonite composite catalyst for the removal of ofloxacin via persulfate activation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29896. [PMID: 38707273 PMCID: PMC11066642 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, ionic liquids (ILs) were used as organic modifiers by introducing montmorillonite nanolayers containing potential C and N active sites between the montmorillonite nanolayers. Organically modified montmorillonite (ILs-Mt-p) was further prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis under N2 and used for the removal of ofloxacin (OFL) by activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Combined with XPS and other characterization analyses, it was found that the catalyst materials prepared from different organic modifiers had similar surface functional groups and graphitized structures, but contained differences in the types and numbers of C and N active sites. The catalyst (3CPC-Mt-p) obtained after pyrolysis of montmorillonite modified with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) had optimal catalytic performance, in which graphitic C, graphitic N, and carbonyl group (C[bond, double bond]O) could synergistically promote the activation of PMS by electron transfer, and 77.3 % of OFL could be removed within 60 min. The effects of OFL concentration, initial pH, and anions on the effects of OFL removal by the 3CPC-Mt-p/PMS system were further investigated. Satisfactory degradation results were obtained over a wide pH range. Cl- promoted the system to degrade OFL, while the presence of SO42-, H2PO4- and HA showed some inhibition, but overall the 3CPC-Mt-p catalysts had a strong anti-interference ability, showing good application prospects. The quenching experiments and EPR tests showed that O2-- and 1O2 in the 3CPC-Mt-p/PMS system were the main reactive oxygen species for the degradation of OFL, and •OH was also involved in the reaction. This study provides ideas for the construction and modulation of active sites in mineral materials such as montmorillonite and broadens the application of montmorillonite composite catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-zhi Huang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Ya-qi Wang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Wan-yin Gao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Xiao-qiang Cao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Ya-nan Shang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Yi-zhen Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Yu-jiao Kan
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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Zhao X, Xu H, Chen M, Chen Y, Kong X. Enhancement of norfloxacin degradation by citrate in S-nZVI@Ps system: Chelation and FeS layer. Environ Res 2024; 245:117981. [PMID: 38142729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of organic pollution by sulfur-modified nano zero-valent iron(S-nZVI) combined with advanced oxidation systems has been extensively studied. However, the low utilization of nZVI and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) yield in the system have limited its wide application. Herein, a natural organic acid commonly found in citrus fruits, citric acid (CA), was combined with the conventional S-nZVI@Ps system to enhance the degradation of norfloxacin (NOR). The addition of CA increased the NOR removal by about 31% compared with the conventional S-nZVI@Ps system under the same experimental conditions. Among them, the enhanced effect of CA is mainly reflected in its ability to promote the release of Fe2+ and accelerate the cycling of Fe2+ and Fe3+ to further improve the utilization of nZVI and the generation of ROS; it also promotes the dissolution of the active substance (FeS) on the surface of S-nZVI to further improve the degradation rate of NOR. More importantly, the chelate of CA and Fe2+ (CA-Fe2+) had higher reactivity than alone Fe2+. Free radical quenching and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments indicated that the main ROS for the degradation of NOR in the CA/S-nZVI@Ps system were SO4•- and OH•. CA-bound sulfur-modifying effects on NOR degradation was systematically investigated, and the degradation mechanism of NOR in CA/S-nZVI@Ps system was explored by various techniques. Additionally, the effect of common anions in water matrix on the degradation of NOR in CA/S-nZVI@Ps system and its degradation of various pollutants were also studied. This study provides a new perspective to enhance the degradation of pollutants by S-nZVI combined with advanced oxidation system, which can help to solve the application boundary problem of S-nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Minzhang Chen
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiuqing Kong
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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Li T, Omoniyi AO, Wang Y, Hu X, Su Z. Enhancing dye degradation using a novel cobalt metal-organic framework as a peroxymonosulfate activator. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3523-3533. [PMID: 38275124 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Among transition metals, cobalt ions exhibit superior catalytic activity in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) degradation of pollutants. However, practical application is hindered by their high rate of ion leaching and the propensity for particle reunion issues. In this study, a novel cobalt metal-organic framework catalyst, denoted as CUST-565 ([Co3(BTB)2(BIPY)2]·4.5H2O·DMA), was synthesized via a one-step solvothermal method. The obtained crystal was employed as a catalyst to activate PMS for degrading two pollutants, methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB), in wastewater. The catalyst demonstrated efficacy in PMS, achieving 97% degradation of MO and 98% degradation of RhB within 30 min at an initial concentration of 20.0 mg L-1. Additionally, various factors affecting dye degradation, including PMS dosage, catalyst dosage, temperature, initial pH, and coexisting anions, were investigated. Radical quenching experiments confirmed the presence of sulfate radicals (SO4˙-), hydroxyl radicals (HO˙), superoxide radicals (O2˙-), and singlet oxygen (1O2) in the system. After four cycles, CUST-565 retained its ability to catalytically degrade approximately 80% of the pollutants. These observed stability and reusability properties, corroborated by a series of characterization analyses before and after use, suggest that CUST-565 exhibits reliable performance. This work contributes to the development of cobalt-PMS catalysts for efficiently degrading dyes in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuotuo Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Ahmed Olalekan Omoniyi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, China
- Joint Sino-Russian Laboratory of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China.
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Che M, Su H, Si H, Guo B, Huang R, Zhao J, Su R. Efficient composite chlorinated ethenes removal using gallic acid to enhance Fe/Ni nanoparticles activated persulfate. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:9421-9432. [PMID: 38191731 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
As the representative volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons detected in wastewater, the removal of composite chlorinated ethenes is a major challenge in wastewater treatment. In the present study, an efficient removal system for composite chlorinated ethenes was reported, in which gallic acid was used to enhance the activation of persulfate by Fe/Ni nanoparticles. The influences of gallic acid-Fe/Ni and persulfate concentrations, initial pH value, reaction temperature, inorganic anions, and natural organic matters were evaluated in the composite chlorinated ethenes removal. Our results showed that the gallic acid-Fe/Ni-persulfate system with 9.0 mM of gallic acid-Fe/Ni and 30.0 mM of persulfate yielded about 100% trichloroethylene removal and 97.3%-98.6% perchloroethylene removal in the pH range of 3.0-12.0. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and radical quenching experiments indicated that SO4•- and •OH were the predominant radical species under acidic and alkaline conditions. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer tests revealed the Fe-gallic acid chelation could regulate the concentration of iron ions and improve the reactivity of gallic acid-Fe/Ni. These results demonstrated that the gallic acid-Fe/Ni-persulfate system was a promising strategy for treating composite chlorinated ethenes-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Che
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Su
- 514 Brigade of North China Geological Exploration Bureau, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Guo
- 514 Brigade of North China Geological Exploration Bureau, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Renliang Huang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- 514 Brigade of North China Geological Exploration Bureau, Chengde, 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Xie J, Yang C, Li X, Wu S, Lin Y. Generation and engineering applications of sulfate radicals in environmental remediation. Chemosphere 2023; 339:139659. [PMID: 37506891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have become promising alternatives in environmental remediation due to the higher redox potential (2.6-3.1 V) and longer half-life period (30-40 μs) of sulfate radicals compared with many other radicals such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The generation and mechanisms of SO4•- and the applications of SO4•--AOPs have been examined extensively, while those using sulfite as activation precursor and their comparisons among various activation precursors have rarely reviewed comprehensively. In this article, the latest progresses in SO4•--AOPs were comprehensively reviewed and commented on. First of all, the generation of SO4•- was summarized via the two activation methods using various oxidant precursors, and the generation mechanisms were also presented, which provides a reference for guiding researchers to better select two precursors. Secondly, the reaction mechanisms of SO4•- were reviewed for organic pollutant degradation, and the reactivity was systematically compared between SO4•- and •OH. Thirdly, methods for SO4•- detection were reviewed which include quantitative and qualitative ones, over which current controversies were discussed. Fourthly, the applications of SO4•--AOPs in various environmental remediation were summarized, and the advantages, challenges, and prospects were also commented. At last, future research needs for SO4•--AOPs were also proposed consequently. This review could lead to better understanding and applications of SO4•--AOPs in environmental remediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330063, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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Liu S, Wang J, Zhang Z, Dou M, Huo K, Ding G, Zhou Y, Qiao C. Persulfate activation by sludge-derived biochar for efficient degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol: performance and mechanism. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023. [PMID: 36705826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Porous sludge biochar (PSDBC) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) supported on porous sludge biochar composite (ZVI@PSDBC) were synthesized using municipal sludge through pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere, which manifested upgraded performance in persulfate (PS) activation for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degradation. The 2,4-DCP (50 mg/L) could be almost completely removed within 20 min under relatively low PS dosage (0.5 mmol/L) in both PSDBC/PS and ZVI@PSDBC/PS systems, and the mineralization rate could respectively approach 73.7% and 91.6% in 60 min. Combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization and electron spin-resonance (ESR) detection, electrochemical analysis, the radical and non-radical pathways in the catalytic systems were discussed. Graphitized structure and superior conductivity made PSDBC and ZVI@PSDBC not only act as electron donors in PS activation to create radicals (mainly SO4·- and ·OH), but also as "mediators" to facilitate the direct electron transfer from 2,4-DCP to the catalysts-PS complexes. The C=O groups of PSDBC and ZVI@PSDBC aided in the production of 1O2. Meanwhile, zero-valent iron nanoparticles promoted the formation of radicals as the reactive sites of PS, resulting in the most effective 2,4-DCP degradation in the ZVI@PSDBC/PS system. The stability and practicability of sludge biochar materials had been demonstrated in reusability and actual wastewater experiments. The findings provided a promising way for the reuse of municipal sludge and effective PS activation in wastewater treatment.
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Zahedi N, Dehdashti B, Mohammadi F, Razaghi M, Moradmand Z, Amin MM. Using Sono-Electro-Persulfate Process for Atenolol Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Prediction and Optimization with the ANFIS Model and Genetic Algorithm. International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022; 2022:1-11. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1812776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atenolol (ATN) is a drug that is widely used to treat some heart diseases, and since it cannot be completely decomposed in the human body, some amounts of it are found in surface water. These amounts may bring risks to the environment and humans, and for this reason, its removal is a must. In the present study, the combined sono-electro-persulfate method was used for ATN removal. Based on the design of the experiment conducted by response surface methodology (RSM), the effects of 5 main factors (pH, time, PS concentration, current intensity, and initial ATN concentration) have been investigated at 5 levels. After passing the test steps in different conditions, the remaining amount of ATN has been measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Finally, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with 99.63% accuracy and a genetic algorithm (GA) were used to analyze and interpret data and predict optimal conditions. The obtained results indicate the possibility of a maximum efficiency of 99.8% in the mentioned conditions (Ph of 7.4, time of 18 min, PS concentration of 2000 mg/L, current intensity of 3.35 A, and initial ATN concentration of 11.2 mg/L). According to the obtained results, the initial concentration of ATN can be considered as the most effective factor in this process, and the best Ph range for this experiment was the neutral range. The sono-electro persulfate process can be mentioned as a new and effective method for removing ATN from water sources.
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Li Y, Meng X, Pang Y, Zhao C, Peng D, Wei Y, Xiang B. Activation of bisulfite by LaFeO 3 loaded on red mud for degradation of organic dye. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220466. [PMID: 36465670 PMCID: PMC9709524 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, red mud (RM) was used as a support for LaFeO3 to prepare LaFeO3-RM via the ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method for the removal of methylene blue (MB) assisted with bisulfite (BS) in the aqueous solution. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method indicated that LaFeO3-RM exhibited a large surface area and porous structure with a higher pore volume (i.e. 10 times) compared with the bulk LaFeO3. The XRD, XPS and FTIR results revealed that the support of porous RM not only dispersed LaFeO3 particles but also increased Fe oxidation capability, oxygen-containing functional groups and chemically adsorbed oxygen (from 44.3% to 90.3%) of LaFeO3-RM, which improved the catalytic performance in structure and chemical composition. MB was removed through the synergistic effect of adsorption and catalysis, with MB molecules first absorbed on the surface and then degraded. The removal efficiency was 88.19% in the LaFeO3-RM/BS system under neutral conditions but only 27.09% in the LaFeO3/BS system. The pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of LaFeO3-RM was six times higher than that of LaFeO3. Fe(III) in LaFeO3-RM played a key role in the activation of BS to produce SO 4 ⋅ - by the redox cycle of Fe(III)/Fe(II). Dissolved oxygen was an essential factor for the generation of SO 4 ⋅ - . This work provides both a new approach for using porous industrial waste to improve the catalytic performance of LaFeO3 and guidance for resource utilization of RM in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Pang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoping Peng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Bayongzhong Xiang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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Wang B, Wang Y. A comprehensive review on persulfate activation treatment of wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2022; 831:154906. [PMID: 35364155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increasingly serious environmental pollution and the production of various wastewater, water pollutants have posed a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. The advanced oxidation process (AOP), represented by the persulfate (PS) oxidation process, has attracted increasing attention because of its economic, practical, safety and stability characteristics, opening up new ideas in the fields of wastewater treatment and environmental protection. However, PS does not easily react with organic pollutants and usually needs to be activated to produce oxidizing active substances such as sulfate radicals (SO4-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) to degrade them. This paper summarizes the research progress of PS activation methods in the field of wastewater treatment, such as physical activation (e.g., thermal, ultrasonic, hydrodynamic cavitation, electromagnetic radiation activation and discharge plasma), chemical activation (e.g., alkaline, electrochemistry and catalyst) and the combination of the different methods, putting forward the advantages, disadvantages and influencing factors of various activation methods, discussing the possible activation mechanisms, and pointing out future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China
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Cheng S, Ran X, Ren G, Wei Z, Wang Z, Rao T, Li R, Ma X. Comparison of Fenton and Ozone Oxidation for Pretreatment of Petrochemical Wastewater: COD Removal and Biodegradability Improvement Mechanism. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:179. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9070179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective pretreatment of highly concentrated and bio-refractory petrochemical wastewater to improve biodegradability is of significant importance, but remains challenging. This study compared the pretreatment of petrochemical wastewater by two commonly used chemical advanced oxidation technologies (Fenton and ozone oxidation), and the mechanisms of biodegradability improvement of pretreated wastewater were explored. The obtained results showed that in the Fenton oxidation system, the COD removal of petrochemical wastewater was 89.8%, BOD5 decreased from 303.66 mg/L to 155.49 mg/L, and BOD5/COD (B/C) increased from 0.052 to 0.62 after 60 min under the condition of 120 mg/L Fe2+ and 500 mg/L H2O2, with a treatment cost of about 1.78 $/kgCOD. In the ozone oxidation system, the COD removal of petrochemical wastewater was 59.4%, BOD5 increased from 127.86 mg/L to 409.28 mg/L, and B/C increased from 0.052 to 0.41 after 60 min at an ozone flow rate of 80 mL/min with a treatment cost of approximately 1.96 $/kgCOD. The petrochemical wastewater treated by both processes meets biodegradable standards. The GC–MS analysis suggested that some refractory pollutants could be effectively removed by ozone oxidation, but these pollutants could be effectively degraded by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced by the Fenton reaction. In summary, compared with ozone oxidation, petrochemical wastewater pretreated with Fenton oxidation had high COD removal efficiency and biodegradability, and the treatment cost of Fenton oxidation was also lower than that of ozone oxidation.
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Liu W, Wei C, Peng R, Chu R, Sun H, Zhang X, Xie F. Persulfate assisted photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by bismuth titanate under visible light irradiation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tetracycline is a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic to prevent and cure the bacterial infections. However, the incompletely metabolic tetracycline molecules by organisms discharged into aquatic environment increase the ecological toxicity....
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xing S. Fabrication of NiO/Mg–Al layered double hydroxide with superior performance for peroxydisulfate activation. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fernandes A, Nunes MJ, Rodrigues AS, Pacheco MJ, Ciríaco L, Lopes A. Electro-Persulfate Processes for the Treatment of Complex Wastewater Matrices: Present and Future. Molecules 2021; 26:4821. [PMID: 34443408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex wastewater matrices present a major environmental concern. Besides the biodegradable organics, they may contain a great variety of toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and other xenobiotics. The electrochemically activated persulfate process, an efficient way to generate sulfate radicals, has been widely applied to the degradation of such complex effluents with very good results. This review presents the fundamentals of the electro-persulfate processes, highlighting the advantages and limitations, followed by an exhaustive evaluation on the application of this process for the treatment of complex industrial effluents. An overview of the main relevant experimental parameters/details and their influence on the organic load removal is presented and discussed, having in mind the application of these technologies at an industrial scale. Finally, the future perspectives for the application of the electro-persulfate processes in the treatment of complex wastewater matrices is outlined.
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Cui Y, Yan X, Han G, Lin B, Wu Q, Kang W, Ma K. Generation mechanisms of active free radicals during ciprofloxacin degradation in the ultrasonic/K 2S 2O 8 system. Water Sci Technol 2021; 83:2051-2062. [PMID: 33989175 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal efficiency in aqueous solutions in the ultrasonic (US), K2S2O8, and US/K2S2O8 systems was investigated. The free radical generation and action ratio were studied based on variations of K2S2O8 concentration, ultrasonic power, pH, and the addition of isopropanol (ISP) or tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in the US/K2S2O8 system. The results showed that under conditions of 20 mg·L-1 CIP concentration, 20 mmol·L-1 K2S2O8 concentration, an ultrasonic power of 360 W and pH = 7, CIP removal efficiency in the US/K2S2O8 system was 92.20% after 180 min. The reaction in the US/K2S2O8 system was explicitly divided into two stages: free radical generation and pollutants degradation. The ultrasonic and chain reaction facilitated enhanced generation of SO4-• and HO•. The presence of K2S2O8 can promote HO• generation and K2S2O8 concentration also exerted a significant effect on SO4-• generation, however, high concentrations were not beneficial to the reaction. Quenching reactions occurred under high concentrations of HO• and SO4-•. During the initial stage of the reaction, HO• played a more prominent role than SO4-•, however, the role of SO4-• gradually increased as the reaction proceeded and eventually surpassed HO•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Cui
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
| | - Xiaopeng Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
| | - GuangZhe Han
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Kang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
| | - Kaili Ma
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China E-mail:
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15
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Hasani K, Moradi M, Mokhtari SA, sadeghi H, Dargahi A, Vosoughi M. Degradation of basic violet 16 dye by electro-activated persulfate process from aqueous solutions and toxicity assessment using microorganisms: determination of by-products, reaction kinetic and optimization using Box–Behnken design. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2020-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the efficiency of the electro/persulfate process to remove basic violet 16 (BV16) dye and COD from aqueous solutions. The present study was experimentally performed on a laboratory scale. The effect of pH on the process was investigated independently, and after performing the experiments, the effect of voltage (volts), the dose of persulfate (g/L), initial concentration of BV16 dye, and electrolysis time was investigated with the model presented by Box Behnken design, and optimal conditions for BV16 dye removal was obtained. Under optimal conditions, COD removal efficiency and toxicity changes during the process were calculated, and the effect of distance between electrodes and surface of electrodes on process efficiency was investigated. By-products of oxidative degradation were determined with LS-MS. The amount of electrical energy consumed by the process was investigated by voltage changes and then the kinetics of the process was investigated by a pseudo-first-order model. The results showed that the electro/persulfate process in optimal conditions including pH of 5, a voltage of 11.43 V, persulfate dose of 0.09 g/L, initial BV16 concentration of 45 mg/L, and electrolysis time of 48.5 min could provide BV16 dye removal efficiency of 95% and COD removal efficiency of 57.14%. Findings of electrical energy consumption showed that with increasing voltage, the efficiency of the process increased, but the amount of energy consumption also increased. Under optimal conditions, increasing distance between the electrodes was led to a decrease in removal efficiency, but the removal efficiency increased with the increasing surface of the electrodes. Based on the kinetic results, the electro/persulfate process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with R
2 = 0.9956. The present study showed that the electro/persulfate process as a useful technique has high efficiency in removing BV16 dye and its toxicity from aqueous solutions and can be effective and useful in removing the COD of solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hasani
- Student Research Committee, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Mina Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Seiyed Ahmad Mokhtari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Hadi sadeghi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering , School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Abdollah Dargahi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational health , Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Mehdi Vosoughi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational health , Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences , Ardabil , Iran
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16
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Pourfadakari S, Jorfi S, Roudbari A, Javid A, Talebi SS, Ghadiri SK, Yousefi N. Optimization of electro-kinetic process for remediation of soil contaminated with phenanthrene using response surface methodology. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:1006-1017. [PMID: 32829432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the modification of soil contaminated with phenanthrene (PHE) by electro-kinetic remediation (EKR) process using response surface methodology (RSM). The soil sample was obtained from the subgrades (0-30 cm) of an area close to Shahroud City, Northeast of Iran. The effect of variables such as initial pH, voltage, electrolyte concentration, and reaction time on PHE removal was studied. Based on the results obtained from the central composite design (CCD) experiment, the highest and lowest amount of PHE removal was 97 and 20%, respectively. In this study, the variables A, B, C, AB, AC, and C2 with a p value < 0.05 were significant model terms and the parameter of the lack of fit was not significant (p value = 0.0745). Findings indicated that the "predicted R-squared" of 0.9670 was in reasonable agreement with the "adj R-squared" of 0.9857 and the plot of residual followed a normal distribution and approximately linear. Also, the kinetic rates of the removal PHE by the EKR process best fitted with a first-order kinetic model (R2: 0.926). Results of the investigation of the effective variables showed that in values of pH 3, time of 168 h, voltage of 3 V, and electrolyte concentration of 4 mg/L, the removal efficiency of PHE reached 96.6%. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh Pourfadakari
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sahand Jorfi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Roudbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Allahbakhsh Javid
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Solmaz Talebi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health,Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seid Kamal Ghadiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Nader Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Gharehbakhsh H, Panahi HA, Toosi MR, Hassani AH, Moniri E. Application of polyamide thin-film composite layered on polysulfone-GO/TiO 2 mixed matrix membranes for removal of nitrotoluene derivatives from petrochemical wastewaters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:42481-42494. [PMID: 32710356 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Release of harmful organic intermediates or byproducts during the manufacture of petrochemical compounds is a serious problem in petrochemical plants. In this work, polysulfone membranes blended with GO/TiO2 nanocomposite were synthesized by phase inversion method and coated with a polyamide layer formed by interfacial polymerization to prepare a thin-film composite (TFC) sample. Analysis and characterization of the sample were carried out by XRD, FE-SEM, BET, FTIR/ATR, AFM, TGA, and zeta potential. Results indicated that incorporation of GO/TiO2 into the membrane structure enhanced porosity, surface roughness, and macrovoid formation along the cross-section of the sublayer and permeability of the membrane. The TFC membranes were applied to remove mononitrotoluene (MNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) as the basic intermediates of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The membranes demonstrated high efficiency (> 90%) for the removal of MNT and DNT according to the charge exclusion mechanism and Donnan effect. Application of the TFC membrane for treatment of wastewater in the TDI plant showed that the removal of pollutants is variable in the range of 45-65% and 53-69% for the membrane with the highest flux and highest rejection in different transmembrane pressure, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Gharehbakhsh
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayon Ahmad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Toosi
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran.
| | - Amir Hessam Hassani
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Moniri
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin (Pishva) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
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18
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Liu J, Qiao L, Wang Y, Li G, Liu B. Aniline degradation by peroxydisulfate activated with magnetic Fe–Mn oxides composite: efficiency, stability, and mechanism. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 2020; 131:567-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Ahmadi E, Shokri B, Mesdaghinia A, Nabizadeh R, Reza Khani M, Yousefzadeh S, Salehi M, Yaghmaeian K. Synergistic effects of α-Fe2O3-TiO2 and Na2S2O8 on the performance of a non-thermal plasma reactor as a novel catalytic oxidation process for dimethyl phthalate degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2020; 250:117185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Wei X, Kazemi M, Zhang S, Wolfe FA. Petrochemical wastewater and produced water: Treatment technology and resource recovery. Water Environ Res 2020; 92:1695-1700. [PMID: 32762112 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas operations typically contain an array of organic and inorganic contaminants. The complexity of the wastewater, stringent environmental regulations, and the need for sustainable solutions have driven many research efforts in studying and developing advanced technology or combined treatment processes. On the other hand, the wastewater itself can be resources for water, energy, and other valuable product if appropriate technology is developed to recover them in a cost-effective fashion. The research advances in wastewater treatment and resource recovery technology are reviewed and summarized. For petrochemical wastewater, progresses were made in advanced oxidation, biological processes, and recovery of energy and water from wastewater. For produced water, many efforts were focused on membrane processes, combined systems, and biological treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Significant progress continued to be made on petrochemical wastewater and produced water treatment. Recent technological advances in various treatment processes were summarized. Technologies focusing on resource recovery (e.g., water or energy) were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wei
- School of Engineering, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- School of Engineering, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frederick A Wolfe
- College of Engineering, The State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York, USA
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21
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Venieri D, Karapa A, Panagiotopoulou M, Gounaki I. Application of activated persulfate for the inactivation of fecal bacterial indicators in water. J Environ Manage 2020; 261:110223. [PMID: 32148293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Activated persulfate, as a member of the broad group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), has emerged as a promising method for the elimination of microorganisms in aqueous matrices. This study evaluates the disinfection efficiency of this technique with respect to the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in water samples, as representative Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial indicators, respectively. In this perspective, various activators were employed, namely, ferric ion, heating, ultrasound application and UVA irradiation, which exhibited different bactericidal effect, depending on the operating conditions and the structural properties of each species. The highest disinfection rates were achieved with 200 mg/L of persulfate and ferric ion or heating as activators. For instance, 6 Log reductions were recorded within only 10-15 min when 30 mg/L of iron were applied, whereas the same bacterial removal was noted upon heat-activation at 50 °C, but in longer periods (i.e. 45-60 min). Nevertheless, in all cases E. faecalis was more resistant than E. coli, which was readily inactivated in shorter treatment periods. The overall process activity was deteriorated above the limit of 200 mg/L of persulfate. Ultrasound application exhibited lower performance, as even more prolonged treatment was required (120-150 min) for the same bacterial decay with the persulfate concentration not affecting substantially the process. In an attempt to improve the ultrasound activity, it was combined together with iron but with no synergistic results, as no actual enhancement of the method was observed. Finally, UVA did not seem to serve as an activator under the applied conditions, taking into account that it resulted in negligible loss of bacterial viability. Based on the current results, activated persulfate may be used successfully for disinfection purposes; however, the appropriate establishment of process variables is mostly required, considering the various resistance levels of aquatic microorganisms under stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Venieri
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Karapa
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Greece
| | - Maria Panagiotopoulou
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Greece
| | - Iosifina Gounaki
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Greece
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22
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Lv C, Liang H, Chen H, Wu L. Hydroxyapatite supported Co3O4 catalyst for enhanced degradation of organic contaminants in aqueous solution: Synergistic visible-light photo-catalysis and sulfate radical oxidation process. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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