Xanthotoxol alleviates secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress

Metabolite profiling, antioxidant and anti-glycemic activities of Tartary buckwheat processed by solid-state fermentation(SSF)with Ganoderma lucidum

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum fermentation on antioxidant and anti-glycemic activities of Tartary buckwheat. Xylanase, total cellulase (CMCase and FPase) and β-glucosidase in fermented Tartary buckwheat (FB) increased significantly to 242.06 U/g, 17.99 U/g and 8.67 U/g, respectively. And the polysaccharides, total phenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids, which is increased by 122.19%, 113.70%, 203.74%, and 123.27%, respectively. Metabolite differences between non-fermented Tartary buckwheat (NFB) and FB pointed out that 445 metabolites were substantially different, and were involved in related biological metabolic pathways. There was a considerable rise in the concentrations of hesperidin, xanthotoxol and quercetin 3-O-malonylglucoside by 240.21, 136.94 and 100.77 times (in Fold Change), respectively. The results showed that fermentation significantly increased the antioxidant and anti-glycemic activities of buckwheat. This study demonstrates that the fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum provides a new idea to enhance the health-promoting components and bioactivities of Tartary buckwheat.

The Crosstalk Between Immune Cells After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

The inflammatory mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been widely studied, and it is believed that the regulation of this mechanism is of great significance to the prognosis. In the early stage of the acute phase of ICH, the release of a large number of inflammatory factors around the hematoma can recruit more inflammatory cells to infiltrate the area, further release inflammatory factors, cause an inflammatory cascade reaction, aggravate the volume of cerebral hematoma and edema and further destroy the blood-brain barrier (BBB), according to this, the crosstalk between cells may be of great significance in secondary brain injury (SBI). Because most of the cells recruited are inflammatory immune cells, this paper mainly discusses the cells based on the inflammatory mechanism to discuss their functions after ICH, we found that among the main cells inherent in the brain, glial cells account for the majority, of which microglia are the most widely studied and it can interact with a variety of cells, which is reflected in the literature researches on its pathogenesis and treatment. We believe that exploring multi-mechanism and multi-cell regulated drugs may be the future development trend, and the existing research, the comparison and unification of modeling methods, and the observation of long-term efficacy may be the first problem that researchers need to solve.

E3 ligase Nedd4L promotes macrophage M1 polarization and exacerbates brain damage by TRAF3/TBK1 signaling pathway after ICH in mice

BACKGROUND

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious medical problem, and promising strategy is limited. Macrophage initiated brain inflammatory injury following ICH, but the molecular mechanism had not been well identified. E3 ligase Nedd4L is implicated in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory immune response.

METHODS

In the present study, we detected the levels of Nedd4L in macrophages following ICH. Furthermore, Macrophage M1 polarization, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, BBB disruption, brain water content and neurological function were examined in ICH mice.

RESULTS

Here, we demonstrated that E3 ligase Nedd4L levels of macrophage increased following ICH, promoted M1 polarization inflammation by TRAF3. Nedd4L promoted BBB disruption, as well as neurological deficits. Inhibition of Nedd4L significantly attenuated M1 polarization in vivo. Inhibition of Nedd4L decreased TRAF3 and TBK1 levels, and subsequent phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB p65 subunit following ICH.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrated that Nedd4L was involved in the pathogenesis of ICH, which promoted inflammatory responses and exacerbated brain damage by TRAF3 following ICH.