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Parand L, Niu K, Yerstein O, Mendez MF. Fantastic Thinking and Frontal Cerebrovascular Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 32:201-203. [PMID: 31331214 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Parand
- The Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (Mendez); and the Neuropsychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Mass (Niu)
| | - Kathy Niu
- The Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (Mendez); and the Neuropsychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Mass (Niu)
| | - Oleg Yerstein
- The Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (Mendez); and the Neuropsychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Mass (Niu)
| | - Mario F Mendez
- The Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (Parand, Yerstein, Mendez); the V.A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (Mendez); and the Neuropsychiatry Program, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Mass (Niu)
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Yu J, Tao Q, Zhang R, Chan CC, Lee TM. Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Since the nineteenth century, clinicians and investigators have systematically evaluated the origin of delusions and psychotic thinking. One major clue to understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of delusions is the emergence of false narratives from brain disease. In addition to delusions themselves, there are a range of other false narratives not due to deliberate lying and resulting from neurological disorders, including provoked confabulations, fantastic confabulations, false memories, magical thinking, dream delusions, and "fantastic thinking". A comparison of their characteristics, similarities, and differences suggest a hypothesis: despite different sources for their false narrative experiences, such as unusual thoughts or perceptions, all false narratives from brain disease involve erroneous or mismatched "affective biases" applied to the experiences. Affective labels usually signal the sense of rightness, sense of familiarity, and the external vs. internal origin of an experience, and they can be altered by limbic neuropathology. The location and involvement of neuropathology that facilitates false narratives involves frontolimbic regions and their connections, particularly on the right. Future investigations can focus on frontolimbic mechanisms involved in the provision of the intrinsically-linked affective biases, which indicate the nature and external/internal origin of experiences.
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Abstract
Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results suggest that true memories, but not false memories, activate early sensory cortex. It is thought that false memories, which reflect conscious processing, do not activate early sensory cortex because these regions are associated with nonconscious processing. We posited that false memories may activate the earliest visual cortical processing region (i.e., V1) when task conditions are manipulated to evoke conscious processing in this region. In an fMRI experiment, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation during encoding. During retrieval, old shapes were presented at fixation and participants characterized each shape as previously on the "left" or "right" followed by an "unsure"-"sure"-"very sure" confidence rating. False memories for spatial location (i.e., "right"/left or "left"/right trials with "sure" or "very sure" confidence ratings) were associated with activity in bilateral early visual regions, including V1. In a follow-up fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment that employed the same paradigm, we assessed whether V1 activity was necessary for false memory construction. Between the encoding phase and the retrieval phase of each run, TMS (1 Hz, 8 min) was used to target the location of false memory activity (identified in the fMRI experiment) in left V1, right V1, or the vertex (control site). Confident false memories for spatial location were significantly reduced following TMS to V1, as compared to vertex. The results of the present experiments provide convergent evidence that early sensory cortex can contribute to false memory construction under particular task conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Karanian
- a Department of Psychology , John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- b Department of Psychology , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA , USA
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Abstract
Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence has shown that false memories arise from higher-level conscious processing regions rather than lower-level sensory processing regions. In the present study, we assessed whether the lateral occipital complex (LOC)—a lower-level conscious shape processing region—was associated with false memories for shape. During encoding, participants viewed intact or scrambled colored abstract shapes. During retrieval, colored disks were presented and participants indicated whether the corresponding item was previously “intact” or “scrambled.” False memories for shape (“intact”/scrambled > “scrambled”/scrambled) activated LOC, which indicates lower-level sensory processing regions can support false memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Karanian
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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Buratto LG, Zimmermann N, Ferré P, Joanette Y, Fonseca RP, Stein LM. False memories to emotional stimuli are not equally affected in right- and left-brain-damaged stroke patients. Brain Cogn 2014; 90:181-94. [PMID: 25129810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has attributed to the right hemisphere (RH) a key role in eliciting false memories to visual emotional stimuli. These results have been explained in terms of two right-hemisphere properties: (i) that emotional stimuli are preferentially processed in the RH and (ii) that visual stimuli are represented more coarsely in the RH. According to this account, false emotional memories are preferentially produced in the RH because emotional stimuli are both more strongly and more diffusely activated during encoding, leaving a memory trace that can be erroneously reactivated by similar but unstudied emotional items at test. If this right-hemisphere hypothesis is correct, then RH damage should result in a reduction in false memories to emotional stimuli relative to left-hemisphere lesions. To investigate this possibility, groups of right-brain-damaged (RBD, N=15), left-brain-damaged (LBD, N=15) and healthy (HC, N=30) participants took part in a recognition memory experiment with emotional (negative and positive) and non-emotional pictures. False memories were operationalized as incorrect responses to unstudied pictures that were similar to studied ones. Both RBD and LBD participants showed similar reductions in false memories for negative pictures relative to controls. For positive pictures, however, false memories were reduced only in RBD patients. The results provide only partial support for the right-hemisphere hypothesis and suggest that inter-hemispheric cooperation models may be necessary to fully account for false emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolle Zimmermann
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Kalpouzos G, Fischer H, Rieckmann A, Macdonald SWS, Bäckman L. Impact of negative emotion on the neural correlates of long-term recognition in younger and older adults. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:74. [PMID: 23049503 PMCID: PMC3445868 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have suggested that the memory advantage for negative emotional information over neutral information (“negativity effect”) is reduced in aging. Besides the fact that most findings are based on immediate retrieval, the neural underpinnings of long-term emotional memory in aging have so far not been investigated. To address these issues, we assessed recognition of neutral and negative scenes after 1- and 3-week retention intervals in younger and older adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We further used an event-related design in order to disentangle successful, false, and true recognition. This study revealed four key findings: (1) increased retention interval induced an increased rate of false recognitions for negative scenes, canceling out the negativity effect (present for hit rates only) on discrimination in both younger and older adults; (2) in younger, but not older, adults, reduced activity of the medial temporal lobe was observed over time for neutral scenes, but not for negative scenes, where stable or increased activity was seen; (3) engagement of amygdala (AMG) was observed in older adults after a 3-week delay during successful recognition of negative scenes (hits vs. misses) in comparison with neutral scenes, which may indicate engagement of automatic processes, but engagement of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was unrelated to AMG activity and performance; and (4) after 3 weeks, but not after 1 week, true recognition of negative scenes was characterized by more activity in left hippocampus and lateral occipito-temporal regions (hits vs. false alarms). As these regions are known to be related to consolidation mechanisms, the observed pattern may indicate the presence of delayed consolidation of true memories. Nonetheless, older adults’ low performance in discrimination of negative scenes could reflect the fact that overall, after long delays of retention, they rely more on general information rather than on perceptual detail in making recognition judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoria Kalpouzos
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
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Fersten E, Jakuciński M, Kuliński R, Koziara H, Mroziak B, Nauman P. Neuropsychological assessment of language functions during functional magnetic resonance imaging: development of new tasks. Preliminary report. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2012; 45:567-576. [PMID: 22212987 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Due to the complex and extended cerebral organization of language functions, the brain regions crucial for speech and language, i.e. eloquent areas, have to be affected by neurooncological surgery. One of the techniques that may be helpful in pre-operative planning of the extent of tumour removal and estimating possible complications seems to be functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The aim of the study was to develop valid procedures for neuropsychological assessment of various language functions visualisable by fMRI in healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this fMRI study, 10 healthy (with no CNS pathology), right-handed volunteers aged 25-35 were examined using four tasks designed to measure different language functions, and one for short-term memory assessment. A 1.5-T MRI scanner performing ultrafast functional (EPI) sequences with 4-mm slice thickness and 1-mm interslice gap was used to detect the BOLD response to stimuli present-ed in a block design (30-second alternating blocks of activity and rest). The analyses used the SPM software running in a MATLAB environment, and the obtained data were interpreted by means of colour-coded maps superimposed on structural brain scans. RESULTS For each of the tasks developed for particular language functions, a different area of increased neuronal activity was found. CONCLUSIONS The differential localization of function-related neuronal activity seems interesting and the research worth continuing, since verbal communication failure may result from impairment of any of various language functions, and studies reported in the literature seem to focus on verbal expression only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Fersten
- Instytut Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej, Polska Akademia Nauk.
| | - Maciej Jakuciński
- Zakład Medycyny Nuklearnej i Rezonansu Magnetycznego, Wojewódzki Szpital Bródnowski w Warszawie
| | - Radosław Kuliński
- Zakład Medycyny Nuklearnej i Rezonansu Magnetycznego, Wojewódzki Szpital Bródnowski w Warszawie
| | - Henryk Koziara
- Klinika Neurochirurgii, Centrum Onkologii - Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie
| | - Barbara Mroziak
- Zakład Psychologii i Promocji Zdrowia Psychicznego, Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii w Warszawie
| | - Paweł Nauman
- Klinika Neurochirurgii, Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii w Warszawie
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Grabowska A, Marchewka A, Seniów J, Polanowska K, Jednoróg K, Królicki L, Kossut M, Członkowska A. Emotionally negative stimuli can overcome attentional deficits in patients with visuo-spatial hemineglect. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3327-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mendez MF, Fras IA. The false memory syndrome: experimental studies and comparison to confabulations. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:492-6. [PMID: 21177042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
False memories, or recollections that are factually incorrect but strongly believed, remain a source of confusion for both psychiatrists and neurologists. We propose model for false memories based on recent experimental investigations, particularly when analyzed in comparison to confabulations, which are the equivalent of false memories from neurological disease. Studies using the Deese/Roedinger-McDermott experimental paradigm indicate that false memories are associated with the need for complete and integrated memories, self-relevancy, imagination and wish fulfillment, familiarity, emotional facilitation, suggestibility, and sexual content. In comparison, confabulations are associated with the same factors except for emotional facilitation, suggestibility, and sexual content. Both false memories and confabulations have an abnormal sense of certainty for their recollections, and neuroanatomical findings implicate decreased activity in the ventromedial frontal lobe in this certainty. In summary, recent studies of false memories in comparison to confabulations support a model of false memories as internally-generated but suggestible and emotionally-facilitated fantasies or impulses, rather than repressed memories of real events. Furthermore, like confabulations, in order for false memories to occur there must be an attenuation of the normal, nonconscious, right frontal "doubt tag" regarding their certainty.
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Mneimne M, Powers AS, Walton KE, Kosson DS, Fonda S, Simonetti J. Emotional valence and arousal effects on memory and hemispheric asymmetries. Brain Cogn 2010; 74:10-7. [PMID: 20579798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malek Mneimne
- Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY 11439, United States.
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Santos RFD, Silveira RATD, Gomes CFDA, Stein LM. Normas de emocionalidade para a versão brasileira do paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM). Psic : Teor e Pesq 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-37722009000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A necessidade de se estabelecer normas de emocionalidade para material verbal de idioma português-brasileiro se origina da ausência de padrões para a incipiente pesquisa sobre emoção. O presente estudo teve por objetivo obter medidas de emocionalidade para a versão brasileira do paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM). Um total de 516 universitários avaliou a valência e o alerta de 44 listas de palavras semanticamente associadas e suas palavras críticas. A análise de confiabilidade interna das normas de emocionalidade mostrou correlações altas. Os resultados indicaram a possibilidade da utilização da versão brasileira do DRM em pesquisas sobre emoção e cognição.
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