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He X, Qian Z, Gichira AW, Chen J, Li Z. Assembly and comparative analysis of the first complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes. Gene 2024; 914:148416. [PMID: 38548188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic plant in tropical and subtropical regions, renowned for its notorious invasive tendencies. In this study, we assembled the complete mitogenome of E. crassipes into a single circle molecule of 397,361 bp. The mitogenome has 58 unique genes, including 37 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 18 tRNA genes, three rRNA genes, and 47 % GC content. Sixteen (6.93 %) homologous fragments, ranging from 31 bp to 8548 bp, were identified, indicating the transfer of genetic material from chloroplasts to mitochondria. In addition, we detected positive selection in six PCGs (ccmB, ccmC, ccmFC, nad3, nad4 and sdh4), along with the identification of 782 RNA editing sites across 37 mt-PCGs. These findings suggest a potential contribution to the robust adaptation of this invasive plant to the stressful environment. Lastly, we inferred that phylogenetic conflicts of E. crassipes between the plastome and mitogenome may be attributed to the difference in nucleotide substitution rates between the two organelle genomes. In conclusion, our study provided vital genomic resources for further understanding the invasive mechanism of this species and exploring the dynamic evolution of mitogenomes within the monocot clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan He
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Qian
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew W Gichira
- Brackenhurst Botanic Garden, Center for Ecosystem Restoration-Kenya, 32 00217, Limuru, Kenya
| | - Jinming Chen
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China.
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Wong KH, Siu TY, Tsang SSK, Kong BLH, Wu HY, But GWC, Hui JHL, Shaw PC, Lau DTW. The Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Nine Smilacaceae Species from Hong Kong: Inferring Infra- and Inter-Familial Phylogeny. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087460. [PMID: 37108622 PMCID: PMC10138973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Smilacaceae is a cosmopolitan family consisting of 200-370 described species. The family includes two widely accepted genera, namely Smilax and Heterosmilax. Among them, the taxonomical status of Heterosmilax has been continuously challenged. Seven Smilax and two Heterosmilax species can be found in Hong Kong, with most of them having medicinal importance. This study aims to revisit the infra-familial and inter-familial relationships of the Smilacaceae using complete chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast genomes of the nine Smilacaceae species from Hong Kong were assembled and annotated, which had sizes of 157,885 bp to 159,007 bp; each of them was identically annotated for 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The generic status of Heterosmilax was not supported because it was nested within the Smilax clade in the phylogenetic trees, echoing previous molecular and morphological studies. We suggest delimitating the genus Heterosmilax as a section under the genus Smilax. The results of phylogenomic analysis support the monophyly of Smilacaceae and the exclusion of Ripogonum from the family. This study contributes to the systematics and taxonomy of monocotyledons, authentication of medicinal Smilacaceae, and conservation of plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Ho Wong
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tin-Yan Siu
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Research Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stacey Shun-Kei Tsang
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bobby Lim-Ho Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hoi-Yan Wu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Wing-Chiu But
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jerome Ho-Lam Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) and Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Tai-Wai Lau
- Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Tian R, Aou X, Song B, Li Z, He X, Zhou S. Plastid Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal a Cryptic Species of Ligusticopsis (Apiaceae, Angiosperms). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087419. [PMID: 37108580 PMCID: PMC10138589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligusticopsis litangensis is identified and described as a cryptic species from Sichuan Province, China. Although the distribution of this cryptic species overlaps with that of Ligusticopsis capillacea and Ligusticopsis dielsiana, the morphological boundaries between them are explicit and have obviously distinguishable characters. The main distinguishing features of the cryptic species are as follows: long conical multi-branched roots, very short pedicels in compound umbels, unequal rays, oblong-globose fruits, 1-2 vittae per furrow and 3-4 vittae on the commissure. The above-mentioned features differ somewhat from other species within the genus Ligusticopsis, but generally coincide with the morphological boundaries defined for the genus Ligusticopsis. To determine the taxonomic position of L. litangensis, we sequenced and assembled the plastomes of L. litangensis and compared them with the plastomes of 11 other species of the genus Ligusticopsis. Notably, both phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences and the complete chloroplast genome robustly supported that three accessions of L. litangensis are monophyletic clade and then nested in Ligusticopsis genus. Moreover, the plastid genomes of 12 Ligusticopsis species, including the new species, were highly conserved in terms of gene order, gene content, codon bias, IR boundaries and SSR content. Overall, the integration of morphological, comparative genomic and phylogenetic evidence indicates that Ligusticopsis litangensis actually represents a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xueyimu Aou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Boni Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xingjin He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Songdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Li ZZ, Lehtonen S, Chen JM. The dynamic history of plastome structure across aquatic subclass Alismatidae. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:125. [PMID: 36869282 PMCID: PMC9985265 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly increasing availability of complete plastomes has revealed more structural complexity in this genome under different taxonomic levels than expected, and this complexity provides important evidence for understanding the evolutionary history of angiosperms. To explore the dynamic history of plastome structure across the subclass Alismatidae, we sampled and compared 38 complete plastomes, including 17 newly assembled, representing all 12 recognized families of Alismatidae. RESULT We found that plastomes size, structure, repeat elements, and gene content were highly variable across the studied species. Phylogenomic relationships among families were reconstructed and six main patterns of variation in plastome structure were revealed. Among these, the inversion from rbcL to trnV-UAC (Type I) characterized a monophyletic lineage of six families, but independently occurred also in Caldesia grandis. Three independent ndh gene loss events were uncovered across the Alismatidae. In addition, we detected a positive correlation between the number of repeat elements and the size of plastomes and IR in Alismatidae. CONCLUSION In our study, ndh complex loss and repeat elements likely contributed to the size of plastomes in Alismatidae. Also, the ndh loss was more likely related to IR boundary changes than the adaptation of aquatic habits. Based on existing divergence time estimation, the Type I inversion may have occurred during the Cretaceous-Paleogene in response to the extreme paleoclimate changes. Overall, our findings will not only allow exploring the evolutionary history of Alismatidae plastome, but also provide an opportunity to test if similar environmental adaptations result in convergent restructuring in plastomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhong Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Samuli Lehtonen
- Herbarium, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Huang S, Kang Z, Chen Z, Deng Y. Comparative Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Cardamine hupingshanensis and Phylogenetic Study of Cardamine. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2116. [PMID: 36421792 PMCID: PMC9690686 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardamine hupingshanensis (K. M. Liu, L. B. Chen, H. F. Bai and L. H. Liu) is a perennial herbal species endemic to China with narrow distribution. It is known as an important plant for investigating the metabolism of selenium in plants because of its ability to accumulate selenium. However, the phylogenetic position of this particular species in Cardamine remains unclear. In this study, we reported the chloroplast genome (cp genome) for the species C. hupingshanensis and analyzed its position within Cardamine. The cp genome of C. hupingshanensis is 155,226 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure: one large single copy region (LSC, 84,287 bp), one small single copy region (17,943 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 26,498 bp). Guanine-Cytosine (GC) content makes up 36.3% of the total content. The cp genome contains 111 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. A total of 115 simple sequences repeats (SSRs) and 49 long repeats were identified in the genome. Comparative analyses among 17 Cardamine species identified the five most variable regions (trnH-GUG-psbA, ndhK-ndhC, trnW-CCA-trnP-UGG, rps11-rpl36 and rpl32-trnL-UAG), which could be used as molecular markers for the classification and phylogenetic analyses of various Cardamine species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 protein coding genes revealed that the species C. hupingshanensis is more closely related to the species C. circaeoides. This relationship is supported by their shared morphological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation & Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zujie Kang
- Management Bureau of Hunan Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, Shimen 415300, China
| | - Zhenfa Chen
- Management Bureau of Hunan Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, Shimen 415300, China
| | - Yunfei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation & Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Xu YL, Shen HH, Du XY, Lu L. Plastome characteristics and species identification of Chinese medicinal wintergreens ( Gaultheria, Ericaceae). Plant Divers 2022; 44:519-529. [PMID: 36540705 PMCID: PMC9751084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wintergreen oil is a folk medicine widely used in foods, pesticides, cosmetics and drugs. In China, nine out of 47 species within Gaultheria (Ericaceae) are traditionally used as Chinese medicinal wintergreens; however, phylogenetic approaches currently used to discriminating these species remain unsatisfactory. In this study, we sequenced and characterized plastomes from nine Chinese wintergreen species and identified candidate DNA barcoding regions for Gaultheria. Each Gaultheria plastome contained 110 unique genes (76 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes). Duplication of trnfM, rps14, and rpl23 genes were detected, while all plastomes lacked ycf1 and ycf2 genes. Gaultheria plastomes shared substantially contracted SSC regions that contained only the ndhF gene. Moreover, plastomes of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis contained an inversion in the LSC region and an IR expansion to cover the ndhF gene. Multiple rearrangement events apparently occurred between the Gaultheria plastomes and those from several previously reported families in Ericales. Our phylogenetic reconstruction using 42 plastomes revealed well-supported relationships within all nine Gaultheria species. Additionally, seven mutational hotspot regions were identified as potential DNA barcodes for Chinese medicinal wintergreens. Our study is the first to generate complete plastomes and describe the structural variations of the complicated genus Gaultheria. In addition, our findings provide important resources for identification of Chinese medicinal wintergreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-Yu Du
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Lee SY, Xu KW, Huang CY, Lee JH, Liao WB, Zhang YH, Fan Q. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the complete plastid genomes and nuclear sequences reveal Daphne (Thymelaeaceae) to be non-monophyletic as current circumscription. Plant Divers 2022; 44:279-289. [PMID: 35769588 PMCID: PMC9209861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The diverse members of the genus Daphne are prized for their fragrant flowers. Despite being promising ornamental plants in many countries, genetic information of Daphne is scarce. In this study, the plastomes of four species and one variety of Daphne were sequenced and analyzed. The plastomes were typical and contained a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions that separated the large single-copy (LSC) region from the small single-copy (SSC) region. With a length ranging from 132,869 bp (D. genkwa) to 174,773 bp (D. championii), 106 to 141 genes were predicted. Comparative plastome analysis of the newly sequenced plastomes with four publicly available Daphne plastomes identified an expansion of the IRs, sequence variations, and mutational hotspots. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the genus Daphne in its current circumscription is polyphyletic. Daphne genkwa was nested within the genus Wikstroemia, while D. championii was well resolved as sister to Edgeworthia. These findings concurred with results from our study that used nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence data. The conflicts on the molecular placement of D. championii and D. genkwa and the present taxonomic classification in Daphne suggest that a new intergeneric classification system of Daphneae warrants consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou Yih Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Ke-Wang Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, 219937, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University, 61186, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-Bo Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, 650001, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
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Liu CK, Lei JQ, Jiang QP, Zhou SD, He XJ. The complete plastomes of seven Peucedanum plants: comparative and phylogenetic analyses for the Peucedanum genus. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:101. [PMID: 35255817 PMCID: PMC8900453 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Peucedanum genus is the backbone member of Apiaceae, with many economically and medically important plants. Although the previous studies on Peucedanum provide us with a good research basis, there are still unclear phylogenetic relationships and many taxonomic problems in Peucedanum, and a robust phylogenetic framework of this genus still has not been obtained, which severely hampers the improvement and revision of taxonomic system for this genus. The plastid genomes possessing more variable characters have potential for reconstructing a robust phylogeny in plants. RESULTS In the current study, we newly sequenced and assembled seven Peucedanum plastid genomes. Together with five previously published plastid genomes of Peucedanum, we performed a comprehensively comparative analyses for this genus. Twelve Peucedanum plastomes were similar in terms of genome structure, codon bias, RNA editing sites, and SSRs, but varied in genome size, gene content and arrangement, and border of SC/IR. Fifteen mutation hotspot regions were identified among plastid genomes that can serve as candidate DNA barcodes for species identification in Peucedanum. Our phylogenetic analyses based on plastid genomes generated a phylogeny with high supports and resolutions for Peucedanum that robustly supported the non-monophyly of genus Peucedanum. CONCLUSION The plastid genomes of Peucedanum showed both conservation and diversity. The plastid genome data were efficient and powerful for improving the supports and resolutions of phylogeny for the complex Peucedanum genus. In summary, our study provides new sights into the plastid genome evolution, taxonomy, and phylogeny for Peucedanum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jia-Qing Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Song-Dong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Xing-Jin He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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