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Esposito S, Orsatti L, Pucci V. Subcutaneous Catabolism of Peptide Therapeutics: Bioanalytical Approaches and ADME Considerations. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:828-839. [PMID: 36039395 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Many peptide drugs such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogues are successfully administered subcutaneously (SC). Following SC injection, peptides may undergo catabolism in the SC compartment before entering systemic circulation, which could compromise their bioavailability and in turn affect their efficacy.This review will discuss how both technology and strategy have evolved over the past years to further elucidate peptide SC catabolism.Modern bioanalytical technologies (particularly liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry) and bioinformatics platforms for data mining has prompted the development of in silico, in vitro and in vivo tools for characterizing peptide SC catabolism to rapidly address proteolytic liabilities and, ultimately, guide the design of peptides with improved SC bioavailability.More predictive models able to recapitulate the interplay between SC catabolism and other factors driving SC absorption are highly desirable to improve in vitro/in vivo correlations.We envision the routine incorporation of in vitro and in vivo SC catabolism studies in ADME screening funnels to develop more effective peptide drugs for SC delivery.
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kofoed J, Zosel F, Olsen J, Jeppesen CB, Spetzler J, Ynddal L, Schleiss LG, Christoffersen BØ, Raun K, Sensfuss U, Nielsen FS, Jørgensen R, Wulff BS. The effect of fatty diacid acylation of human PYY 3-36 on Y 2 receptor potency and half-life in minipigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21179. [PMID: 34707178 PMCID: PMC8551270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides are notoriously known to display very short in vivo half-lives often measured in minutes which in many cases greatly reduces or eliminates sufficient in vivo efficacy. To obtain long half-lives allowing for up to once-weekly dosing regimen, fatty acid acylation (lipidation) have been used to non-covalently associate the peptide to serum albumin thus serving as a circulating depot. This approach is generally considered in the scientific and patent community as a standard approach to protract almost any given peptide. However, it is not trivial to prolong the half-life of peptides by lipidation and still maintain high potency and good formulation properties. Here we show that attaching a fatty acid to the obesity-drug relevant peptide PYY3-36 is not sufficient for long pharmacokinetics (PK), since the position in the backbone, but also type of fatty acid and linker strongly influences PK and potency. Furthermore, understanding the proteolytic stability of the backbone is key to obtain long half-lives by lipidation, since backbone cleavage still occurs while associated to albumin. Having identified a PYY analogue with a sufficient half-life, we show that in combination with a GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide, additional weight loss can be achieved in the obese minipig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
| | - Johan F Paulsson
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kofoed
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Franziska Zosel
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Olsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Claus Bekker Jeppesen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jane Spetzler
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lars Ynddal
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.,Gubra Aps, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Luise Gram Schleiss
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Sensfuss
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.,STipe Therapeutics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Seier Nielsen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jørgensen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.,CitoKi Pharma, Værløse, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Research Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
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Poulsen C, Pedersen MØ, Wahlund PO, Sjölander A, Thomsen JK, Conde-Frieboes KW, Paulsson JF, Wulff BS, Østergaard S. Rational Development of Stable PYY 3-36 Peptide Y 2 Receptor Agonists. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1369-1385. [PMID: 34272643 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The anorectic effect of PYY3-36 makes it a potential pharmacological weight loss treatment. Modifications of the endogenous peptide to obtain commercially attractive pharmacological and biophysical stability properties are examined. METHODS Half-life extended PYY3-36 analogues were prepared and examined regarding Y2-receptor potency as well as biophysical and stability properties. RESULTS Deamidation of asparagine in position 18 and 29 was observed upon incubation at 37°C. Asparagine in position 18 - but not position 29 - could be substituted to glutamine without detrimental effects on Y2-receptor potency. Covalent dimers were formed via the phenol impurity benzoquinone reacting with two N-terminal residues (Isoleucine-Lysine). Both residues had to be modified to suppress dimerization, which could be done without negatively affecting Y2-receptor potency or other stability/biophysical properties. Introduction of half-life extending modifications in position 30 and 35 eliminated aggregation at 37°C without negatively affecting other stability properties. Placement of a protracting moiety (fatty acid) in the receptor-binding C-terminal region reduced Y2-receptor potency substantially, whereas only minor effects of protractor position were observed on structural, biophysical or stability properties. Lipidated PYY3-36 analogues formed oligomers of various sizes depending on primary structure and solution conditions. CONCLUSIONS By rational design, a chemically and physically stable Y2-receptor selective, half-life extended PYY3-36 peptide has been developed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The antiobesity effects of activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y2 receptors (NPYR2) by the gut-derived hormone, peptide YY (PYY), are established. However, more recent insight into the biology of PYY has demonstrated remarkable benefits of sustained activation of pancreatic beta-cell NPYR1, that promises to open a new therapeutic avenue in diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The therapeutic applicability of NPYR2 agonists for obesity has been considered for many years. An alternative pathway for the clinical realisation of PYY-based drugs could be related to the development of NPYR1 agonists for treatment of diabetes. Thus, although stimulation of NPYR1 on pancreatic beta-cells has immediate insulinostatic effects, prolonged activation of these receptors leads to well defined beta-cell protective effects, with obvious positive implications for the treatment of diabetes. In this regard, NPYR1-specific, long-acting enzyme resistant PYY analogues, have been recently developed with encouraging preclinical effects observed on pancreatic islet architecture in diabetes. In agreement, the benefits of certain types of bariatric surgeries on beta-cell function and responsiveness have also been linked to elevated PYY secretion and NPY1 receptor activation. SUMMARY Enzymatically stable forms of PYY, that selectively activate NPYR1, may have significant potential for preservation of beta-cell mass and the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Lafferty
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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5
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Østergaard S, Paulsson JF, Kjærgaard Gerstenberg M, Wulff BS. The Design of a GLP‐1/PYY Dual Acting Agonist. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8268-8275. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Johan F. Paulsson
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte S. Wulff
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Østergaard
- Global Research Technologies Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Johan F. Paulsson
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte S. Wulff
- Global Drug Discovery Novo Nordisk Research Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
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Kalomoiri P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Sørensen KK, Bergamo M, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO, Jensen KJ. Bioimaging and Biodistribution of the Metal-Ion-Controlled Self-Assembly of PYY 3-36 Studied by SPECT/CT. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3338-3348. [PMID: 32667131 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The controlled self-assembly of peptide- and protein-based pharmaceuticals is of central importance for their mode of action and tuning of their properties. Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36 ) is a 36-residue peptide hormone that reduces food intake when peripherally administered. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a PYY3-36 analogue functionalized with a metal-ion-binding 2,2'-bipyridine ligand that enables self-assembly through metal complexation. Upon addition of CuII , the bipyridine-modified PYY3-36 peptide binds stoichiometric quantities of metal ions in solution and contributes to the organization of higher-order assemblies. In this study, we aimed to explore the size effect of the self-assembly in vivo by using non-invasive quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging. For this purpose, bipyridine-modified PYY3-36 was radiolabeled with a chelator holding 111 InIII , followed by the addition of CuII to the bipyridine ligand. SPECT/CT imaging and biodistribution studies showed fast renal clearance and accumulation in the kidney cortex. The radiolabeled bipyridyl-PYY3-36 conjugates with and without CuII presented a slightly slower excretion 1 h post injection compared to the unmodified-PYY3-36 , thus demonstrating that higher self-assemblies of the peptide might have an effect on the pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kalomoiri
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marta Bergamo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Center for Drug Delivery and Biophysics of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud J Jensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Lafferty RA, Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Generation and characterisation of C-terminally stabilised PYY molecules with potential in vivo NPYR2 activity. Metabolism 2020; 111:154339. [PMID: 32777442 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of neuropeptide Y2 receptors (NPYR2) by the N-terminally truncated, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) generated, Peptide YY (PYY) metabolite, namely PYY(3-36), results in satiating actions. However, PYY(3-36) is also subject to C-terminal enzymatic cleavage, which annuls anorectic effects. METHODS Substitution of l-Arg35 with d-Arg35 in the DPP-4 stable sea lamprey PYY(1-36) peptide imparts full C-terminal stability. In the current study, we have taken this molecule and introduced DPP-4 susceptibility by Iso3 substitution. RESULTS As expected, [Iso3]sea lamprey PYY(1-36) and [Iso3](d-Arg35)sea lamprey PYY(1-36) were N-terminally degraded to respective PYY(3-36) metabolites in plasma. Only [Iso3](d-Arg35)sea lamprey PYY(1-36) was C-terminally stable. Both peptides possessed similar insulinostatic and anti-apoptotic biological actions to native PYY(1-36) in beta-cells. Unlike native PYY(1-36) and [Iso3](d-Arg35)sea lamprey PYY(1-36), [Iso3]sea lamprey PYY(1-36) displayed some proliferative actions in Npyr1 knockout beta-cells. In addition, [Iso3]sea lamprey PYY(1-36) induced more rapid NPYR2-dependent appetite suppressive effects in mice than its C-terminally stable counterpart. Twice daily administration of either peptide to high fat fed (HFF) mice resulted in significant body weight reduction and improvements in circulating triglyceride levels. [Iso3]sea lamprey PYY(1-36) treatment also prevented elevations in glucagon. Both peptides, and especially [Iso3]sea lamprey PYY(1-36), improved glucose tolerance. The treatment interventions also partially reversed the deleterious effects of sustained high fat feeding on pancreatic islet morphology. CONCLUSION The present study confirms that sustained NPYR2 receptor activation by [Iso3](d-Arg35)sea lamprey induced significant weight lowering actions. However, identifiable benefits of this peptide over [Iso3]sea lamprey PYY(1-36), which was not protected against C-terminal degradation, were not pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Lafferty
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Neil Tanday
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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Lafferty RA, Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Development and characterisation of a peptidergic N-and C-terminally stabilised mammalian NPY1R agonist which protects against diabetes induction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129543. [PMID: 32007578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PYY (1-36) peptides from phylogenetically ancient fish, such as sea lamprey, have previously been shown to function as specific neuropeptide Y1 receptor (NPYR1) agonists. Although, sea lamprey PYY (1-36) is N-terminally stable, we reveal in this study that the peptide is subject to endopeptidase mediated C-terminal dipeptide degradation. In an attempt to prevent this, (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36) was developed. METHODS In vitro bioassays assessed enzymatic stability, insulinostatic activity as well as beta-cell anti-apoptotic actions of (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36). Follow-up studies examined the impact of twice daily administration of sea lamprey PYY (1-36) or (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36) in multiple low dose STZ-induced diabetic mice. RESULTS (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36) was fully resistant to plasma enzymatic degradation. The peptide possessed similar significant insulinostatic, as well as positive anti-apoptotic biological actions, as the parent peptide. Sea lamprey PYY (1-36) and (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36) delayed diabetes progression in STZ mice. Both treatment interventions induced a significant decrease in body weight, food and fluid intake as well as glucose and glucagon concentrations. In addition, glucose tolerance, plasma and pancreatic insulin were partially normalised. (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36) was significantly more effective than sea lamprey PYY (1-36) in terms of enhancing glucose-stimulate insulin release. Both treatments improved pancreatic islet morphology, linked to decreased apoptosis of beta-cells. CONCLUSION We present (d-Arg35)-sea lamprey PYY (1-36) as the first-in-class N- and C-terminally stable PYY (1-36) peptide analogue. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Enzymatically stable, long-acting PYY (1-36) peptides highlight the therapeutic benefits of sustained activation of NPYR1's in diabetes.
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10
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Kang L, Weng N, Jian W. LC–MS bioanalysis of intact proteins and peptides. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4633. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Kang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK)Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson Spring House PA
| | - Naidong Weng
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK)Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson Spring House PA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK)Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson Spring House PA
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Bech EM, Kaiser A, Bellmann-Sickert K, Nielsen SSR, Sørensen KK, Elster L, Hatzakis N, Pedersen SL, Beck-Sickinger AG, Jensen KJ. Half-Life Extending Modifications of Peptide YY3–36 Direct Receptor-Mediated Internalization. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3665-3677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esben M. Bech
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Kasper K. Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Nikos Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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12
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Shao J, Chen MJ, Kuehl PJ, Hochhaus G. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of gut hormone peptide YY (3-36) after pulmonary delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1101-1110. [PMID: 31039626 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1593443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY(3-36) (PYY(3-36)) is an endogenous appetite suppressing peptide. The present research was to perform pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis for predicting the concentration- and response-time profiles of PYY(3-36) after systemic and pulmonary delivery in mice, with the goal of suggesting a potential pulmonary dosing regimen in humans. A PK/PD model was developed to describe PYY(3-36) plasma concentration - and relative food intake rate ratio (as % of control) - time profiles after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration, and inhalation in mice. The absorption of inhaled PYY(3-36) from the lungs of mice could only be described with a combined slow (absorption rate of 0.147 L/h) and fast (absorption rate of 104.4 L/h) absorption process, presumably related to absorption from the central and peripheral regions of the lungs. The estimates for IC50 and Imax were 6.8 ng/mL and 63.5%, respectively, based on inhibitory Emax model. The PK parameters, such as clearance (CL), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), and the absorption rates (ka), were then scaled to human's. The scaled human CL and Vdss for obese subjects were 24.8 L/h and 9.0 L, respectively. The model predicted human plasma PYY(3-36) concentrations agreed reasonably well with placebo-normalized plasma PYY(3-36) concentrations after short-term infusion and SC injection in literature. An inhalation dose of PYY(3-36) of about 100 µg was proposed for obese subjects based on simulations. This PK/PD analysis satisfactorily described PYY(3-36) concentration-time and relative food intake rate ratio- time profiles at all doses and routes. The developed model might facilitate the inhalation dose selection of PYY(3-36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Mong-Jen Chen
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Guenther Hochhaus
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
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Østergaard S, Kofoed J, Paulsson JF, Madsen KG, Jorgensen R, Wulff BS. Design of Y 2 Receptor Selective and Proteolytically Stable PYY 3-36 Analogues. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10519-10530. [PMID: 30399314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years peptide YY (PYY) has attracted attention within the area of diabetes and obesity due to its involvement in food intake regulation and glucose homeostasis. It is well-known that PYY1-36 is rapidly cleaved by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 to the more Y2 receptor selective analogue PYY3-36, which is further cleaved to the inactive analogue PYY3-34. In order to improve the selectivity and proteolytic stability of the C-terminus, we synthesized several analogues incorporating N-methyl amino acids or β-homo amino acids and other non-natural amino acids. These were tested against all four NPY receptors, and highly potent and Y2 receptor selective analogues were identified by combining a tryptophan residue in position 30 with either N-methyl or β-homo arginine in position 35. We also identified an analogue with a MeGln34 substitution that surprisingly displayed high affinity toward all four receptors. In addition, these analogues displayed improved stability toward C-terminal proteolysis compared to native PYY3-36.
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14
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Lafferty RA, Flatt PR, Irwin N. C-terminal degradation of PYY peptides in plasma abolishes effects on satiety and beta-cell function. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:95-102. [PMID: 30292757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 mediated N-terminal metabolism of the enteroendocrine-derived hormone, peptide YY (PYY), for receptor binding and subsequent biological action profile is well established. However, an intact C-terminus may be fundamental also for bioactivity of PYY peptides. The current study has demonstrated C-terminal degradation of the major recognised circulating forms of PYY, PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36), in plasma, resulting in production of PYY(1-34) and PYY(3-34). Interestingly, the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril, blocked formation of PYY(3-34) from PYY(3-36) in plasma, but did result in the appearance of PYY(3-35). In addition, we were able to evidence C-terminal truncation of PYY(1-35) and PYY(3-35) to PYY(1-34) and PYY(3-34), respectively. As expected, PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36) inhibited (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) glucose- and alanine-stimulated insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 beta-cells. In contrast, PYY(1-34), PYY(3-34), PYY(1-35) and PYY(3-35) were devoid of insulinostatic actions. Both PYY(1-36) and PYY(3-36), but not related PYY metabolites, significantly (P < 0.05-P < 0.001) enhanced proliferation of BRIN BD11 and 1.1B4 beta-cell lines, and protected (P < 0.01-P < 0.001) these cell lines against cytokine-induced apoptosis. As expected, PYY(3-36) induced clear (P < 0.05-P < 0.01) appetite suppressive effects in mice, but this action was eliminated by mono- or di-peptide C-terminal truncation. Interestingly, captopril significantly (P < 0.05) augmented the anorexigenic effects of PYY(3-36) in mice. PYY(1-36), PYY(3-36), PYY(1-34) and PYY(3-34) lacked effects on in vivo glucose tolerance or glucose-induced insulin release. Taken together, these data highlight the unrecognised importance of C-terminal integrity of PYY peptides for biological activity and therapeutic usefulness in obesity-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lafferty
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, UK
| | - P R Flatt
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, UK
| | - N Irwin
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, UK.
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Dong X, Gu R, Zhu X, Gan H, Liu J, Jin J, Meng Z, Dou G. Evaluating prodrug characteristics of a novel anticoagulant fusion protein neorudin, a prodrug targeting release of hirudin variant 2-Lys47 at the thrombosis site, by means of in vitro pharmacokinetics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:166-177. [PMID: 29802897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant neorudin (EPR-hirudin, EH), a low-bleeding anticoagulant fusion protein, is an inactive prodrug designed to be converted to the active metabolite, hirudin variant 2-Lys47 (HV2), locally at the thrombus site by FXa and/or FXIa, following activation of the coagulation system. Our aim was to evaluate the prodrug characteristics of EH by comparing the biotransformation of EH and HV2 in biological matrices, including rat blood, liver, and kidney homogenates, demonstrating the cleavage of EH to HV2 by FXa and FXIa, and comparing the conversion of EH to HV2 between fresh whole blood and whole-blood clot homogenate, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Both EH and HV2 were stable in blood and unstable in the liver and kidney homogenates. Eight EH metabolites and eight HV2 metabolites identified as N-terminal fragments were found in the liver and kidney. C-terminal proteolysis is therefore the major metabolic pathway, with serine/cysteine carboxypeptidases and metallocarboxypeptidases being responsible for the degradation of EH and HV2 in the liver and kidney, respectively. EH was cleaved to release HV2 by FXIa. Higher levels of HV2 were produced from EH in the whole-blood clot homogenate, in which the coagulation system was activated compared with those in fresh whole blood. In conclusion, the metabolism of EH and HV2 shares the same cleavage pattern, and EH is transformed into HV2 when the coagulation system is activated, where FXIa is a specific enzyme. Our in vitro study revealed the anticipated prodrug characteristics of EH newly designed as an inactive prodrug of hirudin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Ruolan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Hui Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | | | - Jide Jin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Zhiyun Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China.
| | - Guifang Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China.
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