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Luciani M, Ardenghi S, Rampoldi G, Russo S, Bani M, Strepparava MG, Di Mauro S, Ausili D. Caring for nursing students is caring for patients: A multicentre cross-sectional study on the relationship between nursing students' caring and the perception of instructors' caring. Nurse Education Today 2024; 137:106154. [PMID: 38508021 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring in nursing is a fundamental aspect, yet teaching and fostering caring behaviours in nursing students remain challenging. Clinical instructors play a crucial role in this process. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were a) to describe nursing students' caring behaviours and perceptions of instructor caring, b) to assess sex-related and year of course differences in students' caring behaviours and perceptions of nursing caring, and c) to investigate the association between nursing students' caring and their perception of instructors' caring. DESIGN A multi-centre, cross-sectional observational study was conducted. SETTING The study involved undergraduate nursing students from four teaching hospitals of a university in Northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS A total of 316 nursing undergraduate students participated in the study (83.9 % female, 16.1 % male, 23.1 % 1st year, 48.1 % 2nd year, 28.8 % 3rd year). METHODS Participants completed online self-reported surveys assessing caring behaviours, empathy, burnout, and perceptions of instructor caring. Caring behaviours, expressive and instrumental caring, were measured using the Caring Behaviour Inventory (CBI), and perceptions of instructor caring were assessed using the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Instructor Caring (NSPIC) questionnaire. RESULTS Students' caring behaviours were positively associated with their perceptions of instructor caring, particularly in relation to a supportive learning climate and instructor flexibility. Female students displayed higher scores in expressive caring, while students in their second and third years demonstrated increased instrumental caring behaviours. Responding to Individual Needs was significantly lower in third-years students, compared to first- and second-year ones. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the crucial role of clinical instructors in shaping nursing students' caring attributes. However, the influence of sex on caring behaviours remains unclear, necessitating further investigation. These findings underscore the significance of nurturing caring behaviours in nursing education and offer insights for selecting, training, and supporting clinical instructors, to foster more compassionate and competent nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Luciani
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefano Ardenghi
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
| | - Giulia Rampoldi
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Selena Russo
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Bani
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Strepparava
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Ausili
- Department of Medicine and surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Al-Nawafleh AH, Altarawneh FZ. Nursing students perspectives of psychosocial care: cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:392. [PMID: 37853417 PMCID: PMC10585772 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial care is an integral component of holistic nursing practices. This study aimed to examine how fourth-year nursing students at Mutah University perceive various care characteristics, specifically psychosocial care. METHODS A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using the Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI). Data were obtained from 105 nursing students before graduating from a Jordanian public educational institution. Data analyzed using the scoring of CDI and descriptive statistics. RESULTS The mean scores in the professional and technical domain of care were statistically higher for fourth-year nursing students (4.69 ± 0.25). This exceeded their scores in the psychosocial domain of care (3.37 ± 1.20). This suggests that fourth-year nursing students prioritize professional and technical care over psychosocial care. CONCLUSIONS Fourth-year nursing students tended to perceive the technical aspects of care as more significant than the psychosocial aspects. This highlights the need for nursing schools and healthcare providers to reconsider their focus and prioritize the importance of psychosocial care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Al-Nawafleh
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mutah University, Mutah, 61710, Jordan.
| | - Falah Zaal Altarawneh
- Falah Zaal Altarawneh (MSN, RN), Department of Community Health, Faculty of Nursing, Mutah University, Mutah, 61710, Jordan
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Field-Richards SE, Aubeeluck A, Callaghan P, Keeley P, Redsell SA, Spiby H, Stacey G, Lymn JS. The impact of care experience prior to commencing pre-registration nurse education and training: A scoping review. Nurse Educ Today 2023; 120:105625. [PMID: 36427453 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compassion in nursing and interventions to support it are of international relevance and concern. Prior care experience as a prerequisite for entry into pre-registration nurse education is suggested as a means of improving compassion. The impact of prior care experience has not been comprehensively reviewed, therefore the potential effectiveness of prior care experience as a means of improving compassion is unknown. The scoping review question was 'What is known about the impact of care experience prior to commencing pre-registration nurse education and training?' The primary objective was to scope and synthesise existing literature relating to the topic and ascertain key themes pertaining to impact. A secondary objective was to appraise literature, to contextualise findings and assess the state and stage of knowledge and research in the area. DESIGN The review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. DATA SOURCES Health sciences databases CINAHL, Medline and PubMed. METHODS Databases were searched in February 2019, updated August 2021. Data (study characteristics, findings, methodological observations) were extracted from papers meeting inclusion criteria (including peer-reviewed empirical papers with English language, electronic full-text available) and findings thematically analysed. RESULTS Forty-five papers from 14 countries were included. The majority (64.4 %) were published in Europe (31.1 % in the United Kingdom) between 2010 and 2021 (69 %), 60 % from 2013. Four qualitative themes (compassionate care, commitment, competence and communication) describe the impact of prior care experience, which was variable. CONCLUSIONS Evidence to support the effectiveness of prior care experience as a prerequisite for entry into nurse education to improve compassion, is inconsistent and insufficient. The literature displays methodological limitations and conclusions should be interpreted in light of these caveats. Recommendations are made for future research, to improve quality and comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Field-Richards
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Aimee Aubeeluck
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Callaghan
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Philip Keeley
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Keele University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sarah A Redsell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Helen Spiby
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gemma Stacey
- Florence Nightingale Foundation, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Joanne S Lymn
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Turan Kavradım S, Akgün M, Özer Z, Boz İ. "Compassion is the mainstay of nursing care": A qualitative study on the perception of care and compassion in senior nursing students. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2353-2362. [PMID: 35315079 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe nursing students' perceptions of care and compassion in the context of the clinical environment. DESIGN AND METHODS This phenomenological study data were collected by focus groups and Giorgi et al. stages used in the data analysis. FINDINGS Sixteen students participated in this study. Four themes and 12 subthemes were determined. The themes were "Discovering the existence of care and facing up to care", "advancing on the road to becoming a nurse: from theory to practice," "compassionate care, beyond medical care," and "the effect of nursing education on professional compassion." PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This study showed that nursing students grew by giving care and knowledge. In addition, compassionate care is gained by real-life stories and a supportive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehtap Akgün
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Özer
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İlkay Boz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Korkmaz Doğdu A, Aktaş K, Dursun Ergezen F, Bozkurt SA, Ergezen Y, Kol E. The empathy level and caring behaviors perceptions of nursing students: A cross-sectional and correlational study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2653-2663. [PMID: 35524462 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the empathy level and caring behaviors perceptions of nursing students. METHOD This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted with 276 nursing students. RESULTS The mean Empathic Tendency Scale score was 62.71 ± 5.10 (min. 20 to max. 100), indicating a low level of empathy. The mean of the Caring Assessment Questionnaire was 5.42 ± 0.80 (min. 1 to max. 7), showing a good perception of caring behaviors. There was a positive, low, and significant relationship between empathy and caring behaviors (r = 0.286, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study revealed that nursing students have low-level empathy and high-level caring behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Throughout the educational process, the students' caring competencies, which include empathy and caring behaviors, developed. It is suggested that humanistic and value-oriented pedagogical approaches be incorporated into nursing curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kübra Aktaş
- Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Semiha Aslı Bozkurt
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yahya Ergezen
- Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emine Kol
- Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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de la Fuente-mella H, Campos-espinoza R, Lay-raby N, Lamelés-corvalán O, Pino-moya M, Ramírez-molina R. Multinomial Cross-Sectional Regression Models to Estimate and Predict the Determinants of Academic Performance: The Case of Auditor Accountant of the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso. Sustainability 2022; 14:9232. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The debate on the primary cross-curricular skills or fundamental competencies that must be improved in higher education has increased in the last few years. This is especially important in the new distant learning environments, which bring new challenges to the educational process. Econometric models have been designed to explain the students’ academic performance, which has been measured using their qualifications average, the number of failed subjects, passed subjects, and withdrawn subjects, and the level of progress, among other indicators, to try to understand the influence of variables such as students’ self-esteem, reading comprehension, English proficiency level, and performance in a mathematics-related subject on the students of accountant auditor program from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso. Students were asked to fill in a questionnaire to collect data on the psychological and pedagogical variables, while the socio-economic and socio-demographic data were collected from the university. The results have shown that the most significant variables in the development level of this skill type are socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Some of the psychological and pedagogical variables that have, to a lesser degree, some influences are self-regulation in the learning process and the self-perception of anxiety levels. Lastly, some recommendations to intervene in the students’ learning process are presented with the objective of achieving a higher level of development in this type of competences.
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Susanti M, Febrianti L, Emrita R, Hilmawati H, Wahyudi W, Syafrida S. The Effect of Caring Training on the Implementation of Caring Behavior and Work Culture of Nurses in Providing Services to COVID-19 Patients in an Indonesia’s National Referral Hospital. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nursing services are one of the criteria for hospital health care. Nurses are the health care workers who have the most contact with patients. Nurses had relatively limited interaction with patients during the epidemic. As a result, it is necessary to increase caring behavior in service delivery.
AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of caring training on the implementation of caring behavior and work culture of nurses in providing services to COVID-19 patients in an Indonesia’s National Referral Hospital.
METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental design, with one-group pretest-posttest approach. The study was carried out in Indonesia’s National Referral Hospital. The research was conducted between August and December 2021. The caring training lasted around 4 h. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample, which included as many as 92 persons. The Caring Behaviors Inventory-42 and value culture tools were used to collect data. Questionnaires and observation sheets were utilized to retrieve direct measurement data. The collected data were analyzed using a univariate test and a Wilcoxon test for bivariate analysis.
RESULTS: The average age of nurses was 34 years old, with an average working time of 9 years. There was no significant difference in knowledge between before and after care training (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in attitude, work culture, and caring behavior between before and after caring training (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: When nurses provided care to COVID-19 patients in an Indonesian national referral hospital, the caring training had an impact on their behavior and work culture. The hospital should continue a compassionate training program, reinforce it with regulations, monitor assessments, and apply rewords and consequences.
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Meneses-La-Riva ME, Suyo-Vega JA, Fernández-Bedoya VH. Humanized Care From the Nurse-Patient Perspective in a Hospital Setting: A Systematic Review of Experiences Disclosed in Spanish and Portuguese Scientific Articles. Front Public Health 2021; 9:737506. [PMID: 34926369 PMCID: PMC8678081 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.737506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, humanized care is an essential component in the field of health because the professional work of nursing seeks to provide quality services to patients who are suffering and fear illness or the dying process. Nurses recognize the need to incorporate humanized care into their daily work, as supported by Jean Watson, who states that caring entails establishing an adequate nurse–patient therapeutic relationship, where health education is a tool that promotes self-care in the patient, family, and community. The main objective of this work was to find scientific evidence on humanized care from the perspectives of nurses and hospitalized patients. To meet those research objectives, an exploratory systematic review of articles published in high-quality scientific journals from 2016 to 2020 using the PRISMA methodology in the Scopus and Scielo databases was conducted, yielding 26 studies that were analyzed. The findings show that nurses and patients perceive the need to remove the barriers that limit the advancement of humanized care in hospital institutions because they urgently demand that health professionals in all settings, especially critical ones, strengthen their humanizing role by sharing cordial, empathetic health experiences, and respecting their customs and beliefs during the hospitalization process. As a conclusion of the findings, the nurse–patient professionals agree that health personnel training is critical to providing humanized attention with quality in the hospital context, emphasizing that professional training should develop in practice soft skills, communication, safety environment, and human values.
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Leyva-Moral JM, Aguayo-González M, San Rafael Gutiérrez S, Jiménez Pera M, Mestres-Soler O. Understanding the Expectations of Nursing Students Following the First Clinical Internship: A Qualitative Study. Nurs Health Sci 2021; 24:93-100. [PMID: 34747098 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe how nursing students' expectations are achieved after the first clinical internship. A longitudinal qualitative study using purposive sampling was used in a public nursing school in Barcelona, Spain. Fifteen nursing students attending their internship for the first time. Data were collected in 2019 using semi-structured interviews until data saturation was reached. Interviews were conducted before and after the completion of the first clinical internship. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The students experienced some negative issues they did not think about, such as excessive homework, feeling a worker, not a student, loneliness, and learnings influenced by chance. Positive assessments of the accessibility of the placement location and the experience of the clinical instructor have a powerful influence on the student, allowing for the assessment and integration of the student in the health team. The practical learning is mediated by chance in terms of center, service, teacher, and clinical instructor assigned. It is crucial to establish consensual measures among all the actors involved to facilitate the objectivity of teaching and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Leyva-Moral
- Department of Nursing. Faculty of Medicine. Grupo de Investigación Enfermera en Vulnerabilidad y Salud (GRIVIS), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Avda. Can Domenech, Building M. Office M3/211, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universidad Maria Auxiliadora Lima, Peru.,Coordinator for Qualitative Research, EBHC South America: A Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Avenida Arequipa 440, Lima, Peru
| | - Mariela Aguayo-González
- Nursing Department. Faculty of Medicine. Grupo de Investigación Enfermera en Vulnerabilidad y Salud (GRIVIS), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Avda. Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabiniana San Rafael Gutiérrez
- Nursing Department. Faculty of Medicine. Grupo de Investigación Enfermera en Vulnerabilidad y Salud (GRIVIS), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Avda. Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Jiménez Pera
- Nursing Department. Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Avda. Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Mestres-Soler
- Nursing Department. Faculty of Medicine. Grupo de Investigación Enfermera en Vulnerabilidad y Salud (GRIVIS), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Avda. Can Domènech s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Ambrosi E, Canzan F, Mortari L, Brugnolli A, Mezzalira E, Saiani L, Heilemann MV. Caring in process: A 3-year qualitative longitudinal study of nursing students. Nurse Educ Pract 2021; 55:103116. [PMID: 34298403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper aims to describe caring perceptions and behaviors among student nurses in Italy as they progress through their nursing education. BACKGROUND As nursing students are potential nurses of the future, there is an expectation that in addition to appropriate academic qualifications, they will develop appropriate caring behaviors/attitudes. However, there has been some evidence that the educational process does not always modify their caring perceptions/behaviors or that the direction of the change is not always positive. DESIGN A qualitative longitudinal design with three data collection points, was performed from October 2013 to October 2016 at the University of Verona, Trento Campus. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted at the time of entry into a 3-year bachelor's degree program in nursing and at the end of the second and third years. Observation of the students during their clinical practice was carried out at the end of each of the three years of education. Thirty students commenced the study and 24 finished. Data were analyzed using a phenomenological approach. RESULTS The iterative process of analyzing interviews and observations resulted in nine themes collectively from all three stages: establishing a trusting relationship with the patient, satisfying the patient's needs, paying attention, being respectful, being competent, giving time, being concerned with the emotional dimension, acting within context to facilitate caring actions and giving information. CONCLUSIONS At the end of the third year the students' concept of caring was enhanced; their initial generic or lay view of caring turned into an intentional, competent, conscious, accountable and realistic caring approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ambrosi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Federica Canzan
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luigina Mortari
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Brugnolli
- Centre of Higher Education for Health Sciences, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Via Briamasco 2, 38121 Trento, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzalira
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luisa Saiani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie, 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - MarySue V Heilemann
- UCLA School of Nursing, 5-252 Factor Bldg, Box 956919, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6919, USA
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Abstract
Caring is a key component of nursing. Exploring patients' perceptions of caring behaviors is essential to providing high-quality health care. This study aimed to investigate the validity, reliability, and internal consistency of the Greek version of the Caring Behaviors Inventory-16. This descriptive cross-sectional study involved hospitalized patients from six major hospitals in Greece who completed the Caring Behaviors Inventory-16 scale. This is a self-completing questionnaire whose answers range from one to six on a Likert-type scale. The overall score ranges from 16 to 96. To study the reliability of the scale, 50 patients completed the scale twice within two weeks, and then the repeatability was tested using the Pearson's r correlation coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Construct validity and internal consistency were tested among 180 patients. Construct validity was tested through the principal component analysis. The internal consistency was tested through Cronbach's alpha index. The statistical analysis was performed through the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics Version 21.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. The study was conducted in the period October-December 2019. According to the results, the average age of patients was 58 years old and 50.6% were men. The mean value of the scale was 79.31 (standard deviation ± 15.75). The principal component analysis showed that the scale is unidimensional highlighting one factor that explains 68.24% of the total variance. Questions loadings ranged from 0.575 to 0.912 on the same factor. This means that all questions measure the same structure and are strongly concentrated in the same construction. Regarding the repeatability test, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two measurements. Pearson's r coefficient was 0.82 while the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91 (p<0.001) and indicate the very good reliability of the scale. Cronbach's alpha was 0.967 and indicates the excellent internal consistency of the scale. Data analysis showed that the Caring Behaviors Inventory-16 is a valid, reliable, simple, and short tool for assessing patients' perceptions of caring behaviors. Further tests are suggested to confirm the construct validity, reliability among patients, nurses, or nursing students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Alikari
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripolis, GRC
| | | | - Evridiki Papastavrou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, CYP
| | - Stavroula Alikakou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripolis, GRC
| | - Sofia Zyga
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripolis, GRC
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Ferri P, Stifani S, Morotti E, Nuvoletta M, Bonetti L, Rovesti S, Cutino A, Di Lorenzo R. Perceptions of Caring Behavior Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Three-Cohort Observational Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:1311-1322. [PMID: 33380848 PMCID: PMC7769154 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s279063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increase in the knowledge of "caring science" among nurses plays a key role in ensuring a correct caring behavior towards patients. Caring training for students is a priority in nursing education, but unfortunately there are limited and conflicting studies which explore this outcome. The purpose of this observational study was to explore the perceptions of caring behaviors by nursing students during their clinical practice training in order to highlight if the level of caring behaviors changes as the nursing course progresses. Materials and Methods The Caring Behaviors Inventory-24 (CBI-24) was administered to 331 students, enrolled in the three years of an Italian Nursing Course, who accepted to participate in the study (89.2% response rate). The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results The total mean score of CBI-24 was 4.82 in the first, 5.12 in the second and 5.26 in the third-year students. The CBI-24 dimensions "Responding to individual needs" and "Being with" obtained the highest scores among the students of the first year. At the end of the first year, our students were already able to perform expressive caring, whereas instrumental caring developed at a high level in the second and third years. We did not highlight any statistically significant difference between the two gender CBI-24 item scores. Conclusion In light of our results, we put in evidence that Nursing Degree Programme favours the development in students of both relational and technical components of caring behaviors. We hope that in future students' self-assessment of caring behaviors could be considered an educational outcome for Nursing Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ferri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Serena Stifani
- School of Nursing, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
| | - Elena Morotti
- School of Nursing, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
| | | | - Loris Bonetti
- Nursing Research and Development Unit, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rovesti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Anna Cutino
- Psychiatry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
| | - Rosaria Di Lorenzo
- Psychiatric Intensive Treatment Facility, Mental Health and Drug Abuse Department of AUSL-Modena, Modena 41122, Italy
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