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Yoshida K, Müller DJ. Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotic Drug Treatment: Update and Clinical Implications. Mol Neuropsychiatry 2020; 5:1-26. [PMID: 32399466 PMCID: PMC7206586 DOI: 10.1159/000492332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic variants have been shown to be associated with antipsychotic response and adverse effects of schizophrenia treatment. However, the clinical application of these findings is limited. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent publications and recommendations related to the genetics of antipsychotic treatment and shed light on the clinical utility of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics (PGx). We reviewed the literature on PGx studies with antipsychotic drugs (i.e., antipsychotic response and adverse effects) and commonly used commercial PGx tools for clinical practice. Publications and reviews were included with emphasis on articles published between January 2015 and April 2018. We found 44 studies focusing on antipsychotic response and 45 studies on adverse effects (e.g., antipsychotic-induced weight gain, movement disorders, hormonal abnormality, and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia), albeit with mixed results. Overall, several gene variants related to antipsychotic response and adverse effects in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia have been reported, and several commercial pharmacogenomic tests have become available. However, further well-designed investigations and replication studies in large and well-characterized samples are needed to facilitate the application of PGx findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yoshida
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ramos-Miguel A, Gicas K, Alamri J, Beasley CL, Dwork AJ, Mann JJ, Rosoklija G, Cai F, Song W, Barr AM, Honer WG. Reduced SNAP25 Protein Fragmentation Contributes to SNARE Complex Dysregulation in Schizophrenia Postmortem Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 420:112-128. [PMID: 30579835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies associated schizophrenia with enhanced functionality of the presynaptic SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex. Altered degradation pathways of the three core SNARE proteins: synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25), syntaxin-1 and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) could contribute to enhanced complex function. To investigate these pathways, we first identified a 15-kDa SNAP25 fragment (f-S25) in human and rat brains, highly enriched in synaptosomal extractions, and mainly attached to cytosolic membranes with low hydrophobicity. The presence of f-S25 is consistent with reports of calpain-mediated SNAP25 cleavage. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that f-S25 retains the ability to bind syntaxin-1, which might prevent VAMP and/or Munc18-1 assembly into the complex. Quantitative analyses in postmortem human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) revealed that schizophrenia (n = 35), but not major depression (n = 15), is associated with lower amounts of f-S25 (-37%, P = 0.027), and greater SNARE protein-protein interactions (35%, P < 0.001), compared with healthy matched controls (n = 28). Enhanced SNARE complex formation was strongly correlated with lower SNAP25 fragmentation rates (R = 0.563, P < 0.001). Statistical mediation analyses supported the hypothesis that reduced f-S25 density could upregulate SNARE fusion events in schizophrenia. Cortical calpain activity in schizophrenia did not differ from controls. f-S25 levels did not correlate with total calpain activity, indicating that if present, schizophrenia-related calpain dysfunction might occur locally at the presynaptic terminals. Overall, the present findings suggest the existence of an endogenous SNARE complex inhibitor related to SNAP25 proteolysis, associated with enhanced SNARE activity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Biscay, Spain
| | - Kristina Gicas
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Jehan Alamri
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Clare L Beasley
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fang Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, 938 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent advances in the investigation of genetic factors for antipsychotic response and side effects. RECENT FINDINGS Antipsychotics prescribed to treat psychotic symptoms are variable in efficacy and propensity for causing side effects. The major side effects include tardive dyskinesia, antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG), and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis (CIA). Several promising associations of polymorphisms in genes including HSPG2, CNR1, and DPP6 with tardive dyskinesia have been reported. In particular, a functional genetic polymorphism in SLC18A2, which is a target of recently approved tardive dyskinesia medication valbenazine, was associated with tardive dyskinesia. Similarly, several consistent findings primarily from genes modulating energy homeostasis have also been reported (e.g. MC4R, HTR2C). CIA has been consistently associated with polymorphisms in the HLA genes (HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B). The association findings between glutamate system genes and antipsychotic response require additional replications. SUMMARY The findings to date are promising and provide us a better understanding of the development of side effects and response to antipsychotics. However, more comprehensive investigations in large, well characterized samples will bring us closer to clinically actionable findings.
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