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Yang C, Tan Y, Li Z, Hu L, Chen Y, Zhu S, Hu J, Huai T, Li M, Zhang G, Rao D, Fei G, Shao M, Ding Z. Pulmonary redox imbalance drives early fibroproliferative response in moderate/severe coronavirus disease-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome and impacts long-term lung abnormalities. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:72. [PMID: 38735020 PMCID: PMC11089033 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-024-01293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19-associated pulmonary fibrosis remains frequent. This study aimed to investigate pulmonary redox balance in COVID-19 ARDS patients and possible relationship with pulmonary fibrosis and long-term lung abnormalities. METHODS Baseline data, chest CT fibrosis scores, N-terminal peptide of alveolar collagen III (NT-PCP-III), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were first collected and compared between SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive patients with moderate to severe ARDS (n = 65, COVID-19 ARDS) and SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative non-ARDS patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 63, non-ARDS). Then, correlations between fibroproliferative (NT-PCP-III and TGF-β1) and redox markers were analyzed within COVID-19 ARDS group, and comparisons between survivor and non-survivor subgroups were performed. Finally, follow-up of COVID-19 ARDS survivors was performed to analyze the relationship between pulmonary abnormalities, fibroproliferative and redox markers 3 months after discharge. RESULTS Compared with non-ARDS group, COVID-19 ARDS group had significantly elevated chest CT fibrosis scores (p < 0.001) and NT-PCP-III (p < 0.001), TGF-β1 (p < 0.001), GSSG (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.001) concentrations on admission, while decreased SOD (p < 0.001) and GSH (p < 0.001) levels were observed in BALF. Both NT-PCP-III and TGF-β1 in BALF from COVID-19 ARDS group were directly correlated with GSSG (p < 0.001) and MDA (p < 0.001) and were inversely correlated with SOD (p < 0.001) and GSH (p < 0.001). Within COVID-19 ARDS group, non-survivors (n = 28) showed significant pulmonary fibroproliferation (p < 0.001) with more severe redox imbalance (p < 0.001) than survivors (n = 37). Furthermore, according to data from COVID-19 ARDS survivor follow-up (n = 37), radiographic residual pulmonary fibrosis and lung function impairment improved 3 months after discharge compared with discharge (p < 0.001) and were associated with early pulmonary fibroproliferation and redox imbalance (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary redox imbalance occurring early in COVID-19 ARDS patients drives fibroproliferative response and increases the risk of death. Long-term lung abnormalities post-COVID-19 are associated with early pulmonary fibroproliferation and redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Zihao Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Shouliang Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Huai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Mingqing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Dewang Rao
- Anhui Medical University, #81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guanghe Fei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Min Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhenxing Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
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Malarz J, Michalska K, Stojakowska A. Polyphenols of the Inuleae-Inulinae and Their Biological Activities: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:2014. [PMID: 38731504 PMCID: PMC11085778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are ubiquitous plant metabolites that demonstrate biological activities essential to plant-environment interactions. They are of interest to plant food consumers, as well as to the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The class of the plant metabolites comprises both widespread (chlorogenic acids, luteolin, quercetin) and unique compounds of diverse chemical structures but of the common biosynthetic origin. Polyphenols next to sesquiterpenoids are regarded as the major class of the Inuleae-Inulinae metabolites responsible for the pharmacological activity of medicinal plants from the subtribe (Blumea spp., Dittrichia spp., Inula spp., Pulicaria spp. and others). Recent decades have brought a rapid development of molecular and analytical techniques which resulted in better understanding of the taxonomic relationships within the Inuleae tribe and in a plethora of data concerning the chemical constituents of the Inuleae-Inulinae. The current taxonomical classification has introduced changes in the well-established botanical names and rearranged the genera based on molecular plant genetic studies. The newly created chemical data together with the earlier phytochemical studies may provide some complementary information on biochemical relationships within the subtribe. Moreover, they may at least partly explain pharmacological activities of the plant preparations traditionally used in therapy. The current review aimed to systematize the knowledge on the polyphenols of the Inulae-Inulinae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.); (K.M.)
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Kim JH, Han KS, Lee ES, Kim YG, Kim YI, Cho BO, Lee IS. The Inhibition Activity of Natural Methoxyflavonoid from Inula britannica on Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase and NO Production in RAW264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4357. [PMID: 38673942 PMCID: PMC11050532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an enzyme targeted for the treatment of inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Activated inflammatory cells produce nitric oxide (NO), which induces oxidative stress and exacerbates inflammation. We identify an inhibitor able to suppress sEH and thus NO production. Five flavonoids 1-5 isolated from Inula britannica flowers were evaluated for their abilities to inhibit sEH with IC50 values of 12.1 ± 0.1 to 62.8 ± 1.8 µM and for their effects on enzyme kinetics. A simulation study using computational chemistry was conducted as well. Furthermore, five inhibitors (1-5) were confirmed to suppress NO levels at 10 µM. The results showed that flavonoids 1-5 exhibited inhibitory activity in all tests, with compound 3 exhibiting the most significant efficacy. Thus, in the development of anti-inflammatory inhibitors, compound 3 is a promising natural candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hoon Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (E.-S.L.); (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-I.K.)
| | - Kyung-Sook Han
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (E.-S.L.); (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-I.K.)
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (E.-S.L.); (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-I.K.)
| | - Yong-Goo Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (E.-S.L.); (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-I.K.)
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (E.-S.L.); (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-I.K.)
| | - Byoung Ok Cho
- Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Jeonju-si 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Soo Lee
- Km Covergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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Habibi Razi F, Mohammad Jafari R, Manavi MA, Sheibani M, Rashidian A, Tavangar SM, Beighmohammadi MT, Dehpour AR. Ivermectin ameliorates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in male rats by inhibiting the inflammation and oxidative stress. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:183-191. [PMID: 38224264 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2298895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a pulmonary fibrotic disease characterized by a poor prognosis, which its pathogenesis involves the accumulation of abnormal fibrous tissue, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Ivermectin, a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor, exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in preclinical studies. The present study investigates the potential protective effects of ivermectin treatment in rats against bleomycin-induced IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study involved 42 male Wistar rats, which were divided into five groups: control (without induction of IPF), bleomycin (IPF-induced by bleomycin 2.5 mg/kg, by intratracheal administration), and three fibrosis groups receiving ivermectin (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg). lung tissues were harvested for measurement of oxidative stress [via myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH)] and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]). Histological assessments of tissue damage were performed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining methods. RESULTS The induction of fibrosis via bleomycin was found to increase levels of MPO as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β while decrease SOD activity and GSH level. Treatment with ivermectin at a dosage of 3 mg/kg was able to reverse the effects of bleomycin-induced fibrosis on these markers. In addition, results from H&E and Masson's trichrome staining showed that ivermectin treatment at this same dose reduced tissue damage and pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION The data obtained from this study indicate that ivermectin may have therapeutic benefits for IPF, likely due to its ability to reduce inflammation and mitigate oxidative stress-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Habibi Razi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Manavi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Rashidian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Indiana university, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Han XX, Tian YG, Liu WJ, Zhao D, Liu XF, Hu YP, Feng SX, Li JS. Metabolomic profiling combined with network analysis of serum pharmacochemistry to reveal the therapeutic mechanism of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba against acute lung injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1131479. [PMID: 37554987 PMCID: PMC10405081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1131479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and devastating respiratory disease associated with uncontrolled inflammatory response and transepithelial neutrophil migration. In recent years, a growing number of studies have found that Ardisiae Japonicae Herba (AJH) has a favorable anti-inflammatory effect. However, its serum material basis and molecular mechanism are still unknown in ALI treatment. In this study, metabolomics and network analysis of serum pharmacochemistry were used to explore the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of AJH against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Methods: A total of 12 rats for serum pharmacochemistry analysis were randomly divided into the LPS group and LPS + AJH-treated group (treated with AJH extract 20 g/kg/d), which were administered LPS (2 mg/kg) by intratracheal instillation and then continuously administered for 7 days. Moreover, 36 rats for metabolomic research were divided into control, LPS, LPS + AJH-treated (5, 10, and 20 g/kg/d), and LPS + dexamethasone (Dex) (2.3 × 10-4 g/kg/d) groups. After 1 h of the seventh administration, the LPS, LPS + AJH-treated, and LPS + Dex groups were administered LPS by intratracheal instillation to induce ALI. The serum pharmacochemistry profiling was performed by UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion MS to identify serum components, which further explore the molecular mechanism of AJH against ALI by network analysis. Meanwhile, metabolomics was used to select the potential biomarkers and related metabolic pathways and to analyze the therapeutic mechanism of AJH against ALI. Results: The results showed that 71 serum components and 18 related metabolites were identified in ALI rat serum. We found that 81 overlapping targets were frequently involved in AGE-RAGE, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in network analysis. The LPS + AJH-treated groups exerted protective effects against ALI by reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and achieved anti-inflammatory efficacy by significantly regulating the interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels. Metabolomics analysis shows that the therapeutic effect of AJH on ALI involves 43 potential biomarkers and 14 metabolic pathways, especially phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism pathways, to be influenced, which implied the potential mechanism of AJH in ALI treatment. Discussion: Our study initially elucidated the material basis and effective mechanism of AJH against ALI, which provided a solid basis for AJH application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Han
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Ge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Fang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Su-Xiang Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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6
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Zhang J, Zhang M, Huo XK, Ning J, Yu ZL, Morisseau C, Sun CP, Hammock BD, Ma XC. Macrophage Inactivation by Small Molecule Wedelolactone via Targeting sEH for the Treatment of LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. ACS Cent Sci 2023; 9:440-456. [PMID: 36968547 PMCID: PMC10037491 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) plays a critical role in inflammation by modulating levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and other epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs). Here, we investigate the possible role of sEH in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated macrophage activation and acute lung injury (ALI). In this study, we found that a small molecule, wedelolactone (WED), targeted sEH and led to macrophage inactivation. Through the molecular interaction with amino acids Phe362 and Gln384, WED suppressed sEH activity to enhance levels of EETs, thus attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3β)-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways in vitro. In an LPS-stimulated ALI animal model, pharmacological sEH inhibition by WED or sEH knockout (KO) alleviated pulmonary damage, such as the increase in the alveolar wall thickness and collapse. Additionally, WED or sEH genetic KO both suppressed macrophage activation and attenuated inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo. These findings provided the broader prospects for ALI treatment by targeting sEH to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress and suggested WED as a natural lead candidate for the development of novel synthetic sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- College
of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Second
Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College
of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- Second
Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College
of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- College
of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College
of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Second
Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhu QM, Zhao WY, Lv X, Yi J, Huo XK, Wang MJ, Sun CP. Inula japonica ameliorated the inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-induced acute lung injury through the MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:287-299. [PMID: 36617177 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Inula japonica (TEIJ) in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS Protective effects of TEIJ in the inflammation and oxidative stress were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. Meanwhile, Western blot and real-time qPCR were carried out to investigate the underlying mechanism of TEIJ for ALI as well as immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS TEIJ significantly alleviated the course of ALI via suppressing the interstitial infiltrated inflammatory cells, the increase of inflammatory factors and the decrease of anti-oxidative factors. TEIJ inactivated the MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway to suppress the transcription of its downstream target genes, such as TNF-α, IL-6, etc. Meanwhile, TEIJ activated the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway to regulate expression levels of Nrf2 and its target proteins. The results of LC-QTOF-MS/MS indicated potential active constituents of I. japonica, terpenoids and flavonoids. Additionally, terpenoids and flavonoids synergistically alleviated LPS-induced ALI depending on MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathways. CONCLUSION I. japonica could be considered a potential agent to treat ALI via regulating the MAPK/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi-Meng Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yi
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mi-Jia Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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